IDENTIFYING CHARACTER PRESENTATION AND MOTHERHOOD ISSUE THROUGH THE TECHNIQUE OF FOCALIZATION IN THE WITCH OF PORTOBELLO BY PAULO COELHO.

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Rima Pustiani, 2014

IDENTIFYING CHARACTER PRESENTATION AND MOTHERHOOD ISSUE THROUGH THE TECHNIQUE OF FOCALIZATION IN THE WITCH OF PORTOBELLO BY PAULO COELHO Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Identifying Character Presentation and Motherhood Issue through the Technique of Focalization in the Witch of Portobello by Paulo Coelho

A Research Paper

Submitted to English Education Department of the Faculty of Language and Arts Education of Indonesia University of Education as A Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

by

Rima Putriani (0902417)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE PROGRAM

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTEMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ART EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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Rima Pustiani, 2014

IDENTIFYING CHARACTER PRESENTATION AND MOTHERHOOD ISSUE THROUGH THE TECHNIQUE OF FOCALIZATION IN THE WITCH OF PORTOBELLO BY PAULO COELHO Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION

I hereby certify that this research entitled Identifying Character Presentation and Motherhood Issue through the Technique of Focalization in the Witch of

Portobello by Paulo Coelho is truly my own work. I am fully aware that I have

quoted some ideas and statements from many sources. All of the quotations are acknowledged and stated properly. This paper contains no material which has

been submitted for the award of any other degree in any university or institution except where due references are used in the present research paper.

Bandung, April 2014

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IDENTIFYING CHARACTER PRESENTATION AND MOTHERHOOD ISSUE THROUGH THE TECHNIQUE OF FOCALIZATION IN THE WITCH OF PORTOBELLO BY PAULO COELHO

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

PAGE OF APPROVAL

IDENTIFYING CHARACTER PRESENTATION AND MOTHERHOOD ISSUE THROUGH THE TECHNIQUE OF FOCALIZATION IN THE WITCH

OF PORTOBELLO BY PAULO COELHO

By

Rima Putriani 0902417

Approved by

Supervisor I, Supervisor II,

Prof. Dr. A. Chaedar Alwasilah, M.A. Nia Nafisah, S.S., M.Pd. NIP. 195303301980021001 NIP. 197104242006042001

Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

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ABSTRACT

The present research entitled Identifying Character Presentation and Motherhood Issue through the Technique of Focalization in the Witch of Portobello by Paulo Coelho is a textual analysis on one of Paulo Coelho’s novels focusing on the narrative perspective or focalization and motherhood issue inside the novel. The discussion focused on the main character in the story to reveal the character’s traits and her motherhood portrayal through focalization technique. Therefore, the discussion was framed within the theories of narratology and focalization (e.g. Gennette, 1983 and Culler, 1997), and feminist motherhood (e.g. Rich, 1976 and Badinter, 1982). The research utilized a qualitative method particularly textual analysis. The result of the research showed that Athena, the main character in the novel, was presented to be a strong, independent woman with paranormal abilities who was brave enough to take dangerous risks and difficult paths to satisfy her curiosity. It was also revealed that Athena was described to portray the traditional myth of motherhood who loved her son and took care of him very well.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ...i

PREFACE ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii

ABSTRACT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...vi

LIST OF TABLES ... viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background ... 1

1.2 Research Question ... 3

1.3 Aim of the Study ... 3

1.4 Scope of the Study... 3

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 3

1.6 Research Methodology ... 4

1.7 Clarification of Terms ... 4

1.8 Organization of the Paper ... 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 7

2.1 Narratology... 7

2.2 Narrative Perspective ... 9

2.3 Motherhood ... 11

2.4 Previous Studies ... 12

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 15

3.1 Research Questions ... 15

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3.3 Object of the Research ... 16

3.4 Stages of the Research... 18

3.5 Data Collection ... 18

3.5 Data Analysis ... 18

3.5 Data Presentation... 19

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 21

4.1 Focalizers’ View on the Main Character... 21

4.2 The Portrayal of Motherhood ... 40

4.2 Discussion ... 46

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 50

5.1 Conclusion ... 50

5.2 Suggestion ... 51

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 52

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the background of the study, the research questions, the aims of the study, the scope of the study, the significance of the study, clarification of terms, and the organization of the paper.

1.1Background of the Study

As novel has become the dominant literary work since the twentieth century, narrative studies and theory play an important role in literary education (Culler, 1997). Following that notion, narrative theorists have been improving narrative related studies rather significantly in the last decades. It has been constantly refined and has gained new developments adopted in the contemporary fiction writing and it also has been improved with new insights into older works (Nieragden, 2002). For instance, he states that the traditional dichotomy of “external” versus “internal” focalization can be replaced by a new system that distinguishes “narratorial” and “figural” focalization because the traditional dichotomy cannot fulfill the wealth of existing possibilities.

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narrative variations into five categories: variation of order, variation of duration, variation of frequency, variation of mood, and variation of voice.

One of the research concerning narrative voices was conducted by Sandefur (2003) who analyzed narrative immediacy and first-person voice in contemporary American novels. The analysis revolves around the first-person fictive narration used in a selection of contemporary American novels in order to understand the immediacy

effects or literary effects that emerge in those texts. This study results that the immediacy in the narrations of the works chosen determines the actions performed by the marginalized protagonists.

Regarding focalization and voice in narrative, the novel entitled The Witch of Portobello (2007) by Paulo Coelho shows some aspects that make it appropriate to be the corpus of a research based on the topic. In the case of this Coelho’s novel, all the voices from different perspectives tell events concerning on the main character named Athena. Narrative structure used in the novel becomes the attraction of the novel itself. Rather than using one or two viewpoints which involve the main character herself, in this novel, Coelho tries to piece together a series of events concerning the main character into a story, while the main character does not share a thing. So, here, Coelho leaves many viewpoints that are possible to be analyzed.

Through these many perspectives in the novel, some issues arise. The perspectives generate feminist issues portrayed by Athena. One of the feminist issues emerged is motherhood. Feminist theory asserts that women’s nature is to give love and care to their children. Therefore, besides analyzing the character presentation, this research also takes a lead on analyzing the gender performa which is also based on the descriptions from the focalizers.

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of focalization employed in the novel to define a character that becomes the main topic of the story. It applies a textual analysis to find the answers on how focalizers present the main character.

1.2Research Questions

This research is conducted based on these following questions: a. How do the focalizers describe the main character?

b. How do the focalizers describe the main character’s portrayal of motherhood?

1.3Aims of the Study

The research is aimed to analyze the focalization in the novel entitled The Witch of Portobello (2007) by Paulo Coelho especially on how the central character is

described from different perspectives. In addition, following the narrative technique

used by the writer, this research also analyzes how those perspectives view the central character’s portrayal of motherhood.

1.4Scope of the Study

The analysis of this research focuses on describing the central female character in the novel entitled The Witch of Portobello (2007) by Paulo Coelho through the excerpts evidenced in the text. The central character is named Athena and her story is told from her family and friends. Therefore, all the actions or events do not come from the central character’s perspectives, but from other character’s perspectives. These perspectives of other characters are used to analyze how the central character,

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1.5Significance of the Study

As previously stated, this study focuses on describing the presentation of the main female character in the novel which is revealed through the focalizers of the text. This research is expected to enrich and expand the study of narrative theory in literature especially in the context of narrative perspective. This research digs up deeply on narrative perspective which is expected to give a different view on a

technique of focalization. Additionally, this research is also expected to enrich the horizon of multiple narrative perspectives for other literary works in the Indonesian context.

1.6Research Methodology

This research employs a qualitative and descriptive research method in which the data are in the form of textual evidence. Descriptive research is a method to receive information used in ‘devising hypothesis and proposing associations’ and this method ‘often illustrates a relevant but non quantified topic involving a well-focused research question’ (Monsen, 2008, p. 5). Qualitative research is a method that ‘generates narrative data, that isdata described in words instead of numbers’ and ‘its primary purpose is to explore the phenomenon of interest as a prelude to theory development’ (Monsen, 2008).

1.7Clarification of Terms

These following terms are clarified to avoid misunderstanding:

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society. However, in this case, the issue of feminism is more to the model of maternity.

2. Focalization refers to the perspective of the text, the person who ‘sees’. Focalizer may or may not be the same as the author (Culler, 1997).

3. Narratology refers to a literary theory that studies narrative structures including notions of plot, different kinds of narrators, and narrative techniques (Culler,

1997). Besides, narratology ‘examines the ways that narrative structures our perception of both cultural artifacts and the world around us (Felluga, 2011). In other words, what is happening around us is structured in narrative and this can lead us to a way of constructing meanings in general.

1.8Organization of the Paper

This research paper is organized as follows:

CHAPTER 1: Introduction

This chapter contains the background of the study, the research questions, the research purposes, the scope of the study, the significance of the study, research method, clarification of terms, and organization of the paper.

CHAPTER 2: Theoretical Framework

The second chapter focuses on discussing the theoretical frameworks used in the research and some literature reviews related to the topic of the research as the foundations.

CHAPTER 3: Research Methodology

The third chapter discusses the method of the research including the procedures of the research and the steps to collecting and analyzing the data.

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The fourth chapter focuses on the findings of the research which contain the elaboration of the analysis of the text.

CHAPTER 5: Conclusion and Suggestions

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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains the method of this research which includes elaborations of the research design, the subject of the research, the stages of the research, and the process of data collection and analysis.

3.1Research Questions

As elaborated in the study background earlier in the first chapter, the problems of the study are formulated into these following questions:

a. How do the focalizers describe the main character?

b. How do the focalizers describe the character’s portrayal of motherhood?

3.2 Research Design

In order to reach the aims of a textual study, this research employed a qualitative research method in descriptive form. Different from quantitative approach, qualitative method is a flexible approach which focuses on a particular phenomenon that is not common and not comparable but it tends to have ‘internal validity’ and ‘contextual understanding’ (Alwasilah, 2009). The aims of this design are to understand, describe, find, and reveal a hypothesis.

Since the present study is focusing on finding the character presentation through focalization, it applies the narratology theory proposed by Genette (1983) as the analytical framework. Additionally, to help answering the second research question, this study also applies feminist theory of motherhood. There are three procedures in transcribing the data using the analytical framework. Those include

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clauses from the novel are described as textual evidences. Interpretation is the next step where collected data are interpreted for a deeper understanding of meanings. Explanation is a process where assumptions are made and linked with social concerns.

3.3 Object of the Research

The object of this study is a novel by Paulo Coelho entitled the Witch of

Portobello, translated into English from Portuguese by Margarete Jull Costa. The

novel tells a story of Athena, or Shirene, known as a witch whose life is sequenced through a series of recorded interviews with people who took part during her difficult time. This novel is chosen because the story, which is centered on Athena, is delivered by many characters. This makes the descriptions to have multiple perspectives. Precisely, there are fourteen perspectives from fourteen characters. Finding a novel with more than two perspectives is not easy, hence using the novel. Those perspectives also bring out a complicated issue of motherhood in which Athena, who is also a single parent with one child, has to deal with her interest in paganism and raising a much loved son without involving him in her practices.

3.3.1 Synopsis of The Witch of Portobello

Narrated in the form of a series of recording transcription, The Witch of Portobello novel reveals a life story of a woman with paranormal abilities told by

some people who are closely or barely related to her during her difficult life. Sherine Khalil or Athena, a daughter of a gypsy, was adopted by Samira Khalil and her husband when she was still a baby. Since she was a child, Athena has been different from other kids. Athena grows up being a single parent with a child. Besides trying to be a good mother, Athena has an urge to find out her

origin by tracking her gipsy mother. Not only that, Athena spends her life doing a spiritual quest which turns her into a clairvoyant and people start calling her the

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by being brutally executed for her supernatural practices. It turns out that Athena fakes her death in order to save herself and to keep her close with her son. However, only certain people know about the truth while others, including some people who used to be close to her, are quite certain that Athena has died.

3.3.2 Perspectives

As explained before, this study aims to investigate the presentation of the

main character in The Witch of Portobello through focalization. In this case, the novel unravels fourteen focalizers who share their own perspectives regarding the character of Athena. The focalizers are listed below:

1. Heron Ryan (44, Journalist) 2. Andrea McCain (32, Actress)

3. Deidre O’Neill aka Edda (37, Doctor) 4. Lella Zainab (64, Numerologist)

5. Samira R. Khalil (47, Housewife, Athena’s Mother) 6. Lukas Jessen-Petersen (32, Engineer, Ex-Husband) 7. Father Giancarlo Fontana (72, Minister)

8. Pavel Podbielsky (57, Owner of the Apartement) 9. Peter Sherney (47, Bank Manager)

10.Nabil Alaihi (Unknown, Bedouin) 11. Vosho “Bushalo” (65, Restaurant Owner) 12.Liliana (Unknown, Seamstress)

13.Antoine Locadour (74, Historian) 14.Unnamed Narrator (Policeman)

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3.4 The Stages of the Research

There are steps to be taken in conducting the research in order to reach the conclusion, they are as follows:

1. Determining the subject of the research which is a novel by Paulo Coelho entitled The Witch of Portobello.

2. Conducting a close-reading of the novel.

3. Selecting words, phrases, and sentences that might be evidence for the analysis. 4. Classifying the text in relation to the perspective of the narration in which way

the main character is presented.

5. Analyzing the data by investigating the main character as portrayed by the

focalizers and how the character is presented as a mother.

6. Interpreting data and draw a conclusion based on the findings in the last chapter.

3.5 Data Collection

This research uses a novel entitled the Witch of Portobello as the data source. The data was collected in the form of textual evidences. To find these textual evidences, the first step to take is close-reading the novel. By close-reading, we will be able not only to understand the plot, but also to catch the ideology shown or hidden in the text. The next step after doing a close-reading is taking notes of sentences, words, or phrases that might be helpful to strengthen the arguments on the portrayal of motherhood of the central character and also to describe the novel perspectives.

3.6 Data Analysis

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focalization in order to find out how the main character is presented by different focalizers and how they view her not only as a paranormal but also as a mother who is raising a child. Finally, after investigating the character presentation and analyzing the issue assigned to the central character in the text, the next step is concluding the arguments and providing suggestions for further related research

.

3.7 Data Presentation

In order to accomplish the data analysis, the collected data are presented in the form of tables. This data presentation is categorized into two which are data for character presentation and the portrayal of motherhood. The samples of the data

[image:17.612.72.573.384.737.2]

presentation are presented below.

Table of 3.7.1 The Main Character’s Presentation:

No. Focalizers Textual Evidences Page Exposition

1. Heron Ryan

No one lights a lamp in order to hide it behind the door .. No one sacrifices the most important thing she possesses: love .. No one places her dreams in the hands of those who might destroy them. No one, that is, but Athena.

1 - 2

Athena had suffered much. She would even sacrifice the most important thing in her life. This was because she was a kind of person who was willing to take risks just to satisfy herself.

Knowing her as I did, she would have battled on to the end, wasting her energy and her joy on trying to prove something that no one, absolutely no one, was prepared to believe.

5

Athena lived trying to prove a tradition that not everyone in the society could accept. Although she knew that, she just would not stop. When she believed, no one could tell her otherwise.

2. Andrea Mccain

..she herself behaved quite differently

because she used and manipulated me with

no consideration for my feelings … I

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[image:18.612.70.576.254.615.2]

Table of 3.7.1 The Main Character’s Portrayal of Motherhood:

realized it was one of her many ways of

getting us to drop our guard and surrender

to her charm … Athena played with other people’s feelings in a quite terrifying way

no matter how much a person might dislike her.

No. Focalizers Textual Evidences Page Exposition

1. Lukas Jessen-Petersen

Athena noticed my increasingly strange state of mind, but instead of helping me, she focused her energies on Viorel and on music.

36

This passage supports the notion of Viorel being Athena’s first priority.

I tried to be adaptable, but I felt I was losing Athena because of the child. Our arguments became more frequent, and she threatened to leave because she feared that Viorel was picking up the “negative energy” from our quarrels.

37

Athena would even leave her husband just to keep Viorel safe. This shows how devoted Athena was to her child.

2. Father Giancarlo Fontana

“ … And that energy is asking me now to have a child, so that I can give it what my birth mother never gave me: protection and security.” (Athena to Father Giancarlo)

33

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This final chapter provides the conclusions of the research on the grounds of findings and discussions presented in the previous chapter. In addition, this chapter also offers suggestions for further research on similar topic.

5.1 Conclusion

This study aims to reveal how the main character in Paulo Coelho’s the Witch of Portobello is focalized through other characters’ perspectives. It answers two questions formulated to discover focalization on the way the main character’s traits are presented and the way it presents the main character’s portrayal of motherhood. Answering the questions, it is found that Athena, the main character in the novel, is a strong, independent woman with paranormal abilities who was brave enough to take dangerous risks and difficult paths to satisfy her curiosity. It is also revealed that Athena is described to be a strong mother figure who loves her son and takes care of him very well.

Through the perspectives of the people who are directly and indirectly related to her, Athena is described both positively and negatively or only positively depending on their own views and their relation proximity towards Athena. She is depicted to be

a woman who is strong, brave, independent, attractive, and determined. On the other side, Athena is also depicted to be adamant and mysterious. In short, Athena is a woman with a gift of witchcraft who is also a human with some good personalities and is motherly too.

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single parent to a son named Viorel. The focalizers, cohesively voiced, depict Athena to be a mother who gives sincere love and care to her son. It is described that Viorel is the most important thing for Athena which explains why he has always been her priority. This character of Athena fits the traditional myth of motherhood, a concept which puts mothers to naturally give care and love to their children.

In conclusion, Paulo Coelho’s the Witch of Portobello captures the idea that

character presentation can be revealed through narrative perspective with more than one focalizer. Additionally, this study confirms the concept that says that focalization can also settle the literary effects including the themes and issues surfaced in a novel which is suggested by Culler (1997), Nieragden (2002), and Firth (2011).

2.3 Suggestion

There are several suggestions that can be proposed for further research on

related topics. First, it is suggested that other researchers should go wider on the themes surfaced in the Witch of Portobello beside motherhood. Motherhood is not the only issue emerged in the novel, there is also an interesting feminine divinity issue portrayed by the main female character that can be taken up for further studies. A deeper look on other themes will provide different knowledge or views towards the novel. Second, it will be better for further study with the topic of focalization and character presentation to include theories on characterization too. The study can be richer because it is built with both the concepts of focalization and characterization.

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