SHIFT OF COHESION IN THE TRANSLATION
OF TEMPO MAGAZINE
DISERTASI
Oleh
YULIA ARFANTI NIM 098107022
Program Doktor (S3) Linguistik .
FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
SHIFT OF COHESION IN THE TRANSLATION
OF TEMPO MAGAZINE
Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Doktor dalam Program Doktor Linguistik pada Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara di bawah
pimpinan Pejabat Rektor Universitas Sumatera Utara Prof. Subhilhar, Ph.D. untuk dipertahankan di hadapan Sidang Terbuka Senat
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Oleh
YULIA ARFANTI NIM 098107022
Program Doktor (S3) Linguistik .
FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
Judul Disertasi : SHIFT OF COHESION IN THE TRANSLATION OF TEMPO
MAGAZINE
Nama Mahasiswa : Yulia Arfanti
Nomor Pokok : 098107022
Program Studi : Doktor (S3) Linguistik
Menyetujui Komisi Pembimbing
(Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D) Promotor
(Zubaidah Ibrahim-Bell, Ph.D) (Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.) Ko-Promotor Ko-Promotor
Ketua Program Studi, Dekan,
HASIL PENELITIAN DISERTASI INI TELAH DISETUJUI UNTUK DI UJI DALAM SIDANG TERBUKA DAN DITERIMA OLEH
PROGRAM STUDI LINGUISTIK FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
Oleh Promotor
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
Ko-Promotor
Zubaidah Ibrahim-Bell, Ph.D Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
Mengetahui,
Ketua Program Studi Linguistik
Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara
Diuji pada Ujian Disertasi Terbuka (Promosi) Tanggal : 24 Agustus 2015
PANITIA PENGUJI DISERTASI
Ketua : Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. USU Medan
Anggota : Zubaidah Ibrahim-Bell, Ph.D University of Malaya Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A USU Medan
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. UNIMED Medan Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP USU Medan Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. USU Medan Dr. Roswita Silalahi, M.Hum. USU Medan
Dengan Surat Keputusan Pejabat Rektor Universitas Sumatera Utara Nomor :
TIM PROMOTOR
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
Zubaidah Ibrahim-Bell, Ph.D
TIM PENGUJI LUAR KOMISI
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.
Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
PERNYATAAN
Judul Disertasi
SHIFT OF COHESION IN THE TRANSLATION
OF TEMPO MAGAZINE
Dengan ini Penulis menyatakan bahwa disertasi ini disusun sebagai syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Doktor dari Program Studi Linguistik Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara adalah benar merupakan hasil karya penulis sendiri.
Adapun pengutipan-pengutipan yang penulis lakukan pada bagian-bagian tertentu dari hasil karya orang lain dalam penulisan disertasi ini, telah penulis cantumkan sumbernya secara jelas sesuai dengan norma, kaidah dan etika penulisan ilmiah.
Apabila dikemudian hari ternyata ditemukan seluruh atau sebahagian disertasi ini bukan hasil karya penulis sendiri atau adanya plagiat dalam bagian-bagian tertentu, penulis bersedia menerima sanksi pencabutan gelar akademik yang penulis sandang dan sanksi-sanksi lainnya sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
Medan, Agustus 2015 Penulis,
i ABSTRAK
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji tingkat eksplisit dan implicit dari Pergeresan kohesi dalam penerjemahan majalah Tempo dari edisi bahasa Indonesia (teks sumnber) dan edisi bahasa Inggris (teks target), apakah pergeseran kohesi tersebut mempengaruhi makna penerjemahan dari bahasa Indonesia ke bahasa Inggeris dan apakah budaya dapat merubah pergeseran kohesi dalam penerjemahan dari bahasa Indonesia ke bahasa Inggeris pada majalah Tempo. Pendekatan kualitatif akan digunakan sebagai payung penelitian dan teori linguistik fungsional sistemik yaitu yang berhubungan dengan pergeseran kohesi pada Kulka. Sumber data penelitian yaitu teks yang terdapat pada Berita Utama dan Cover Story pada majalah Tempo dari tahun 2010, 2011, dan 2012, dalam versi bahasa Indonesia dan versi bahasa Inggris yang berhubungan dengan permasalahan pokok penelitian. Data-data dikumpulkan, dipilah, dianalisis untuk dijadikan sampel data, dan ditampilkan dalam bentuk tabel. Data-data tersebut kemudian diferifikasi dengan menyesuaikan dengan tujuan penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) tingkat umum eksplisit tekstual teks target lebih panjang dari yang terdapat pada teks sumber (23,67%) yang berarti bahwa makna yang terdapat pada teks target menjadi eksplisit atau transparan dan tidak bersifat ambigu; tingkat eksplisit ini terdiri dari kategori kata, frase dan klausa yang didominasi oleh kategori kata diikuti dengan frase dan yang paling kecil adalah klausa, 2) tingkat umum implisit tekstual teks target lebih pendek dari yang terdapat pada teks sumber dengan kategori yang sama yaitu tingkat kata, frase dan klausa (7,23%), yang berarti bahwa makna yang terdapat pada TT pada level implisit ini menghasilkan makna yang kurang jelas, 3) terdapat pula makna potensial dari bentuk eksplisit dan implisit pada teks sumber yang berubah melalui penerjemahan (69,10%), yang berarti bahwa makna yang dihasilkan sesuai yang dimaksudkan dan diinginkan oleh ST, 4) pergeseran kohesi pada level text meaning potential didominasi oleh pergeseran kohesi pada level eksplisit sedangkan pada level implisit pergeseran kohesi yang terjadi tidak signifikan, dan 5) terdapat pengaruh budaya dalam pergeseran kohesi pada penggunaan alat pemarkah kohesi leksikal yang terdapat pada teks sumber yang berubah menjadi alat pemarkah kohesi gramatikal pada teks target yang berarti bahwa makna implisit (budaya) pada teks sumber tidak bisa dicerna secara langsung oleh pembaca target. Diharapkan agar para peneliti yang berminat mengkaji pergeseran kohesi untuk memadukannya dengan pergeseran koheren, baik pada proses maupun pada produk suatu penerjemahan agar mendapatkan hasil yang lebih sempurna lagi.
ii
ABSTRACT
The objectives of the research were to analyze the explicitness and implicitness of the shift of cohesion in the translation of Tempo magazine in Indonesian version (source text) and English version (target text), whether the shifts of cohesion affected the meaning of the translation from Indonesian to English, and whether culture can change the shift of cohesion in the translation from Indonesian to English in Tempo magazines. Qualitative research would be applied as an umbrella of this research and Systemic Functional Linguistics was used to analyze the shift of cohesion. Blum-Kulka’s theory of cohesion was also applied in this research. The sources of the data were the texts in the Berita Utama in the Indonesian version and the Cover Story in the English version of Tempo Magazine in the period of 2010-2012 (2010, 2011, and 2012) since they were related to the subject matter of the research. The data were gathered, selected, analyzed for being used as the samples, and presented in the form of tables. The data were then verified by matching them with the objectives of the research. The result of the research showed that 1) there were the general levels of target text’s textual explicitness higher than that of the ST (23.67%), which indicated that the meaning found in TT became more explicit or transparent and not ambiguous; this level of explicitness consisted of the category of words, phrases, and clauses which were dominated by the category of words, followed by the category of phrase, and the category of clause as the smallest one, 2) there were the general levels of target text’s textual explicitness lower than that of the ST with the same category of words, phrases, and clauses (7.23%) which indicated that the meaning found in TT in this level of implicitness produced vague meaning ,3) there were the explicit and implicit meaning potentials of the ST which change through translations (69.10%) which indicated that the produced meaning was in line with what had been intended by the ST, 4) the shifts of cohesion were mostly dominated by the shifts of cohesion in the level of explicitness, and 5) the influence of culture was seen in the shifts of cohesion in the use of lexical cohesive device in the ST which was changed to grammatical cohesive device in the TT which indicated that the implicit (cultural) meaning in the ST could not be understood clearly by the target reader. It is recommended that the next researchers who are interested in analyzing the shifts of cohesion and the coherence in the process or the product of translation should find other different columns in the same magazines to find more accurate results.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to express my deep gratitude to those who have provided their assistance and advice in the course of my study:
1. Acting Rector of the University of Sumatera Utara, Prof. Subhilhar, Ph.D and former Rector of the University of Sumatera Utara, Prof.Dr.Syahril Pasaribu DTM & H, M.Sc (CTM).Sp.A(K) who had given me the opportunity and moral support to continue my study at the Linguistics Study Program.
2. Dr.Syahron Lubis, M.A., the Dean of the Faculty of Cultural Science, University of Sumatra Utara, for his guidance both in academic and administrative matters. 3. Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, MA, PhD. as the Head of Linguistics Program, Post
Graduate School of University of Sumatera Utara and as the Promotor for providing me the opportunity and access to study via the Sandwich Program in Hongkong. She also has helped obtain the scholarship during my study. Moreover, she has guided me in completing the dissertation by correcting, giving a lot of input, criticizing, and suggesting constructively.
4. My Co-Promoters, Dr. Syahron Lubis M.A and in particular Prof. Zubaidah Ibrahim Bell, Phd. who have guided and helped me to complete this dissertation. 5. Prof. Roger.T.Bell, for all his advice on translation matters.
6. All the lecturers who have taught me knowledge in Linguistics and translation studies.
iv
I hope that this dissertation will be beneficial to those who are interested in researching areas in translation study.
Medan, August, 2015
v
CURRICULUM VITAE
Yulia Arfanti was born in Bukit Tinggi on 12th July, 1958. She is the second daughter of her late father, H. A .Rakhim Batubara and her late mother Hj. Farida Siregar. She is a lecturer at STIE IBBI, Medan and regular visiting lecturer for translation at UMN, Medan and she teaches English Literature at Darma Agung University.
She did her BA, and MA at the University of Sumatera Utara, Medan. She is also a PhD student at University of Sumatera Utara concentrating on translation. She used to be a staff of directorat General for Culture in Jakarta from 1983 to 1996. In 1990 she took Cultural for Administration Course in Tokyo, Japan held by National Secretariat ASEAN and in 1991 she was sent as delegation to the ASEAN Cultural Studies in Philipines. In 2004 She becomes a lecturer of Kopertis Wilayah I until the present.
She attended Sanwich Program 2011 in Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong. She has just finish her research “Penelitian Disertasi Doktor, 2014” supported by Dikti. Its title is “ The Translation of Cohesion in Tempo Magazine”. Her husband, Syahri Saja, works at Pusat Bahasa USU, as an English Translator. She has two children, her eldest daughter, Yurida Takina is an Engineer and her son Ondo Tobesakti is a staff in one of the biggest Syariah Bank in Indonesia.
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 2.1 Larson’s (1984) diagram of the translation process ... 14
Figure 2.2 How to express the same meaning between SL and TL ... 14
Figure 2.3 Larson’s (1984) literal and idiomatic translation ... 15
Figure 2.4 Meaning wording and writing ... 24
Figure 3.1 Component of data analysis: interactive model MatthewMiles and Huberman,(1994 : 26) ... 44
Figure 3.2 Representation/diagram of the finding of a segment ... 49
Figure 4.1 Representation/diagram of the finding of a segment ... 78
Figure 4.2 Percentage of the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness lower than that of the source text ... 87
Figure 4.3 Percentage of the level of text meaning potential explicit and implicit of the text meaning potential of the ST changes through translations ... 148
Figure 4.4 Percentage of shifts of cohesion in text changes through the translation viewed from culture ... 169
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LIST OF TABLE
Page Table 3.1 Shift of cohesion: the general level of the target text’s textual
explicitnes higher than that of the ST ... 49 Table 4.1 Shift of cohesion : the general level of the target text’s
textual explicitness higher than that of the ST ... 77 Table 4.2 Shift of cohesion : the general level of the target text’s
textual explicitness lower than that of the ST ... 86 Table 4.3 Explicit and Implicit Meaning Potential of SL changes through
Translation ... 147 Table 4.4 Shifts of Cohesion in Text changes through the Translation
viewed from Culture ... 168 Table 4.5 Percentage of Shifts in Cohesion in the Translation of Tempo
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
HL : Higher Level LIT : Literal Translation LL : Lower Level MP : Meaning Potential SL : Source Language SLT : Source Language Text TLT : Target Language Text ST : Source Text
TL : Target Language TT : Target Text
x
1.7 Organization of the Dissertation ... 11
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 12
2.1 Concepts of Translation ... 12
2.2 Concepts of Shift ... 16
2.3 Concepts of Cohesion ... 23
2.4 Shifts of Cohesion in Translation ... 28
2.5 Concepts of Culture in Translation ... 34
2.6 Previous Studies on the Shift of Cohesion in the Translation of some Texts ... 37
CHAPTER III : METHOD OF RESEARCH ... 41
3.1 Introduction ... 41
3.2 Research Approach : Qualitative ... 41
3.3 Research Design ... 42
4.1.1 Shifts of Cohesion: the General Level Target Text’s Textual Explicitness higher than that of Source Text . 51 4.1.2 Shifts of Cohesion: the General Level Target Text’s Textual Explicitness lower than that of Source Text .. 78
xi
4.1.4 Shifts of Cohesion in Text Changes through the
Translation viewed from Culture ... 149
4.2 Conclusion ... 169
CHAPTER V : FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 172
5.1 Findings ... 172
5.1.1 Shift in Cohesion ... 173
5.1 .1.1 The General Level of Target Text’s Textual Explicitness: higher or lower than that of Source Text ... 173
5.1.1.2 Shift in Text Meaning: Implicit and Explicit Meaning Potential ... 174
5.1.1.3 Shift of Cohesion in the Translation viewed from Culture ... 175
5.2 Discussion ... 176
5.2.1 Shift of Cohesion Influences the Meaning of the Translation ... 178
5.2.2 Shift of Cohesion in Text Meaning Potential Changes through the Translation ... 182
CHAPTER VI : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... 184
