Traditional art contest of sonok as an alternative selection for Madura cattle - repository civitas UGM

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Tropentag 2010

International Research on Food Security, Natural

Resource Management and Rural Development

World food system

-A contribution from Europe

Book of abstracts

Editor: Eric Tielkes

Programme committee:Sylvia Dorn, Emmanuel Frossard, Ines Igli Michael Kreuzer, Bernard Lehmann, Michael Siegrist

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Impressum

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detailierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über

http://dnb.ddb.deabrufbar.

Die Deutsche Bibliothek — Cataloguing in Publication-Data (CIP) Tropentag 2010, Book of Abstracts

Biophysical and Socio-economic Frame Conditions for the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources: International research on food security, natural resource management and rural development, Hamburg.

Hrsg.: Eric Tielkes

ISBN: 978-3-9801686-7-0

Online-Version: http://www.tropentag.de

Satz: LA_{TEX 2}ε

Verlag:

German Institute for Agriculture in the Tropics and Subtropics Druck:

Print & Mail (PRIMA), Allendeplatz 1, 20146 Hamburg

Oktober 2010- 1. Auflage

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Preface

The TROPENTAG has become the most important international conference on deve-lopment-oriented research in the fields of food security, natural resource management and rural development in central Europe. Since 1999, it is convened alternately by a number of German universities engaged in agriculture and forestry in tropical coun-tries in co-operation with the Council for Tropical and Subtropical Agricultural Re-search for Development (ATSAF e.V.) and the GTZ Advisory Service on Agricultural Research for Development. This year, for the first time in its history, the TROPEN-TAG will be held outside of Germany – at the ETH Zurich in Switzerland. Since quite some years, members of the North-South Centre of the ETH Zurich have been regular participants of the TROPENTAG, leading to this adventurous experience of moving the three-day conference to a new national and cultural environment.

The TROPENTAG provides an international platform for scientific and personal ex-change for students, junior and senior scientists, development experts and funding organisations together with their various international partner institutions. The in-creasing international interest in the TROPENTAG of a large and still growing audi-ence – some 1200 participants from 82 countries have registered so far – demonstrates its importance on the agenda of both, the development-oriented scientific community and the implementing development organisations.

The TROPENTAG 2010, organised by the North-South Centre of the ETH Zurich, will shed light on the conference theme “World food system – A contribution from Europe”.

The world food system encompasses all the natural resources required for, and af-fected by the production, distribution and consumption of food. This also includes resource management and food processing. The world food system provides the foun-dation for the nutrition of humankind and includes all related ecological, economic, health and social aspects.

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will become even more difficult as human population grows, natural resources such as soils and water become increasingly depleted, and global markets set diverging priorities such as agriculture versus bioenergy. By providing relevant information and advice, scientific knowledge supports policy-makers and society in implementing strategies that address and solve these problems.

The TROPENTAG 2010 will address these enormous challenges in a development-oriented and interdisciplinary manner. To broaden the accessibility of the results of this venue, the abstracts of all contributions are published both as hardcopy and at www.tropentag.de. In addition, student reporters will contribute to a multi-author blog with text and visual content in order to increase the outreach of the conference.

We would like to express our sincere gratefulness to Eric Tielkes, DITSL Witzen-hausen, who handled the registration, the book of abstracts and many more issues. Our very special thanks go to the team of the North-South Centre who organised the conference in Zurich: Mathias Egloff, Emma Lindberg, Dorota Niedzwiecka, Ursula Gugger Suter and Lukas Egetemayer. Our thanks include all the reviewers and addi-tional contributors who have made this conference possible.

We wish all participants a most interesting and rewarding conference.

For the programme committee and the organising committee of the TROPENTAG 2010

Michael Kreuzer and Barbara Becker

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Animal breeding, husbandry and health

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Variation in Reproductive Performance of Sows Kept by Small-holder Farmers in Xishuangbanna, Southern China 398

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Posters 401

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Animal sciences

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Production Objectives, Trait Perception and Breeding Goals of Sahiwal Cattle Keepers in Kenya 405

TRISATYAMASTUTIWIDI, TETYHARTATIK, HENKUDO:

Traditional Art Contest ofSonokas an Alternative for Selec-tion of Good Quality of Madura Cattle 406

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Mountain Cattle Breed for Coping with Climate Change: Needs for Conserving and Reintroducing the Achai in the Hindu Kush Mountain of Northern Pakistan 407

AKINYELE OLUWATOMISIN KINGSLEYADESEHINWA, OLU -FUNKEOLUWAKEMIOLUWOLE, JELILIOLAIDESAKA, TEMILADE

OLASEINDE:

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MOHAMEDMOMANISHAKER, SANOGOSOULEYMANE, NAZIR

HASSAN:

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Animal breeding, husbandry and health — Contents

FRANKHANSEN, BERNARDBETT, ERICKMUNGUBE, THOMAS

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GAULY:

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Animal sciences

Traditional Art Contest ofSonok_{as an Alternative for Selection of}

Good Quality of Madura Cattle

TRISATYAMASTUTIWIDI1, TETYHARTATIK2, HENKUDO1

1_{Wageningen University, Department of Animal Science, Animal Production Systems}

Group, The Netherlands

2_{Gadjah Mada University, Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Indonesia}

Madura cattle is one of the prominent local cattle breeds in Indonesia; probably formed from Bali (Bos javanicus), Ongole (Bos indicus) andBos tauruscattle. The uniformity of this breed was developed from tuft selection by Madura people. Madura cattle are embedded in cultural activities of the Madura people. One cultural events involving Madura cattle is theSonok contest, which is a traditionally selection of good heifers and cows. Cultural practices for keepingSonokanimals and criteria ap-plied to select it can be considered for conservation of Madura cattle. The aim of this study was to explore phenotypic characteristics ofSonokanimals among different age groups.

In total, 166 heads ofSonokanimals divided into 6 age groups were observed for their exterior characteristics, namely, body colour, existence of dewlap, hump, smear colour around eyes, mouth and legs, and existence of the coloured back line. In total, 106 heads ofSonokheifers and cows were observed for their body condition score (BCS).

MostSonokanimals in all age groups are dark brown (64 %), have medium dewlap (66 %) and small hump (61 %), non specific smear colour around eyes (55 %), mouth (52 %) and on legs (58 %), and no coloured back line (55 %). It seems that Madura cattle characteristics are a combination of the characteristics of Bali and Ongole cat-tle. These characteristics have been maintained by farmers as traditional selection criteria through theSonokcontest. Almost allSonokheifers and cows had good body condition score (98.1 %). By applying traditional selection practices, Madura people have maintained the phenotype uniformities of this breed for a long time.

Keywords:Madura cattle, phenotype uniformity,Sonok, traditional selection

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1

Traditional art contest of

sonok

as an alternative selection for Madura cattle

Widi, T.S.M

1,2,3

, T. Hartatik

2

and H.M.J.Udo

1

_{Animal Production Systems Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, The}

Netherlands

2

_{Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada,}

Yogyakarta, Indonesia

3

_{Laboratory of Meat, Draught and Companion Animals, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas}

Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract

Madura cattle is one of prominent local cattle in Indonesia which was probably formed from 3 breeds, Bali, Ongole and Bos Taurus cattle. The uniformity of this breed was developed from tuft selection of Madura people, for hundreds years. Madura cattle are also embedded with cultural activities of Madura people. One of cultural event involving Madura cattle is Sonok contest which is aimed to traditionally select good heifer and cows. Cultural practices in keeping Sonok cattle and criteria applied to select it, can be considered for conservation Madura cattle.

Madura people applied for certain characteristics to select Madura cattle which distinct them with their ancestors (Bali and Ongole cattle). The criteria for selection of Sonok cattle include: body conformation, body colour, existence of dewlap and hump, smear colour and back line colour. The aim of this study is to explore certain characteristics of Sonok cattle among different groups of age.

In total 166 heads of Sonok cattle divided into 6 groups of age were observed for their exterior characteristics, namely, body colour, existence of dewlap, hump, smear colour around eyes, mouth and legs, and existence of the coloured back line. In total 106 heads of Sonok heifers and cows were observed for their body condition score (BCS).

Mostly Sonok cattle in all of age groups are dark brown ( 63,86 %), have medium dewlap (66,27 %) and small hump ( 60,84 %), non specific smear colour around eyes (55,42 %) and mouth (51,81 %), and on legs ( 58, 43 %), and no coloured back line (55,42 %). It seems that Madura cattle characteristics are combination of the characteristics of Bali and Ongole cattle. The characteristics have been maintaining by farmers as traditional selection criteria through Sonok contest. Most of Sonok heifers and cows have good body condition score (98,10 %). By applying traditional selection, Madura people have been maintaining the phenotype uniformities of this breed for hundreds years.

Keywords: Madura cattle, traditional selection, Sonok, uniformity

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Introduction

Madura cattle were formed from crossing of wild banteng or Bali cattle, zebu and probably , approximately 1500 years ago, in Madura island (Payne and Rollinson, 1976). The uniformity of the breed was created through continuous selection by the farmers in Madura (Anonymous, 2003). The

colour is reddish-brown with a non-specific white pattern on the back-bottom and legs (Anonymous, 2003). Their height varies between 1.16 m and 1.24 m. They have a long body in relation to their legs. The cows have a small head; the head of the bull is bigger. Their hoofs are strong. Madura cattle are extremely well adapted to the local conditions and traditional management by the farmers. They are

reported to be one of the best draught animals in the world relative to their size (Barwegen, 2004). Maduranese people have a strong cultural feeling about cattle and they care for their cattle as if they are members of their family (De Jonge, 1990). The significance of cattle is also evident from the appearance of bulls in local folk-tales, proverbs, and wood carvings depicting bulls, and from the horns on traditional houses. There are two traditional events in Madura, which involves Madura cattle, Bull

racing (karapan) and cow contest (sonok). This study only observed the Madura cattle which are used for sonok activity.

Sonok is a heifer/cow contest for which good heifers and cows are selected based on their exterior performances. During contest, sonok cattle are harnessed with pengonong which makes them walk in pairs and dressed with beautiful adornments. The pairs of cattle, guided by jockey , have to walk

along a line of 25 m to reach a finishing line, designed like a gate, while stepping their forefeet in a harmonious manner (Widi et.al, 2010, unpublished).

Sonok cattle are judged by conformation traits, such as height at whiter, colour, body conformation, body condition, health, and harmonious walking in a pair. The cows that perform well are very popular for breeding (Widi et. al, 2010 unpublished). This study was aimed to explore and quantify

phenotypic characteristics of Sonok cattle among different age groups.

Material and Methods

This study was conducted in Pamekasan District, located in Madura Island, and is administratively

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3

Thirty seven sonok farmers were interviewed regarding the special characteristics of female Madura cattle that are important for sonok contest. One hundred and sixty six female Madura cattle, divided into six different age groups, were determined, by observing their phenotypic characteristics.

The qualitative data were analyzed descriptively. The frequency distribution was used to analyze the exterior characteristics of female Madura cattle used for sonok.

Results

Desirable characteristics of sonok cattle

Figure 1 describes the characteristics mentioned by farmers in selecting Madura cattle for sonok

activity.

Desirable characteristics of Sonok cattle

Big body, dark red in colour and small-medium hump

Small-medium and firmly dewlap

Non specific colour around eyes and mouths

Non specific colour on legs No backline colour

Figure 1. Desirable characteristics of sonok cattle

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cattle. Madura people have been maintaining the uniformity characteristics of Madura cattle for hundred years. However, they special characteristics for each cultural event purpose.

Exterior characteristics of sonok cattle

Table 1 shows the exterior characteristics of sonok cattle among different age groups.

Table 1.

Exterior characteristics of Sonok cattle

Exterior characteristics

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The exterior characteristics of sonok cattle are not much different among age of groups due to selection by farmers to choose them as sonok cattle. The body colour is one of the most important criteria to select sonok cattle. Farmers more preferred dark-red rather than less dark body colour. They believed that dark body colour is results of good breeding selection and caring of sonok cattle. Sonok

farmers like small dewlap and small hump, non specific colour around mouth and eyes, and cream

colour on legs. They do not much emphasize on the existence of back line pattern. Most of sonok cattle have body condition score above 3, indicating a good body condition.

Conclusions

Characteristics of Madura cattle, especially sonok cattle, which are most preferred by the farmers

are combination of the characteristics of Bali and Ongole cattle. By applying traditional selection, Madura people have been maintaining phenotype uniformity of this breed for hundred years. Sonok

contest is one of unique events in Madura, which can be a main driver of maintaining a local breed.

References

Anonymous. 2003. National report on animal genetic resources Indonesia; a strategy of development Department of Agriculture, Jakarta.

Barwegen, M. 2004. Browsing in livestock history; large ruminants and the environment in Java, 1850 - 2000.in Smallholders and stockbreeders; histories of foodcrop and livestock farming in Southeast Asia. P. B. a. D. Henley, ed. KITLV Press., Leiden.

De Jonge, H. 1990. Of bulls and men: the Madurese aduan sapi. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 146(4):423 - 447.

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