PENGENALAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI. Materi 12: Internet, Perkembangan Internet

PENGENALAN TEKNOLOGI

INFORMASI

Materi 12:

R

EVOLUSI

I

NTERNET

a.  Kronologi

b.  Pakar Pelopor

c.  Pengetahuan Dasar

d.  Internet & Masyarakat

A

. K

RONOLOGI

:P

ERIODE

A

WAL

¢  1957, USSR meluncurkan Sputnik, satelit

bumi buatan pertama. USA mendirikan Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) dalam DoD.

¢  Jul-61, First Paper on Packet Switching

Theory, Leonard Kleinrock, "Information Flow

in Large Communication Nets.”

¢  1962, RAND Paul Baran, RAND Corporation

(agen pemerintah) diberi kekuasaan oleh USAF untuk studi pengelolaan command and control pada misil dan bomber, setelah serangan nuklir. Tulisan yang dihasilkannya packet switched network.

¢  Agu-62, First Paper on Internet Concept by

J.C.R. Licklider & Welden Clark, "On-Line Man Computer Communication".

¢  1964, Communication Nets by Leonard Kleinrock

provides the network design and queuing theory necessary to build packet networks. [buku]

¢  Mar-64 First Paper on Secure Packetized Voice,

Paul Baran, "On Distributed Communications Networks", IEEE Transactions on Systems.

¢  Okt-65, First Actual Network Experiment, incoln

Labs TX-2 tied to SDC's Q32, Lawrence Roberts, MIT Lincoln Labs

¢  Okt-66, First Paper on Network Experiments,

Thomas Marill & Lawrence Roberts, "Toward a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers", Fall AFIPS Conf.

¢  Okt-67, Original ARPANET Design Paper, Lawrence

Roberts, " Multiple Computer Networks and intercomputer Communication ", ACM Gatlinberg onf.

¢  Agu-68, Request For Proposals released for

RPANET by Lawrence Roberts, ARPA. The RFP mandated the main packet switching design elements for the ARPANET.

¢  Des-68, BBN (Bolt-Beranek-Newman) build the

A R P A N E T I n t e r f a c e M e s s a g e P r o c e s s o r s (IMP’s)Page 5

P

ERIODE

L

ANJUT

¢  Oct-72, First APRANET Public Demonstration at

ICCC in Washington organized by Robert Kahn of BBN

¢  May-73, First Ethernet Operation at Xerox PARC

designed by Robert Metcalfe

¢  May-74, First Internetworking Protocol, TCP

outlined in a paper by Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf

¢  Jul-75, ARPANET Transferred to DCA, the Defense

Communications Agency.

¢  Oct-77, First TCP Operation over ARPANET, Packet

Radio Net, and SATNET (the satellite network)

¢  Nov-77, Complete Email Specification ( RFC 733)

released by two Email pioneers, Dave Crocker and John Vittal.

¢  Mar-78, TCP Split into TCP and IP, where TCP was

the endto-end process and IP was the network routing process by Vint Cerf, Jon Postel, and Danny Cohen.

¢  Nov-83, Domain Name System (DNS) Designed by

Jon Postel, Paul Mockapetris, and Craig Partridge to support the Email addressing space, creating .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net, & .int.

¢  1986, First Interop Conference organized by Dan

Lynch.

¢  1989, Internet opened to commercial mail through

MCI Mail

¢  1991, NSF Opens Internet to commercial use.

¢  2001 - Finally the Internet gets Quality of Service

(QOS) with guaranteed rate service for voice and video

P

ELOPOR INTERNET

Ø  Leonard Kleinrock

o  Packet Switching Theory, paper, 1961

o  Communication Nets, book, 1964

o  Network Measurement Center at UCLA,

ARPANET measurement, 1968

Ø  J.C.R. Licklider

o  On-Line Man Computer Communication

(internet concept), paper, 1962

o  ARPA Computer Program, 1962

Ø  Lawrence Roberts

o  First Actual Network Experiment, Lincoln

Labs TX-2 tied to SDC's Q32 [MIT], 1965

o  ARPA Communications Program, 1966

o  ARPA IPTO Chief Scientist and begins the

design of the APRANET, 1966

o  Original ARPANET Design Paper, 1967

o  Request For Proposals released for

ARPANET, 1968

o  Fourth Director of ARPA IPTO, 1969

o  Packet Satellite Technique, 1971

Ø  Steve Crocker

o  Request For Comments (RFC) #1, Host Software

tulisan Steve Crocker mencakupHost-to-Host protocol, the first output of the Network Working Group.

Ø  Ray Tomlinson

o  First basic Email Programs, SNGMSG and

READMAIL.

Ø  Jon Postel

o  FTP Protocol Specification ( RFC 354)

o  Domain Name System. Ø  Robert Metcalfe

o  First Ethernet Operation at Xerox PARC Ø  Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf

o  First Internetworking Protocol, TCP outlined in

P

ENGERTIAN

: [C

OMPUTER

] N

ETWORK

Ø  (terminal, komputer, server, sistem-lain) :

yang saling terhubung sehingga mempermudah aliran data dan saling memakai resources.

Ø  Kategori jaringan komputer :

• LAN (local area network) / MAN (metropolitan AN) / WAN (wide AN) / VLAN (virtual LAN)/ VPN (virtual private network) / SAN (Storage AN, dedicated LAN/WAN untuk mass data storage and retrieval /System AN, high-performance & high-speed LAN dengan konfigurasi cluster) / CAN (Cluster / Controller AN)

LAN (local area network):

network yang memakai bersama sebuah atau/ beberapa server disatu lokasi[kantor/gedung]

yang membangun inter-office system

MAN > LAN < WAN

memakai dedicated / high performance hardware.

WAN (wide area network)

Ø  LANs yang saling terhubung dalam area luas

Ø  Internet = WAN, extranet = WAN.

Ø  perangkat beragam & mahal dibanding LAN.

Teknologi

Ø  pengembangan WAN: SONET, frame relay, dan

P

ENGERTIAN

: I

NTERNET

Sistem informasi global yang:

Ø  Secara logikal saling terhubung oleh sebuah ruang

adres unik global berbasis Internet rotocol (IP) atau ekstensi-nya;

Ø  mampu menunjang komunikasi berbasis

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet.

Protocol (TCP/IP) atau ekstensi-nya, dan/atau protokol lain yang IP-compatible;

Ø  (jaringan komputer) di mana situs-situs akademik, pemerintah, komersil, dan organisasi lain dapat melakukan:

•  komunikasi langsung (e-mail, chat)

•  konferensi online (Usenet News, e-mail

discussion lists)

•  akses sumber informasi terdistribusi

(World Wide Web, Gopher)

•  remote login dan file transfer (telnet, ftp),

Ø  Berbasis sekumpulan protocols baku, komputer yang tersambung memiliki domain name system (DNS) dan adres IP sendiri.

P

ENGERTIAN

: I

NTRANET

Ø  LAN yang diimplementasi teknologi WWW;

atau

Ø  Private Internet:

o  Private network enterprise, LAN saling

terhubung & bisa terhubung pada WAN / internet melalui gateway.

o  Para pegawai dapat memakai bersama

informasi dan fasilitas komputasi, juga m e m f a s i l i t a s i w o r k i n g g r o u p s d a n teleconferences.

o  Implementasi TCP/IP, HTTP, dan IP lainnya.

o  Pemakai dapat mengakses [Global / Public]

Internet melalui firewall servers yang menyaring informasi yang mengancam

P

ENGERTIAN

: E

XTRANET

Ø  P r i v a t e n e t w o r k m e n g g u n a k a n I P & telecommunikasi publik untuk kerjasama bisnis dengan suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, lainnya.

Ø  Dapat dipandang sebagai company's intranet

yang diperluas untuk melayani pemakai mitra perusahaan.

Ø  Perlu keamanan dan privasi, menerapkan firewall server management:

§  user authentication

§  encryption of messages

§  use of virtual private networks (VPN) that

O

PERASIONAL

E

XTRANET

Ø  Bertukar data volume besar dengan Electronic Data

Interchange (EDI) / XML

Ø  Berbagi katalog produk

Ø  Berkolaborasi & bekerjasama dalam berbagai

aktifitas bisnis

Ø  Mengembangkan program pelatihan bersama

Ø  Pelayanan oleh satu perusahaan bagi sekelompok

perusahaan lain, misal online banking yang dikelola sebuah bank untuk bank-bank lain yang berafiliasi

D

AMPAK

I

NTERNET DALAM

M

ASYARAKAT

:

Ø  Akses sangat mudah, perolehan info relatif

murah & banyak.

Ø  Integrasi informasi, komunikasi, dan hiburan

[ + a u d i o , v i d e o , m u l t i m e d i a ] m a k i n mempermudah penyampaian segala jenis pengajaran.

Ø  Kebudayaan yang baik sangat mudah

berpengaruh bila tanpa filter, pengaruh info negatif pada generasi muda > TV/radio.

Ø  Agar info positif > negatif, peranan artist,

Ø  Komunitas Global

o  K o m u n i k a s i t a k d i b a t a s i w i l a y a h / kebangsaan / waktu

o  Segala jenis data/info tersedia di berbagai

jenis situs

o  Berbagi kerja dan berkolaborasi mudah

ilakukan oleh setiap individu dalam satu atau berbeda instansi / organisasi dalam satu atau berbeda bidang/minat.

Ø  Tersedia

o  Shareware, Public Domain, Freely Copyable

software programs yang dapay di-download

o  Libraries, stores, and news groups untuk

P

ENGGUNAAN

I

NTERNET

: P

ENGADRESAN Ø  Domain : kategori hirarki organisasi abstrak ke

mana sebuah komputer/ situs / jaringan terdaftar, di mana top level:

ü  • com : perusahaan komersil ü  • edu : institusi pendidian ü  • gov : situs pemerintah

ü  • net : infrastruktur jaringan ü  • org : organisasi non-komersil ü  • us : situs di USA

ü  • id : situs di Indonesia

F

ASILITAS

Forum ~ electronic public meeting place untuk diskusi terbuka:

a. Message-based Communications, one-to-many

•  Electronic mail, one-to-one atau one-to-many

•  Newsgroup, electronic bulletin board system

created originally by the Unix community, misal Usenet News yang membahas banyak topik secara herarki [comp =komputer, rec rekreasi, soc = sosial, sci = sains, dll.

•  Bulletin Board System (BBS), a computer +

associated software, typically providing electronic messaging services, archives of files, and any other services or activities of interest to the BBS’s

b.  Real-Time Communications ~ komunikasi di mana delay (net-lag) yang terjadi seminim mungkin, berbasis teks di mana tiap user memiliki special regions pada monitor [wilayah pengiriman dan penerimaan]

§  Internet Relay Chat (IRC, WebChat),

text-based mechanism communication with multiple participants.

§  Multicasting, technical term that means

that you can send pieces of data (packets), to multiple sites simultaneously.

§  MUD [Multi-User Dungeon], an interactive

game vironment where both real other players and virtual other players exist and with whom you can communicate to share ideas, solve puzzles, etc.

§  MUD, Dungeon ~ dungeon-like

environment where evil goblins, demons, and other bad-guys are wandering around ready to kill

§  Audio Video Conferencing, [teachers -

students, doctors -patients, artists - audience] contoh CUSeeMe [Macintosh and Windows users with an Internet

connection and a desktop camera to see, hear and speak with other CU-SeeMe

users across the world; this program was developed at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, USA and is freely available.]

§  Archive [Webster's]

a)  a place where public records, documents, etc.

are kept

b)  a place where material having documentary

interest, as private papers, institutional records, memorabilia, or photographs, is kept.

§  Internet’s Archives are pretty much ~ exact

§  Searching memakai search engine

ü  a program usually living on a remote

c o m p u t e r t h a t s p e n d s i t s t i m e downloading information from other computers and building an index of what lives where [nickname = Web Crawler].

C

ONTOH SEARCH ENGINE

q  Yahoo - Index of WWW sites, with search

capabilities http://www.yahoo.com/

q  DejaNews - USENET (news groups) search

engine http://www.dejanews.com/

q  WebCrawler - http://query.webcrawler.com/

q  Lycos - http://www.lycos.com/

q  AltaVista - WWW and USENET search engine

http://www.altavista.digital.com/

q  Magellan - Index of reviewed and rated Internet

s i t e s , w i t h s e a r c h c a p a b i l i t i e s

http://www.mckinley.com/

q  Google - Index of WWW sites, with search

W

ORLD

W

IDE

W

EB

~ W

EB

q  ~ subset of the computers di Internet

q  visualisasi Web sebagai rak giant magazine stand

with a vast web of strings connecting various words pictures and ideas.

q  organisasi Web tidak hirarkis, Web is broken up

into a large set of pages (Web Pages), informasi dihubungkan dengan hypertext links.

q  klik pada highlighted word / picture to call up a

C

ARA

A

KSES INTERNET

: Akses Internet ~ receiving, downloading, and viewing files, menggunakan same tools

(SW&HW) needed to create files and make them available on the Internet; memerlukan dukungan:

§  Internet Service Providers

§  HW + SW + modem

§  Web browser

§  SW anti virus

§  Perangkat akses multimedia: sound card +

speakers, CD-ROM player, midi equip., video equip., printer

Ø  Tahapan Pengembangan Situs §  Pembuatan & pendaftaran §  Kreasi isi :

ü  Getting help [lewat: Forum, BBS, Chat, dll.] ü  Format file: public domain, proprietary, dll. ü  Kreasi dokumen text & hyper text

ü  Kreasi citra grafik & animasi [format: bitmap,

vector, video]

ü  Kreasi digital audio, suara & musik ü  Publikasi

ü  Issues & Chalenges

Ø  Security, viruses, standard disclaimer & copyrights

& intellectual property (copyright, trademark, privacy, advicing), cryptography, netiquette.