A STUDY ON TRANSPOSITION APPLIED IN TRANSLATING FOLKLORES FROM BAHASA INDONESIA INTO ENGLISH

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A STUDY ON TRANSPOSITION APPLIED IN TRANSLATING FOLKLORES FROM BAHASA INDONESIA INTO ENGLISH

THESIS

by:

IRA AYU ANDRILIA S

201110100311305

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

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A STUDY ON TRANSPOSITION APPLIED IN TRANSLATING FOLKLORES FROM BAHASA INDONESIA INTO ENGLISH

THESIS

This thesis is submitted to fulfill one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education

by:

IRA AYU ANDRILIA S

201110100311305

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirrabbil‘alamin. The writer gives the best praise and gratitude to Allah yaa Rabbul Izzati who gives her health, composure, forbearance along this thesis working. Likewise, praise is also given to Rasul Muhammad SAW as the fountain of inspiration throughout her life journey.

Along with this accomplished mission “thesis”, the writer would like to thank to those who contributed in this thesis. Firstly, the writer thanks and appreciates her first advisor, Mr. Riski Lestiono, M.A. who warmly guides and supports her to be more cautious on language and a good thinker as well as analyzer. Moreover, the writer would like to convey an appreciation and thank to her second advisor, Ms. Nina Inayati, M.Ed. who trains her to expand her critical thinking patiently. Furthermore, the writer thanks her beloved white campus “University of Muhammadiyah Malang” for providing great lecturers and courses that lead her to finish her bachelor degree.

Secondly, her biggest appreciation, salute, and respect are given for her best partner (mother) Khotimah who is her first teacher and counselor for every action, for her real boyfriend (father) Herry Suranta Sembiring who always trusts her life choices, and her dearest brother M. Doni Ferdiansyah Sembiring who makes her like a walking dictionary wherein it improves her English’s capability. Then, for all her families, the writer sends uncountable thanks to them every time and moment.

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extremely kind and fun to talk to, not to mention their care and without them, her Malang experience would be very different.

Finally, the writer expects this study would be advantageous for the readers and the related individuals who are focusing on translation studies. Hopefully, there will be an upgrading of translation studies itself along with some researches conducted in the present and future.

Malang, September 3, 2015 The Writer,

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL ... iii

LEGALIZATION ... iv

MOTTO AND DEDICATION ... v

ORIGINALITY DECLARATION ... vii

1.2 Statement of the Problem ... 5

1.3 Purpose of the Study ... 5

1.4 Scope and Limitation ... 5

1.6 Significance of the Study ... 6

1.7 Definition of Key Terms ... 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Translation Theory ... 8

2.2 The Definition of Translation ... 9

2.3 Function of Translation ... 11

2.4 Process of translation ... 12

2.5 Translation Procedures ... 15

2.5.1 Translation Procedures According to Vinay and Darbelnet ... 16

2.5.1.1 Direct Translation ... 16

2.5.1.1.1 Borrowing ... 17

2.5.1.1.2 Calque ... 18

2.5.1.1.3 Literal Translation ... 19

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2.5.1.2.1 Transposition ... 20

2.5.1.2.2 Modulation ... 21

2.5.1.2.3 Equivalence ... 22

2.5.1.2.4 Adaptation ... 23

2.5.2 Translation Procedures by Machali ... 24

2.5.2.1 Transposition ... 24

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design ... 34

3.2 Research Materials ... 36

3.3 Data Collection ... 38

3.4 Data Analysis ... 39

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Research Finding ... 42

4.1.1 Types of Transposition ... 42

4.1.1.1 A Shift in the Terms of Form ... 43

4.1.1.2 Transposition on Grammatical Structure ... 48

4.1.1.3 The Alteration on Rigid Equivalence in Target Language 52 4.1.1.4 Transposition on Lexical Gaps by Using Grammatical Structure ... 58

4.2 Discussion ... 62

4.2.1 Proven Theory of Tranposition based on Machali 2009 ... 62

4.2.2 The Disparity within Bahasa Indonesia and English on Grammatical Rule ... 64

4.2.3 The Tendency of Language Used in Folklore ... 71

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5.2 Suggestions ... 75 REFERENCES ... 78 APPENDICES

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: The process of Translation ... 12

Figure 2: The Steps of Data Collection ... 38

Figure 3: The Steps of Data Analysis ... 40

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: The Comparison of Translation Procedures between Vinay &

Darbelnet and Machali ... 16

Table 2: Names of Folklore ... 37

Table 3: The Classification of Folklore ... 40

Table 4: The Alteration of Singular and Plural Form ... 43

Table 5: The Alteration of Modifier of Noun into Noun Phrase ... 45

Table 6: The Movement of Noun Phrase Containing A Series of Adjectives ... 47

Table 7: The Alteration of Position Object ... 49

Table 8: The Alteration of Position Verb ... 50

Table 9: The Alteration from noun into verb ... 52

Table 10: The Alteration from Noun into an Adjective ... 54

Table 11: The Alteration from an Adjective into Noun ... 55

Table 12: The Alteration from Verb into Noun ... 56

Table 13: The Alteration from Verb into an Adjective ... 57

Table 14: The Use of Lexical Gap –pun ... 59

Table 15: The Use of Lexical Gap –lah ... 59

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Motto and Dedication

Motto

“Dan barang siapa yang bertakwa kepada All

ah niscaya Allah

menjadikan baginya kemudahan dalam urusannya.”

“A

nd for those who fear Allah, He will make their path easy.

”

- At-Thalaaq: 4-

“Be kind of person who appreciates the action, process, and result of

everyone’s work, don’t be single

-minded

one.”

-Ira-

“Don’t be too serious, put a little sense of humor”

-Ira-

“If you don’t think, then you shouldn’t talk”

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DEDICATION

My gorgeous Mother, Father, and

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REFERENCES

Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C., Sorensen, C., & Razavieh, A. (2010). Introduction to Research in Education (8th ed.). United States of America, USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Bassnett, S. (2002) Translation studies. London: Routledge.

Catford. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press.

Espinosa, A. (2014). The Science of Folklore: Aurelio Espinosa on Spain and the American Southwest. The Journal of American Folklore, 127(506) 448-466. Folklore, Culture, Language and Translation. Paper read, pp. 1-33.

Glass, G. V., Hopkins, K. D. (1984). Statistical Methods in Education and Psychology (2nd_{ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.}

Jakobson, R. (1959). ‘On linguistic aspects of translation’, in Venuti, L (ed.) (2000)1st The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 113-118.

Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology Methods and Techniques (2nd_revised

ed.). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd.

Larson, Mildred. L. (1984). Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Language Equivalence. Lanham: University Press of America.

Lyons, J. (1968). Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Machali, R. (2009). Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah. Ujungberung, Bandung: Kaifa Macky, A., & Gass, S.M. (2005). Second Language Research: Methodology and

Design. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.

Munday, J. (2008). Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge.

Nababan, M.R. (2003). Teori Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Newmark, Peter. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London and New York: Prentice Hall International (UK).

Newmark, Peter. (2000). A textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall. Nida, E. A. & C. R. Taber (1969). The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden:

E. J. Brill.

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Prasetyani, N. Y. (2010). Analisis Transposisi dan Modulasi Kalimat pada Buku Terjemahan “Fisiologi Kedokteran” oleh Adji Dharma. (Pascasarjana Thesis, University of Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Solo). Retrieved from

http://dglib.uns.ac.id/dokumen/detail/15178/Analisis-transposisi-dan- modulasi-kalimat-pada-buku-terjemahan-fisiologi-kedokteran-oleh-Adji-Dharma

Prasetyo, J. (2011). Analisis Transposisi dan Modulasi pada Buku Teori Budaya Terjemahan dari Buku Culture Theory. (Sarjana Thesis, State University of Semarang, Semarang). Retrieved from

http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/lingua/article/view/864

Sauerland, U., Gartner, H. M. (2007). Interfaces + recursion = language? : Chomsky’s Minimalism and the View from Syntax-Semantics. Berlin: New York.

Suryawinata, Z., Hariyanto, S. (2003). Translation: Bahasa Teori dan Penuntun Praktis Menerjemahkan. Yogayakarta: Kanisius.

Susilawati, L. (2009). Analisis Transposisi dan Modulasi pada Terjemahan Petunjuk Pemakaian Produk-Produk Oriflame. (Pascasarjana Thesis, University of Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Solo). Retrieved from

http://pasca.uns.ac.id/?p=586

Venuti, Lawrence. (2000). The Translation Studies Readers. London: Routledge. Vinay, J. P. & J. Darbelnet. (2004). Comparative Stylistics of French and English:

A Methodology for Translation. Hamel, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Widiyantari, Y. (2012). The Strategy to Translate Metaphor. Journal of Translation, 5(1), 57-77.

Wilss, Wolfram. (1977). The Science of Translation Problems and Methods. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press.

Wiratno, T. (2003). Text Deconstruction in English Language Teaching. The 2nd International Seminar on English Language Studies. Universitas Sanata Dharma: Yogyakarta.

Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York, London: The Guilford Press.

Ande-Ande Lumut Bahasa Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/183-ande-ande-lumut

Ande-Ande Lumut English Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/74-ande-ande-lumut

Asal Mula Ikan Duyung Bahasa Version. Retrieved from

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Asal Mula Ikan Duyung English Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/43-the-origin-of-mermaid Asal Mula Upacara Bau Nyale Bahasa Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/42-Putri-Mandalika-Asal -Mula-Upacara-Bau-Nyale-Nusa-Tenggara-Barat

Asal Mula Upacara Bau Nyale English Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/41-princess-mandalika-the-origin-of-bau-nyale-festival

Asal Usul Nama Buleleng dan Singaraja Bahasa Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/109-asal-usul-nama-buleleng-dan-singaraja

Asal Usul Nama Buleleng dan Singaraja English Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/48-the-origin-of-the-names-of-buleleng-and-singaraja

Banta Berensyah Bahasa Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/162-banta-berensyah

Banta Berensyah English Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/162-banta-berensyah

Batu Menangis Bahasa Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/57-batu-menangis

Batu Menangis English Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/46-the-crying-stone

Legenda Batu Keramat Bahasa Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/166-legenda-batu-keramat

Legenda Batu Keramat English Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/166-legenda-batu-keramat

Legenda Lau Kawar Bahasa Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/6-legenda-lau-kawar

Legenda Lau Kawar English Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/12-west-sumatra

Legenda Pulau Senua Bahasa Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/142-legenda-pulau-senua

Legenda Pulau Senua English Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/68-the-legend-of-senua-isle

Lutung Kasarung Bahasa Version. Retrieved from

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Lutung Kasarung English Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/80-lutung-kasarung

Putri Serindang Bulan Bahasa Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/170-putri-serindang-bulan

Putri Serindang Bulan English Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/69-putri-serindang-bulan

Rambun Pamenan Bahasa Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/126-rambun-pamenan

Rambun Pamenan English Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/67-rambun-pamenan

Roro Jonggrang Bahasa Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/151-roro-jonggrang

Roro Jonggrang English Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/82-Rara-Jonggrang-The-Legend-of-Prambanan-Temple

Timun Emas English Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/73-timun-emas

Timun Emas Bahasa Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/163-timun-emas Untung Suropati Bahasa Version. Retrieved from

http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/192-untung-suropati

Untung Suropati English Version. Retrieved from

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1

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the background of study, the statement of

problem, the purpose of study, the scope and limitation, the significance of

study, and the definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of study

It is well-known that translation is a science which is under

coverage of linguistics. The relationship between translation and linguistics

itself covers some discussions among three classifications toward signs.

The classifications are described by Jakobson (2000), he states three kinds

of translation as follows:

1) Rewording (intralingual translation) is when the translators interpret

verbal signs through other verbal signs belonging to the similar language.

2) Translation proper (interlingual translation) is when the translators

interpret verbal signs through some other languages.

3) Transmutation (intersemiotic translation) is when the translators

interpret verbal signs through signs of nonverbal sign systems.

From those classifications, interlingual translation or translation proper has the biggest role in translation since it replaces certain code-units in source language by equivalent code-units in target language. It also

needs an interpretation in defining meaning and sign of target language.

Bearing this in mind, it is essential to be aware of the contradictions among

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2

It is dreadfully interesting to have a closer study on translation to

push communication forward. Relying on a basic concept of translation

which is translation procedure is a good start to avoid personal assumption

in rendering source language into target language. Accordingly, translation

procedure is translation strategy which is applied for translating word,

phrase, or sentences that cannot be separated into smaller unit (Suryawinata

and Hariyanto, 2003, p.67). It covers several types including transposition,

modulation, borrowing, calque, literal, etc that assemble into one; no

wonder if one document might encompass one or more translation

procedures.

Throughout several translation procedures, the enthralling one as

researcher’s concern is transposition. The highlight constituents of this term

are that it replaces grammatical structure, word class, as well as sentence

construction to achieve an equivalent translation product. It is likely that

transposition is simply used since the translators are not necessary

exploring their sense in changing point of view or selecting a proper diction

in target language. Additionally, there are some problematical disparities on

language rules since language to language has diverse rubrics as well.

Therefore, the researcher intends to know whether transposition is

workable to overcome this problem or not.

Transposition itself has advantages as well as disadvantages. This

statement is supported by Prasetyo (2011) that translation and modulation

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3

another translation procedure, is entailing a change in lexical elements and

a shift in the point of view. Meanwhile, he also explains that translation is

more accurate that modulation in translating “Buku Teori Budaya”, on the contrary, modulation has a higher level of acceptability.

The forms of translation and modulation applied by the translators

impact on translation quality (Susilawati, 2010). It means that if there are

some translation errors, the target language cannot arrive at the equal

readability level to the source language. As stated by Prasetyani (2010), the

use of transposition and modulation influence the readability of translation

product. Some problems especially the ones affected unsuitable readability

of translation are: 1) the use of grammatical structure, 2) some deletion on

word and sentence, 3) the use of inappropriate changing of passive voice

into active voice, etc. The problematical terms above can be solved by

transposition since its functions have indeed relation to those problems. In

short, the existence of transposition cannot be discarded due to its urgency.

Based on the phenomena above, it is essential to point out that

transposition is a topical issue in translation seen from the year of those

studies were conducted. However, none of them analyses transposition in

terms of typology in detailed. Consequently, it leads the researcher to

investigating it, particularly from Bahasa Indonesia into English. The

researcher considers that the typology itself will enrich as well as enlarge a

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In addition, the researcher intends to investigate transposition on

folklores as it is likely that very few studies have been conducted to this

particular genre. Additionally, the treasure of a country is not always in the

form of tangible things, a story or folklores can be the one that is able to be

widely spread among countries. Indonesia is a motherland with various

unique folklores in each region. Folklores commonly turn out to be an

identity of a certain area that has communicative and expressive function.

The glorious and educative values from each folklore are aroused along

with some old culture in every area. Those cultures represented in the

folklores seem to orchestrate to eventually bring up the unique of

Indonesia.

To claim a translator as a great one, it depends on how good and

readable the translation product is. For instance, if there is a job in

translating document from Bahasa Indonesia into English, the translator has

to render it into English sense, not Bahasa Indonesia. Similarly, in

translating folklores, it sounds great when some cultural and moral values

of Bahasa Indonesia’s folklores are altered into English appropriately. At

this point, it is likely that transposition can be a way to equalize both sense.

The message of what source language intended will be delivered easily and

effectively as international in target language. In this case, the researcher is

directed to elaborate the typology of transposition more on folklores.

Overall, it comes to a conclusion that there are still few researches

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wants to conduct a research which is entitled “An Analysis on

Transposition Applied in Translating Folklores from Bahasa Indonesia into

English”. The researcher believes that this topic is well-chosen since the

researcher is able to get the knowledge of transposition types in detailed

along with the knowledge of cultural and moral values inside the folklores.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In completing this study, the researcher focuses on transposition

applied in translating the folklores from Bahasa Indonesia into English. In

reference to this point, the researcher would like to put forward the problem

as follow:

∞ What are of transposition types applied in translating the folklores

from Bahasa Indonesia into English?

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The problem of this study raises a purpose of study as follow:

∞ To discover transposition types applied in translating the folklores

from Bahasa Indonesia into English.

1.4Scope and Limitation

This study of translation covers a lot of aspects. It needs to be set in

order to avoid misunderstanding. Considering the identification of problem,

the research focuses on the one point discussion toward four types of

transposition.

The limitation of this study concerns only on folklore of each 15

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Java, Aceh, DKI Jakarta, Yogyakarta, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Riau

Island, Bali, Central Sulawesi, West Nusa Tenggara, Papua, West

Kalimantan, and Bengkulu

1.5 Significance of the Study

This research is expected to be able to give contribution as linguistic

reference to several circumstances as follows:

∞ English Department Students

Translation is a particular study which is related to some aspects including

language, translation shift, translation strategy, idiom, etc. However, the

first important point to English department students is translation

procedure. In this study, the researcher offers some translation theories and

shows one of translation procedures that has a big role in translation.

Therefore, students are able to enlarge and enrich their knowledge about

translation procedure particularly transposition.

∞ Lecturers

Teaching translation is dealing with the methods, strategies, and

procedures. Based on this research, one of cases in translation is clearly

described toward its type and some supporting theories. Considering that, it

gives contribution to the lecturers in their teaching.

∞ Other Researchers

This research can be references for the following research related to

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1.6 Definition of Key Terms

a. Linguistic is the scientific of human language. (Lyons, 1968).

b. Translation is a way of rendering a source language (SL) text into the

target language (TL) to assure that the main message of the two will be

approximately similar. (Bassnett, 2002, p. 12).

c. Translation Procedure is translation strategy which is applied for

translating word, phrase, or sentences that cannot be separated into

smaller unit (Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003, p. 67).

d. Transposition is a procedure that involves replacing one word class

with another without changing the meaning of the message or sense.

(Vinay & Darbelnet, 2004, p. 132).

e. Folklore or popular knowledge is the accumulated store of what

mankind has experienced, learned, and practiced across the ages as

popular and traditional knowledge, as distinguished from so-called