THEME AND RHEME OF THE MALAY PANTUN USED IN
THE WEDDING CEREMONY IN LANGKAT
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Magister
Humaniora
By:
NAZLI FAHADA
Registration Number: 8146111042
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
i
ABSTRACT
Fahada, Nazli. Registration Number: 8146111042, Theme and Rheme of The Malay Pantun used in wedding ceremony in Langkat. A thesis. EnglishApplied Linguistics Study Program, Post Graduate School, State University of Medan, 2016.
ii
ABSTRAK
Fahada, Nazli. Theme dan rheme dari pantun melayu yang digunakan dalam upacara pernikahan di Langkat. Thesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan Postgraduate School. State University of Medan . 2016
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, the writer would like to thank to God Allah SWT, Allah the Almighty who has given him the blessing health, strength and patience in the process of completing this thesis which entitle “Theme and rheme of the malay pantun used in wedding ceremony in langkat ” as
a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Magister Humaniora at the Postgraduate of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, State University of Medan. Then, praises are also
addressed to our prophet Muhammad SAW who guided us to the best life.
In the completion of this thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge her deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has been given to him by a lot of people. The
writer would like to express his highest appreciation to Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A.Ph.D. as first advisor and Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum as second advisor, for their generous assistance, guidance,
advice, and precious time they spent on supervising and guiding this thesis.
The writer would also like to express her gratitude to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed as the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum as
the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program who have assisted him in processing the administration requirements during the process of his studies in the Postgraduate School of
the State University of Medan, and not forget special thanks to the all lecturers of the English Applied Linguistics Study Program who have given their valuable knowledge to him in their lectures.
Thanks are due to his proposal reviewers and thesis examiners, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning. M.Pd, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed, and Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd, for their valuable
An un-expressible gratitude to his beloved parents, Khaidir, S.Pd and Latifah, S.Pd, who
has given their love, prays, patience, motivations and supports in keeping encouraging the writer to finish his study. And also special thanks for his brothers, Aldi Al Hafiz, S.kom for the sincere and support, there is no suitable words that can fully describe their everlasting love and
express how much he loves them.
At last, it is honor for her to convey thanks to Surya Kelana Putra, M.Hum, Ahmad
Fadli, M.Hum and Ahmad Fuadi, M.Hum who have motivated and supported him. Then, last but not least thanks to her beloved classmates of LTBI A1 XXIV for sharing the joy and pain together, beautiful moments, sweet memory and keep our friendship going, and all of those who
supported him in any respect during the completion of this thesis.
Medan, 24 August 2016 The Writer,
Nazli Fahada
iii
CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 10
2.1 Metafunction ... 10
2.2 Textual Function ... 13
2.2.1 Theme and Rheme... 14
2.2.2 Characterization of Theme ... 15
2.2.3 Unmarked and Marked Theme... 16
2.2.4 Simple and Multiple Theme ... 18
2.3 Textual Development ... 23
iv
2.10 Previous Relevant Studies ... 39
2.11 Conceptual Framework ... 40
CHAPTER IIIREASEARCH METHOD ... 44
3.1 Research Design ... 44
3.2 The Data and Source of Data ... 44
3.3 Instrument of Data Collection ... 45
3.4 Technique of Data Collection ... 45
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis ... 46
3.6 Trustworthness ... 47
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDING AND DISCUSSION ... 50
4.1 The Data Description ... 50
4.2 Data Analysis ... 50
4.2.1 Textual Development Realization ... 51
4.2.2 The Markedness and Simplicity ... 52
4.3 Findings ... 54
v
CHAPTER V ... 50
5.1 Conclusion ... 57
5.2 Suggestion ... 58
vi
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 The context-meaning-wording relationship ... 12
Table 2.2 Characterization of theme and rheme ... 16
Table 2.3 The Example of Unmarked Theme Marked theme ... 17
Table 2.4 Marked and Unmarked theme in Pantun ... 17
Table 2.5 The Example of Multiple Themes ... 21
Table 2.6 Components of Multiple Themes ... 22
Table 4.1 The Textual Development Types ... 50
vii
LIST OF FIGURE
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
APPENDIX A ... 61
APPENDIX B ... 66
APPENDIX C ... 73
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of study
Malay as one of the local languages is often used in daily life. Usually in
conveying message, the Malay people do not directly say, but they will use
pantun as a medium to express their feelings. At present it is difficult to find
someone who uses pantun as a medium to communicate but this tradition is still
used in the cultural event such as Malay wedding ceremony. Every stage in this
event uses pantun as a means of communication. The traditional ceremony
constitutes in stages of (1) pre-wedding, which consists ofmerisik(to spy),jamu
sukut (announcement for bride's family),meminang(to ask for marriage), (2)
wedding which is divided into khatan qur’an (completion of Qur'an reciting),
berinai (body painting),akad nikah(marriage contract),tepung tawar (a ritual
where someone strew flower to the bridegroom),mengarak Pengantin(bringing the
groom to the bride's house by a group of the groom's family), menyambut
pengantin (hailing the groom), bersanding (to sit side by side).
For Malay people communicating and sharing ideas can be expressed in
many ways. One of them is pantun. The pantun of the Malay, in its names and
forms, has captured the imagination and scholarship of many people from in and
out of the area. It’s found to be indigenous and unique and is often considered as a
2
people is identical as their tradition. It is used in daily to the specific moment of
Malay ceremony.
In Malay wedding ceremony, the use of pantun is characteristic of such as
ceremony. Almost every single phase of malay wedding ceremony, the pantun
will be used. Malay wedding ceremony is closely related to religious, moral social
and cultural value. According to advice in Malay wedding ceremony is expressed
in form of pantun loaded rich resources of advice, “many meaning save in pantun,
many meaning collected in pantun“.Here are the examples of some pantun in
wedding ceremony as the following.
Buah dundung bila dimakan
Mengape puan menutup pintu?
Why do you shut the door ?
Wa’alaikum salam kami nantikan
Wa’alaikum salam we wait for
Selamat sejahtera pada rombongan
Prosperous for the guest
3
The key condition please prepare
Baru hempang batang kami singkirkan
Then hempang batang can be taken out
Most experts state that the pantun is the traditional of the malay language.
Therefore, the development of the pantun is relatively more advanced in areas
with Malay majority language speakers. Based on the categorization of literature
types, it includes the type of long poem. Pantun is bound by some rules that must
be met. Formulation rules of pantun, its consist of four lines in each stanza, lines 1
and 2 are quatrain and lines 3 and 4 are the content. In addition,the prosody of the
poem must have a catchy sound and orderly. Prosody in pantun that deal with
rhyme, rhythm, and verse in the poem. In a further development, the pantun has
penetrated into every aspect of human life if judging by the contents or cargo.
From the aspect of words choice or diction, pantun today has grown by using
words familiar to the public.
The pantun is an oral literary form of expression traditionally used among
the Malays.Pantun is well known in Indonesia as a literature and culture of Malay,
moreover Indonesia language is the official language of Indonesia. It is a
standardized register of Malay, an Austronesia language which has been used as a
lingua franca in the Indonesia language archipelago for centuries. Indonesia
language is a standardized register of "Riau Malay", which despite its common
4
Malaccan royal 1 courts. Originally spoken in Northeast Sumatra, Malay has
been used as a lingua franca in Indonesian archipelago for half a millennium.
The birth of the pantun is closely connected with the habits of the old
society, which is not expressed forthright intentions, but by thinking or puzzles.
Even in those days a lot of people who know and understand the metaphor
language clever regarded as knowledgeable or clever person (Hendy, 1990: 48).
Relatively long pantun rhyme, some special rhyme compared to other forms of
poetry that rhymes meaning relatively more easily captured. Thus the poem is one
of the most effective tools for expressing feelings.
Relation with the language of identity and character of a nation is a
realization relationship. Language of a community or a nation that has been
charged ideological, cultural, and social circumstances establish the identity of a
nation. When face with actual problems, identity utilized in the form of characters.
Indonesian national character can be built or known by the very nature of
language or the use of language. One hand the use of Indonesian in the literature
that suggests the existence of national character is rhyme. Apart from the issue of
the development of the poem which continued until this day, there are some
interesting things from an existing poem. It may be said that the old rhyme has
said that power can be attributed to the character of the nation.
It is seen today that the pantun practice has been disappearing from most
of the Indonesian textbook content. And pantun is begin to forget by the teenager
5
to promote linguistic politeness as well Indonesian users, Pantun is one ways to
convey the intent or content of the liver to others courteously, politely and not
with harsh words. The pantun is considered polite because intentions are not
addressed directly, but routed through the inclusion quatrain often unrelated to
the content of the pantun contained in subsequent rows. "That is the pantun,
people are taught to point across in a polite way, smooth and polite despite what
would it actually convey a form of protest or criticism, when a rhyme creator sat
brooding or figures out how to link the words contained in these lines sampiran
with words that are in the next lines.
Then it implies that the maker of the rhymes has selected or chosen words
that are used where appropriate, which is not feasible. Moreover makers also have
to think rhyme or sound harmonization of the last words of two rows and two
rows sampiran letters that make up rhymes. Often the rhymes maker were forced
to change one of the words found in the rows and rows sampiran content so that
when pronounced sounds and harmony is achieved when assessed indirectly train
maker will be polite rhymes using words. "If someone just as lovers of pantun
recorded in his mind for not carelessly use words to convey meaning. If the
pantun is taught in schools, it will make students be courteous in language.
The researcher is interested instudying about pantun in the wedding
ceremony because pantun is not only known as the literature and culture of Malay
but it is also as a great potential to build politeness among people in Indonesia.
6
malay’s people itself. And the government is not involve pantun in the textbook to
use in the school especially in bahasa Indonesia subject. Pantun does not work
just on one in system of norms, but is composed of several strata (layers) norm.
Each norm is composed of several layers underneath norm (Wellek. 1968: 151)
Das Literarische Kunstwerk (1931) analysis of these norms are divided as
follows; (1) norm layered sound, (2) the meaning of the norm layers (units of
meaning) and the layers are divided as follows: (a) layers of the world, which is
considered part of a particular point that needs to be stated but contained inside or
implied. (b) that is sublime metaphysical layer (tragic, horrible, scary or even
sacred).
The analysis of theme and rheme which involve the textual development
in Malay pantun is rare because the other researcher focus on the printed media
or textbook student however the use pantun in wedding ceremony society
actually can create the harmonious and togetherness, the point of making pantun
is not the grammatical forms of the clause but the main word in the clause should
be replaced at the beginning of the clause. The types of Textual development are
discussed to see the pattern of making pantun, the analysis of this is rarely
happen because some other researchers may focus on the novel, newspaper,
articles which easy to be found in everywhere, but the arguing of pantun is only
take place in Malay tradition means this is very limited action be happened
therefore the findings could be very different, these are the other reasons why
researcher study about this topic. Here are one of the textual development of split
7
Theme 1 Rheme 1
Theme 2 Rheme 2
Theme 3 Rheme 3
Theme 4 Rheme 4
Pantun that employs this type
Wa’alaikumsalam kami nantikan
Selamat sejahtera pada rombongan
Syarat kuncinya tolong sediakan
Baru hempang batang kami singkirkan
Thus, the present study focuses on the analysis of theme and rhemewhich
involve textual development and markedness and simplicity in Malay pantun
especially in hailing the groom to be further analysis. Relating to the event above
namely: hailing the groom, this event is chosen to be analyzed in this research
since it is the most unique and interesting event within the wedding ceremony in
Melayu culture. Moreover, this event is usually crowded by many people who are
invited to the ceremony and only this moment (mediator) from the groom and
bride are arguing with pantun. In hailing the groom there are three steps that must
be throughout, namely: hempang batang (the situation where two of society
holding a trunk as obstructer to obstruct the grooms' group goes to the door),
hempang pintu (the situation where two of brides' family holding a scarf as
obstructer to obstruct the grooms' group goes to the doorand hempang kipas (a
situation where two of brides' family holding a scarf as obstructer to obstruct the
8
menyambut pengantin (hailing the groom), there are many quatrain existences to
be observed.
In line with the description above this study will deal with theme and
rheme of Malay Pantun used in wedding ceremony in Langkat, particularly
focused on pantun in Melayu wedding ceremony especially in hailing the groom.
1.2 The Problems of Study
The problem of study deal with textual development as realized in Malay
pantun in Langkat wedding ceremony. Base on the background of problems are
formulated operationally as the following.
1. What kinds of textual developments are used in the Malay pantun in the
wedding ceremony in Langkat?
In relation of the problems, the objectives of the study are
1. to investigate the kinds of textual developments are used in the Malay
pantun in the wedding ceremony in Langkat,
2. to describe the process of textual developmentsused in the Malay pantun
9
3. to explain the use of textual developments of the Malay pantun in the
wedding ceremony in Langkat,
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This research investigations and discussions in Malay pantunin the
wedding ceremony in langkat , especially in the event of menyambut pengantin
(hailing the groom): the pantun which is connected to types textual development,
markedness and simplicity.
1.5 The Significances of the Study
The findings of this study are expected to be useful in giving
contributions theoretically and practically to the needs of those who are interested
in the findings. Theoretically, the findings of the study are supposed to be useful
to the government and local education office to involve pantun in textbook. And
for who are interested in observing the heritage of Melayu Langkat language art
and culture.
Practically, the findings are expected to be the guidance for learners to
observe the types of textual development, markedness and simplicity in pantun of
the Langkat Malay wedding ceremony. Moreover, this study could be helped for
those who want to be the performer of menyambut pengantin (hailing the groom)
59
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 CONCLUSION
After analyzing, the data conclusions are drawn as the following
1. There are seven types of textual development which used in Malay pantun of wedding ceremony in Langkat namely: Constant rheme, linear theme, linear rheme,split theme, split rheme, and zig-zag.
2. Textual development consist of four element of markedness and simplicity in pantun which involve unmarked simple theme, marked simple theme, unmarked multiple theme, marked multiple theme.
60
5.2 SUGGESTION
In relation to the conclusions, suggestion staged as the following
1. It is suggested for other researcher who want to elaborate the study about Textual development to do the research in other fields.
2. It is suggested for the other researchers to study about language structure insocial, business news etc to analyze the clauses used by the speaker or writer.
61
REFERENCES
Ahmad, 1993 . Pantun, puisi Lama Melayu dan Pribahasa Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Araska
Barginsky, V.2004. The Haritage of Traditional Malay Literature. United Kingdom: University of London
Bloor,T,& and Bloor, M. 1995. The functional Analysis of English. London: Edward Arnold
Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Eggins,S.2004. An Introduction to Systematic Functional Linguistics, London: Printer Publish.
Ghadessy, M. 2008. Thematic Development and texts. Hongkong : Baptist University. Halliday, M.A.K. 1976. System and function in language, Londong: Oxford
University
Halliday, M.A.K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic :The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. Language, context and text: Aspects of language as social semiotic.Geelong: Deakin University.
Halliday, M.A.K.1994. Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
Holliday, M.A.K. & Hasan,R. 1999. Language, Context and Text: aspect of language in a Social Semiotic Perspective. Geelong: Deakin university
Halliday, M.A.K. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar.(2nd ed) New York UniversityPress.
Keller & Calhoun. 1997. Sociology. New York: The Me. Graw-Hill.
62
Miles, M.B., and Huberman, A.M.,1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. Newbury Park: Sage
Moleong, L . 2002. Metodology Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya .
McCarthy, M.1991. Discourse Analysis for language teacher. Cambrige: Cambridge University Press.
Martin, J.R, Mathiessen,C.M.I.M, Painter,C,1992. Working with Functional Grammar, London: Arnold & Oxford Press.
Marjohan, A. 1983. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Jakarta: Depdikbud.
Paltridge, B. (2000). Making Sense of Discourse analysis. Gold Coast, Queensland: Antipodean Educational Enterprises.
Peebles, M.W. and Lewis, R.D. 1991. Surface textures of benthic foraminifera from San Salvador, Bahamas.Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 21:285-292. Saragih, A. 2007. Fungsi Tekstual dalam Wacana. Panduan Menulis Tema dan
Rema.Medan: Balai Bahasa.
Sinar, L. 1994 . Jati DiriMelayu. Medan: Lembaga Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Budaya Melayu- MABMI.
Soenaryo, Andi. 2000. Buku Pintar pantun dan puisi. Yogyakarta: Kartika.
Saragih, A. 2007. Introducting Systematic Functional Grammar. EnglishDepartment, Faculty of languages and Arts: State University of Medan.
Sudaryanto. 1993. Metode dan Aneka Tehnik Analisis Bahasa ( Pengantar Penelitian Wahana Kebudayaan secara Linguistik). Yogyakarta : DutaWacana University Press.
