Communicative English Course 1
CHAPTER I
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
1.1 THE USE OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
We use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something which is happening at the time of speaking.
Example : Please don’t make so much noise. I’m studying.
We also use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something which is happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time of speaking.
Example : Silvia is learning English at the moment.
We often use the Present Continuous when we talk about a period around the present.
Example :You‟re working hard today. Yes, I have a lot of to do
We use the present continuous when we talk about the changing situation. Example : The population without jobs is increasing very fast.
1.2. THE ADVERBS OF TIME USED
The adverbs of time used in Present Continous tense are “NOW, RIGHT NOW,
TOMORROW,ETC
1.3. THE PATTERN OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
The patterns of Present continous tense consist of :
1.3.A. Positive Pattern
S + am/is/are + Verb 4……….Now S + sedang + 4………..sekarang
Examples :
1. I am studying English now.
2. We are going to Jakarta tomorrow (akan) 3. You are singing now.
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6. They are playing football in the field now.
7. Tom and Ani are doing their homework tomorrow. 8. The students are doing sport now.
1.3.b The Negative Pattern
S + am/is/are + Not + Verb 4……… Now S + tidak sedang + 4 ……….sekarang Example :
1. I am not studying now 2. He is not sleeping now
3. My father is not watching television now. 4. we aren‟t going to Jakarta Tomorrow.
1.3.c. The Interrogative Pattern
Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4………..Now? Apakah + S + sedang + 4………sekarang ?
Examples :
1. Are you studying English now ? Yes, I am/ No, I am not 2. Is he eating fried rice now? Yes, he is/ No, he isn‟t
3. Is your father working in the office now? Yes, He is/No, He isn‟t
1.3.d. Qusetion-word Pattern
QW + Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4………...Now? QW + yang + S + 4………..sekarang? Examples :
1. what are you doing now ? studying
2. Where is he studying English now ? at school
EXERCISE I : Translate these sentences into English. 1. Jack sedang tidur sekarang
2. Mary sedang mengerjakan tugas itu
3. Kami sedang menonton sebuah film di televisi 4. Mereka sedang bermain bola di halaman sekarang 5. Guru itu sedang menerangkan pelajaran itu.
6. Perusahaan itu sedang tumbuh dengan pesat sekarang. 7. Harga saham di bursa Efek Jakarta sedang naik sekarang 8. Pak Adi sedang mengajar bahasa Inggris di kampus sekarang 9. Polisi tersebut sedang mencari Ali sekarang.
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EXERCISE 2 : Change the following sentences into (+), (-), and (?)
1. They are speaking English now. 2. We are not reading now.
3. Is your mother frying rice now? No, she isn‟t. 4. What is your father looking at now ? a picture. 5. He is watching “Plan to kill” on TV now.
6. The teacher is not explaining tenses to the students now. 7. Is Maradona playing football in Argentina Now?
EXERCISE 3 : Write questions by using question words based on the
underlined words in the following sentences.
1
. John is eating a plate of rice in the dining room now. 2. The cat is eating fried chicken in the kitchen now. 3. Tom and Jerry are quarrelling about food now. 4. My father is teaching Biology at school now.
EXERCISE 4 : Answer the following questions with your own words.
1. Are you studying English now ?
2. Is your father reading a newspaper now? 3. Is your mother sewing a shirt now? 4. Are They singing a song at home now? 5. Is Mr.Adi teaching English at school now? 6. What is your mother doing now?
7. What is your brother doing now?
EXERCISE 5 : Write sentences by using the following verbs
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CHAPTER 2
PAST TENSE
2.1. The Use of Simple Past Tense
We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past. 2.2. The Adverbs of time used
The adverbs of time used in this tense are Yesterday, last….., a week ago, this morning , last night, yesterday morning, yesterweek, yestermonth, yesteryear, etc.
2.3. The Patterns of Simple Past Tense
2.3.1. The Positive Pattern
S + Verb 2……… Yesterday S + 2………..
Examples :
1. John saw a crocodile in the river yesterday. 2. We studied English here last week.
3. They played football in the field yesteryear
2.3.2. The Negative Pattern
S + didn‟t + Verb 1……… ……..Yesterday S + tidak + 1………kemarin
Examples :
1. John didn‟t see a crocodile in the river yesterday. 2. We didn‟t study here last week.
3. They didn‟t play football in the field yesteryear.
2.3.3. The Interrogative Pattern
Did + S + Verb 1………..Yesterday? Apakah + S + 1………kemarin?
Examples:
1. Did John see a crocodile in the river yesterday ? Yes, he did/No, he didn‟t
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3. Did they play football in the field yesteryear? Yes, they did/No, they didn‟t
2.3.4. The Question-word Pattern
QW + did + S + Verb 1……….………Yesterday?
Qw + yang + S + 1……….?
Examples:
1. What did John see in the river yesterday ? a crocodile 2. When did John see a crocodile in the river? yesterday
QW + Verb 2……….………Yesterday? S + did
QW + 2………..?
Examples :
1. Who saw a crocodile in the river yesterday ? John did 2. What grew in the rice-field last year? A coconut tree did
EXERCISE I : Translate these sentences into English !
1. Kami menjual mobil kami kemarin 2. Apakah kamu pergi ke luar tadi malam ? 3. Dia tidak datang ke pesta itu minggu lalu 4. Apakah kamu tidur nyenyak tadi malam ? 5. Kami menjual rumah kami di Jakarta tahun lalu.
6. Manajer pemasaran tersebut melakukan penelitian minggu lalu. 7. Apakah perusahaan anda menjual kursi tahun lalu ? Ya.
8. Kapan anda menjalankan usaha anda di Jakarta ? tahun lalu 9. Siapa yang membuat kue itu kemarin ? ibu saya.
10.Apa yang jatuh di jalan kemarin ? Tas saya.
EXERCISE II. Change the following sentences into (+), (-), ( ?), Present Continous Tense.
1. Tom saw the cats having business under the tree yesterday 2. They played cricket at school last week
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Chapter 3
PRESENT FUTURE TENSE
We often use will in this situation:
Offering to do something:
e.g. That bag looks heavy. I‟ll help with it.
Agreeing and refusing to do something: e.g. I‟ve asked john to help me but he won‟t
Promising to do something.
e.g. I will come to your house tonight. I promise.
Asking someone to do something. Will you close the window,please!
A. The positive pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:
S + will/shall + Verb 1……… Tomorrow S + akan + 1 ……….
Example:
1. John will run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month. 2. Mrs.Maria Eva will play badminton tomorrow
B. The negative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:
S + won‟t/shan‟t + Verb 1……… ………… Tomorrow S + tidak akan + 1 ………..
Example:
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C. The Interrogative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows
Will/Shall + S + Verb 1……….. Tomorrow? Apakah + S + akan + 1………..?
1. will John run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month? Yes, He will/No,he won‟t. 2. will Mrs.Maria Eva play badminton tomorrow? Yes, She will/No, she won‟t
D. The QW pattern of Present Future tense is as follows
QW + will/shall + S + Verb 1……….………Tomorrow? QW + yang + S + akan + 1……….?
1. when will John run a restaurant in Jakarta? Next month 2. who will run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month? John will 3. where will John run a restaurant Next month? Next month 4. what will John do in Jakarta Next month? Running a restaurant
We often use will to be going to when we say what we have already decided to do, what we intend to do in the future.
e.g. A:There‟s a film on television tonight. Are you going to watch it? B: No, I am too tired. I am going to have an early night.
The pattern :
S + am/is/are + going to + Verb 1………
S +am/is/are + not + going to + Verb 1……… …………
Am/is/are + S + going to + Verb 1……….. .?
QW + am/is/are + S + going to + verb 1……… ..?
4. PRESENT TENSE
Present Tense is used to talk about something in general. And it is also used to talk
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e.g. + The earth goes round the sun
- The earth doesn‟t go round the sun
? Does the earth go round the sun ?
+ I get up at 8 o‟clock every morning
- I don‟t get up at 8 o‟clock every morning
? Do you get up at 8 o‟clock very morning?
The pattern :
S + Verb 1 (s/es)……… Everyday/today
S + don‟t/doesn‟t + Verb 1……… ……Everyday/today
Do/Does + S + Verb 1………Everyday/today?
QW + Do/does + S + Verb 1……….…Everyday/today?
We use the present simple when wse say how often we do things:
e.g. How often do you go to the dentist ?
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5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use past continuous Tense to say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this
time but hadn’t finished:
This time last year I was living in Brazil
We often use the past continuous Tense and the past simple together to say that something happened in the middleof something else:
When I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.
The pattern :
S + was/were + verb 4……….When + s + Verb 2…….……
S + was/were + not + Verb 4……….When + s + Verb 2…………
Was/were + S + verb 4………. When + s + Verb 2 ……. ….?
QW + was/were + S + verb 4………When + s + Verb 2 …………?
e.g. + She was cooking rice when Tom came yesterday
- She wasn‟t cooking rice when Tom came yesterday
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6. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
We often use the present perfect Tense to give new information or to announce recent happening:
e.g. Do you know about Mary ? She‟s gone to Jakarta.
We can use the Present Perfect Tense with already to say that something has happened sooner than expected :
e.g. Don‟t forget to post this letter, will you? I‟ve already posted it.
We can use the Present Perfect Tense with just (= a short time ago) e.g. Would you like something to eat? „No, thanks. I‟ve just had lunch‟.
We talk about a period of time that continuous up to the present, we use the present perfect.
e.g. Dave: Have you travelled a lot, Nora?
Nora: Yes, I have been to 47 different countries.
We often use ever and never with the present perfect: e.g. have you ever eaten caviar?
We have never had a car.
We have to use present perfect Tense with This is the first time…, It the first time…
e.g. This is the first time he has driven a car. (not drives)
We often use the present perfect with yet. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: e.g. Has it stopped raining yet ? (not „did it stop‟).
The pattern:
S + have/has + verb 3……….etc
S + haven‟t/hasn‟t + Verb 3……….….etc
Have/has + S + verb 3……….. ….etc?
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7. PAST PERFECT TENSE
We use the Past perfect to say that something had already happened before this time :
Example :
- When I arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home
- When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my flat and had stolen my fur coat.
- George didn‟t want to come to the cinema with us because he had already seen the film twice.
- It was my first time in an aeroplane. I was very nervous because I hadn‟t flown before.
The pattern:
S + had + verb 3…………when/before S + V2
S + hadn‟t + Verb 3……… when/before S + V2
Had + S + verb 3………… when/before S + V2 ?
QW + had + S + verb 3……… when/before S + V2 ?
Translate these sentences into English !
1. Rumah itu sangat sunyi ketika saya tiba. Semua orang sudah pergi tidur. 2. Saya merasa sangat lelah ketika saya pulang, jadi saya langsung pergi tidur 3. Saya tidak lapar, saya baru saja makan siang.
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8. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
S + have/has + been + verb 4…………etc
S + haven‟t/hasn‟t + been + verb 4……etc
Have/has + S + been + verb 4……….etc ?
QW + have/has + S + been + verb 4…etc ?
Example :
- Pelajar pelajar tengah menyanyi sejak pagi ini
+ The students have been singing since this morning - The students haven‟t been singing since this morning ? Have the students been singing since this morning ?
Translate these sentences into English ! 1. Hari sudah hujan selama dua jam
2. Berapa lama kamu sudah belajar bahasa inggris ?
3. Saya sudah menonton acara TV tersebut sejak dua jam
4. Dia (pr) sudah bermain tenis sejak dia berumur 8 tahun
5. Berapa lama kamu suah merokok ?
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9. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
S + had been + verb 4…………when S + V2
S + hadn‟t been + Verb 4……… when S + V2
Had + S + been + verb 4………… when S + V2 ?
QW + had + S + been + verb 4……… when S + V2 ?
Example :
- Mereka tengah mengerjakan PR ketika saya datang kemarin
+ They had been doing the homework when I came yesterday
- They hadn‟t been doing the homework when I came yesterday
? Had they been doing the homework when I came yesterday ?
Translate these sentences into English !
1. Mereka sudah bermain bola selama satu jam ketika ada petir yang
menakutkan
2. Ken sudah merokok selama 30 tahun ketika akhirnya dia berhenti
3. Orkestra itu sudah bermain selama sepuluh menit ketika seorang laki laki
berteriak
4. Saya sudah mengetik selama tiga puluh menit ketika listrik itu padam
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10. PRESENT FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
S + will be + Verb 4 + O + at…………..o‟clock
S + won‟t be +Verb 4 + O + at………..o‟clock
Will + S + be + Verb 4 + O + at……….o‟clock ?
QW + will + S + be +Verb 4…………o‟clock ?
Example :
- Kamu sedang akan pergi ke sekolah pukul 7 besok pagi
+ You will be going to school at seven o‟clock tomorrow morning - You won‟t be going to school at seven o‟clock tomorrow morning ? Will you be going to school at seven o‟clock tomorrow morning ?
Translate these sentences into English !
1. George sedang akan meninggalkan Indonesia pada pukul 9 besok pagi
2. Saya sedang akan menyelesaikan PR itu sore nanti
3. Dia (pr) sedang akan menonton acara di stadion tersebut nanti malam
4. Mereka sedang akan makan malam di restauran itu nanti malam
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11. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
S + will have + verb 3 + ……….by the end……
S + won‟t have + Verb 3 + ………..by the end….
Will + S + have + Verb 3 + ………by the end…. ?
QW + will + S + have +Verb 3 +…………by the end… ?
Example :
- Kita sudah akan tiba di Jakarta besok sore.
+ We will have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon - We won‟t have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon ? Will we have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon ?
Translate these sentences into English !
1. John sudah akan selesai mengerjakan pekerjaanya menjelang akhir minggu ini
2. Menjelang minggu depan saya akan selesai membaca buku ini
3. Menjelang bulan depan dia akan membayar hutangnya
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12. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
S + will have been + verb 4………since……….
S + won‟t have been + verb 4…….since……….
Will + S + have been + verb 4……since……….?
QW + will + S + have been + verb 4….since…..?
Example :
- Mereka tengah akan belajar sejak pagi besok
+ They will have been studying since this morning - They won‟t have been studying since this morning ? Will they have been studying since this morning ?
Translate these sentences into English !
1. Menjelang akhir tahun ini kami akan sudah mempelajari bahasa inggris
selama tiga tahun
2. Menjelang hari natal saya akan sudah bekerja di kantor ini selama lima tahun
3. Menjelang liburan sekolah ini saya sudah mengikuti tes selama 5 kali
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13. PAST FUTURE TENSE
S + would + V1…IF + S + verb 2………….etc
S + wouldn‟t + verb 1….+ object…………..etc
Would + S + verb 1 ….+ object ……….…..etc ?
Example :
1. Saya akan datang ANDAIKATA kamu mengundang saya
I would come if you invited me
2. Tom akan melakukan perjalanan JIKAdia punya uang
Tom would travel if he had more money
Exercise : Translate these sentences into English!
1. Jika saya jadi kamu, saya tidak akan membeli rumah itu
2. Saya akan keluar jika hari tidak hujan
3. Jika saya kaya, saya akan membeli sebuah villa
4. Jika saya dapat berbicara bahasa inggris, saya akan pergi keluar negeri
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14. PAST FUTURE CINTINUOUS TENSE
S + would be + Verb 4……when S + verb 2……….etc
S + wouldn‟t + be + verb 4….when S + verb 2………etc
Would + S + be + verb 4 ….. when S + verb 2……etc ?
Example :
- Sedianya mereka sedang akan pulang KETIKA kami datang + They would be going home when we came
- They wouldn‟t be going home when we came
? Would they be going home when we came ?
Translate these sentences into English !
1. Saya akan sedang menempuh ujian hari berikutnya pada waktu itu
2. Kami akan sedang membangun rumah itu pada waktu itu
3. Mereka sedang akan bermain babak kedua pada pertandingan sepakbola
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15. PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
S + would have + verb 3…..IF + S + had + verb 3…….
S + wouldn‟t have + verb 3 ……object………..etc
Would + S + have + verb 3 …….object………..etc ?
Example :
- Ia sudah akan menjadi presiden ANDAIKATA partainya menang dalam pemilihan umum.
- He would have become a presiden if his party had won in general election
Exercise : Translate these sentences into English!
1. Jika saya telah mengetahui bahwa kamu sakit, saya akan menemuimu
2. Tom tidak akan mengikuti ujian itu jika dia mengetahui bahwa soalnya akan
begitu sulit.
3. Jika saya berjumpa dengan mu, saya akan mengatakan hello
4. Jika saya telah mengumpulakan uang, saya akan menikahi mu
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16. PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
S + would have + been + verb 4…..IF + S + had + verb 3…….
S + wouldn‟t have been + verb 4…….object…………etc
Would + S + have been + verb 4.. …….object………..etc ?
Example :
- Sedianya rapat tengah akan dimulai sejak pagi ANDAIKATA walikota sudah datang tepat pada waktunya
- The meeting would have been starting since this morning if Mayor had come
on time.
Exercise : Translate these sentences into English!
1. Sedianya concert itu tengah akan dimulai andaikata artis artis itu datang pada
waktunya.
2. Sedianya saya tengah akan tidur andaikata mereka belum datang
3. Andaikata ayah saya telah selesai berbelanja, ibu saya akan memasak
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17. Abbreviation (singkatan)
1. I am = I‟m
2. You are = You‟re
3. We are = We‟re
4. They are = They‟re
5. He is = He‟s
6. She is = She‟s
7. It is = It‟s
8. Will not = won‟t
9. Would not = Wouldn‟t
10.Do not = Don‟t
11.Does not = Doesn‟t
12.Did not = Didn‟t
13.Is not = Isn‟t
14.Are not = Aren‟t
15.Was not = Wasn‟t
16.Were not = Weren‟t
17.Have not = Haven‟t
18.Has not = Hasn‟t
19.Had not = Hadn‟t
20.Can not = Can‟t
21.Could not = Couldn‟t
22.Must not = Mustn‟t
23.Should not = Shouldn‟t
24.Might not = Mightn‟t
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18. PASSIVE VOICE (IN POSITIVE FORM)
Penjelasan:
1. Kalimat pasif ialah suatu kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai oleh suatu perbuatan atau yang predikatnya berawalan di…/ ter…
2. Kata kerja yang digunakan harus kata kerja transitive, yaitu kata kerja yang bisa diikuti oleh suatu objek atau benda.
3. Rumus kalimat pasif dalam bahasa inggris adalah sebagai berikut:
S + To be + V3………by…
4. To be berfungsi untuk menentukan Tenses dari suatu kalimat dan untuk membentuk awalan : di….atau: ter…
5. To be dapat dijabarkan dalam 16 Tenses (lihatlah 16 Tenses pada rumus kalimat aktif)
Pelajarilah Rumus dibawah ini :
1. Present Future Tense: S + will be + V3…by…
2. Present Future Continuous Tense: S + will be + being + V3…by…
3. Present Future Perfect Tense: S + will have been + V3
4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense: S + will have been + being + V3….
5. Simple Present Tense: S + am/is/are + V3…
6. Present Continuous Tense: S + am/is/are + being +V3…
7. Present Perfect Tense: S + have/has + been + V3
8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense: S + have been/has been +being +V3…
9. Past Perfect Tense: S + had been +V3…
10.Past Perfect Continuous Tense: S + had been + being + V3…
11.Simple Past Tense: S + Was/were + V3…
12.Past Continuous Tense: S + was/were + being + V3…
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14.Past Future Continuous Tense: S + would be being +V3…
15.Past Future Perfect Tense: S + would have been + V3…
16.Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense: S + would have been + being + V3…
Penjelasan :
1. Kata kerja yang dipakai dalam kalimat pasif ialah V3 (bukan V1, V2, V4)
2. Tenses dalam kalimat pasifditentukan aleh bentuk To be nya
3. TO BE bisa terdiri dari:
a. Satu kata saja (am/is/are/was/were) lihat nomor 5 dan 11.
b. Dua kata(will be,have been, has been, had been, would be) lihat nomor1, 7, 9, 13. (am being-is being-are being-was being-were being) no. 6 dan no. 12.
c. Tiga kata (will be being, will have been, have been being, has been being, had been being, would be being and would have been) lihat nomor 2, 3, 8, 10, 14 dan 15.
d. Empat kata (will have been being dan would have been being ) no. 4 dan 16.
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19. PASSIVE
–
VOICE IN NEGATIVE FORM
1. Present Future Tense
= S tak akan di……… Example : Engkau tak akan dimarahi olehnya.
2. Present Future Continuous Tense
= S tidak sedang akan di………. Example : Rapat tidak sedang akan dimulai oleh mereka pukul 9 besok pagi.
3. Present Future Perfect Tense
= S belum akan di………… Example : Nasi belum akan dimasak olehnya sore ini
4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Example : Rumah itu belum lagi akan disita oleh Bank pada akhir tahun ini.
5. Simple Present Tense
Example : Pengacau-pengacau itu tidak dikenakan hukuman oleh Hakim.
6. Present Continuous Tense
Example : Mobil saya tidak sedang direparasi sekarang
7. Present Perfect Tense
Example : Saya belum diajak dalam percakapan bahasa Inggris oleh kawan-kawan saya.
S + Won‟t be + V3……….(by him)………
S + Won‟t be + being + V3…(by them)….
S + Won‟t have been + V3….(by her)
S + Won‟t have been + V3….(by the Bank)………
S + (am not/isn‟t/aren‟t) + V3….(by the Judge)
S + (am not/isn‟t/aren‟t) + being + V3… (by……)
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8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Example : Korupsi masih belum diberantas oleh pemerintah sejak bertahun-tahun yang lalu.
9. Past Perfect Tense
Example : Tomy belum dituduh sebagai penghianat, sebelum Jaksa Agung terbunuh.
10.Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Example : Buchary masih belum dicalonkan Walikota, ketika otonomi dilimpahkan ke-propinsi.
11.Simple Past Tense
Example : Tindakan keras tidak dilakukan oleh pemerintah terhadap para koruptor.
12.Past Continuous Tense
Example : Pasien tidak sedang dioperasi ketika ia meninggal kemarin.
No. 13 s/d No. 16, hanya menambahkan kata Not, pada kata bantu yang pertama. Lihat pada 16 Tenses kalimat pasip bentuk berita.
Note : Keterangan pelaku (by me, by us, by him, dst) dan keterangan waktu, bisa dipakai bila diperlukan. Tergantung kepada : kondisi dan situasi dari tiap kalimat yang diucapkan.
S + (hasn‟t/haven‟t) + been + being + V3…by…..
S + hadn‟t been + V3…by…..
S + hadn‟t been + being + V3…(by……….)
S + (wasn‟t/weren‟t) + V3…(by……….)
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20. PASSIVE VOICE IN INTERROGATIVE
1. Present Future Tense
= Yes/No,……… Example : Apakah Bahasa Inggris akan dipakai di Pontianak ?
When + ……… ? = Few years from now.
2. Present Future Continuous Tense
= Yes/No,………... Example : Apakah rapat sedang akan diadakan pukul 9 besok ?
What time + ………... ? = At 9 o‟clock.
3. Present Future Perfect Tense
= Yes/No,………... Example : Apakah pekerjaanmu sudah akan diselesaikan sore ini ?
What + ……….. ? = Your job.
4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense
= Yes/No,………. Example : Apakah norma-norma hukum tengah akan diberlakukan sesudah
negara bangkrut ?
Why + ………... ? = Because none is hones in
government.
5. Simple Present Tense
= Yes/No,……… Example : Apakah saya diminta untuk menemani kamu ?
By whom + ………. ? = By our director.
Will + S + be + V3…(by..) few years from now ?
Will + S + have been + V3……… ?
Will + S + have been + V3………?
Will + S + have been + being + V3………… ?
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6. Present Continuous Tense
= Yes/No,………... Example : Apakah penari-penari itu sedang dijemput sekarang ?
Where + ………. ? = At the airport.
7. Present Perfect Tense
= Yes/No,………... Example : Sudahkah tiket-tiket itu dibeli olehmu ?
How many tickets + ……….. ? = 5 tickets
8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
= Yes/No,……… Example : Apakah Budi tengah diopname di rumah sakit ?
How long + ………. ? = For 3 days.
9. Past Perfect Tense
= Yes/No,………
Example : Apakah perampok-perampok itu sudah tertembak dikakinya sebelum mereka menyerahkan diri ?
Who + ……… ? = The robbers.
10.Past Perfect Continuous Tense
= Yes/No,……… Example : Apakah ia tengah diperbantukan sebelum kepada Departemen
Pendidikan sebelum ia menjadi Menteri ?
How long + ………. ? = More than 3 year.
11.Simple Past Tense
= Yes/No,……… Example : Apakah masalah Tomy dibicarakan di DPR ?
What + ………. ? = Tomy‟s problem. (Am/Is/Are ) + S + being + V3………. ?
(Has/Have) + S + been + V3 ………… ?
(Has/Have) + S + been + being + V3………. ?
Had + S + been + V3………. ?
Had + S + been + being + V3………. ?
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12.Past Continuous Tense
= Yes/No,………
Example : Apakah proyek perumahan sedang direncanakan di kota ini ketika saya ada di luar negeri tahun lalu ?
By whom + ……… ? = By the mayor.
13.Past Future Tense : Hanya mengubah : Will dengan Would dan keterangan waktu
14.Past Future Continuous Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendiri)
15.Past Future Perfect Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendri)
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21. CAUSATIVE Dengan HAVE Dan GET
Fungsi : I. Menyuruh sesorang untuk mengerjakan sesuatu. II. Menyuruh agar sesuatu dikerjakan oleh orang lain. Bandingkanlah kalimat-kalimat berikut:
1. Tono mengecat rumahnya hari ini. 2. Rumah Tono dicat sendiri olehnya.
3. Tono menyuruh tukang cat mengecatkan rumahnya. 4. Tono mengecatkan rumahnya.
Rumus-Rumus Causative:
A.
Eg: 1. He has a mechanic repair his car today
2. He will have a mechanic repair his car tomorrow 3. He is having a mechanic ………etc now
B.
Eg: 1. I had my tooth pulled out yesterday 2. Ali has had his hair cut since yesterday
Note : Perubahan Tenses hanya terjadi pada kata kerja to have. (have (has) – had – had – having)
C.
Eg : 1. He will get me to help him tomorrow
2. He doesn‟t get me to come to his house today 3. He has get me to bring a dictionary
D.
Eg : 1. The girl gets her face made up (dihias) 2. I won‟t get my hair cut short.
S + to have + someone + V1 + … etc
S + to have + something + V3
S + to get + someone + to + V1 + … etc
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3. Budi is getting his tooth pulled out now
Catatan penting : Something = (sth) = sesuatu benda
Someone = (so) = seseorang (object): me, him, …
One‟s (kepunyaan) = my…, your…, her…, our…, their…
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THE 16 TENSES
Perhatikan perubahan yang terjadi dari Rumus umum ke – TENSES TERTENTU:
1. S + will + have + S.O + V1 + …
2. S + will + have had + S.O + V1 + …
3. S + have (has) + S.O + V1 + …
4. S + had + S.O + V1 + …
5. S + have + had + S.O + V1 + … has
6. S + had + had + S.O + V1 + …
7. S + will be + having + S.O + V1 + …
8. S + will + have been + having + S.O + V1 + …
9. S + (am, is, are) + V4 + S.O + V1 + …
10.S + (was, were) + V4 + S.O + V1 + …
11.S + (have been/has been) + having + S.O + V1 + …
12.S + had been + having + S.O + V1 + …
13.S + would + have + S.O + V1 + …
14.S + would be + having + S.O + V1 + …
15.S + would + have had + S.O + V1 + …
16.S + would + have been + having + S.O + …
RENUNGKAN:
1.
to have, adalah bentuk : Infinitive (=kata kerja pokok) yang
berubah menurut Tenses tertentu. (dilahat 16 Tenses diatas).
2. S.O = Some One = adalah Object, dan bukan Subjek. Jadi: S.O, bisa menjadi = me, you, him, her, us, them.
One‟s = bisa menjadi : my, your, his, her, our, dsb
S = (Subjek), seperti: I, You, He, She, We They, It, dan benda-benda lainnya. (T.V, Radio, Weather, the wind).
3. V1, dalam rumus diatas tidak berubah dalam segala bentuk kalimat dan bentuk Tenses apapun. V1, tetap V1, tidak ada perubahan.
4. V1 V2 V3 V4 have had had having
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PATTERN EXERCISE:
TASK : Make free statements according to the PATTERNS (rumus) below:
A.
1.
Eg : ………
2.
Eg : ………
3.
Eg : When ………..
4.
Eg : Who has ………
5. = suruhlah ……!
Eg : ………
B.
1.
Saya tidak akan mengecatkan rumahku.
= ………
2.
Apakah Budi mereparasikan mobilnya hari ini ?
= ………... ?
3.
Dimana Evi mencabutkan giginya kemarin
= ……….
S + didin‟t have + me + V1 + … etc
Do +S + have + Us + V1 ………….? Does
S + won‟t have + one‟s house + V3 + … etc Have + someone + V1 + …… !
QW + will + S + have + someone + V1 + … ?
Who + has + someone +V1 + …… ?
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4.
Siapa yang akan berpoto ?
= Who will have one‟s picture taken ?
One‟s picture
= seseorang yang belum diketahui.
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The Meaning in Indonesian:
1
mengatakan, menceritakan, menyuruh. memiliki
membaca menulis mendengarkan
berbicara, pandai berbahasa berkata, mengatakan
bertanya, meminta, menyuruh menjawab
menyajikan (cerita, materi) menunggu
melihat, bertemu, berkenalan mengunjungi
mengundang, mengajak menolak
menolak (tawaran, ajakan) memperbaiki, meningkatkan menghindari (kan)
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menyusun, mengatur, merencanakan merencanakan
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manandai, memberi tanda menimbang
mengukur mengevaluasi
mencicipi, merasa (dengan lidah) memegang, mengadakan
menyentuh, meraba mengajar
Communicative English Course 37 Note : tanda ~ (tilde), ialah tanda yang berarti Kata Dasar (Infinitive)
Contoh : to work ……~ ed = worked // ~ ing = working, dst.