M odu le 6 – ( L2 2 – L2 6 ) :
“
Use of M ode r n
Te ch n iq e s in W a t e sh e d M a n a ge m e n t ”
Te ch n iqu e s in W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t ”
Applica t ion s of Ge ogr a ph ica l I n for m a t ion Syst e m a n d Re m ot e Se n sin g in W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t , Role of g g , D e cision Su ppor t Syst e m in W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t
2 4
D e cision Su ppor t Syst e m s & Applica t ion s in W a t e r sh e d1 1 1 1
1
2 4
Applica t ion s in W a t e r sh e dL24
L24–
Decision Support Syst em s &
l
h d
Applicat ions in Wat ershed Managem ent
Topics Cove r e d
Topics Cove r e d
Decision support syst em s ( DSS) , Basics,
Decision support syst em s ( DSS) , Basics,
Charact erist ics of DSS Com ponent s of DSS
Charact erist ics of DSS Com ponent s of DSS
Charact erist ics of DSS, Com ponent s of DSS,
Charact erist ics of DSS, Com ponent s of DSS,
DSS st ruct ure, Applicat ions of DSS in w at er
Wat ershed Managem ent .
Wat ershed Managem ent .
Keywords:
Keywords:
Decision support syst em s,
Decision support syst em s,
charact erist ics, com ponent s, st ruct ure.
charact erist ics, com ponent s, st ruct ure.
2 2 2 2
charact erist ics, com ponent s, st ruct ure.
charact erist ics, com ponent s, st ruct ure.
Decision Support Syst em s - Basics
Decision: a reasoned choice am ong alt ernat ives
DSS: a syst em t hat support s a m anager or m anagers
working as a problem - solving t eam in t he solut ion of a sem working as a problem - solving t eam in t he solut ion of a sem i-st ruct ured problem by providing inform at ion or m aking
suggest ions concerning specific decisions.
l
I n general t erm s, DSS are:
– com put er- based syst em s designed t o support decision
m akers int eract ively in t hinking & m aking decisions. m akers int eract ively in t hinking & m aking decisions.
– Dedicat ed- rest rict ed but well defined area of applicat ion – syst em s incorporat ing m odelling, analysis wit h dat a,
d b & f ili l i i f
Decision Support Syst em s …
I n general t erm s, DSS are:
– providers of cust om - built inform at ion
Decision m aking:
m eet specific obj ect ives
– t he alt ernat ives m ay
m aking process
sim plest level:
expert advice regarding a
d i i b y
represent :
different courses of act ion
decision bet ween alt ernat ives
m ost com plex level:
act ion
different hypot heses
different use of a
geographical ent it y et c.
Ch a r a ct e r ist ics of D SS
– Abilit y t o support
com plex decision m aking
– Fast response t o unexpect ed sit uat ions
– Abilit y t o t ry different st rat egies quickly
and obj ect ively
– I m proves m anagem ent cont rol and
organizat ional perform ance
d
f
d l
d
bl
– Reduces cost of m odeling considerably
– Large dat a handling capabilit ies, m odeling
bilit i
& I t
t i
&
hi
l
capabilit ies & I nt eract ive & graphical
funct ions t o m ake dat a easily usable.
Why Do We need DSS?.
Sem i- st ruct ured approach t o problem solving Large volum e of inform at ion
I nt egrat e m any inform at ion sources Models are difficult t o use
Deal wit h t rade- offs: social, econom ic, biophysical, Deal wit h t rade offs: social, econom ic, biophysical,
legislat ion
I dent ify preferred opt ions for furt her follow up
Conflict !
Making decisions t o m eet specific obj ect ives oft en involves CONFLI CT Solving t hese conflict s is t he art of good decision m aking
Why DSS?.
DSS does not t ake decisions
P
id
t i
l i f
t i
Provides t im ely inform at ion
Com m unicat e result t o a larger audience
Open and unbiased working
Scenario analysis
Using a DSS, a person responsible for
t he act ual proj ect is able t o m ake
rat ional use of t he syst em w it hout an
in-dept h knowledge of m odeling t echniques
Typica l D SS
Pre Processing Tools
Com put er Models
Post Processing Tools
8 8
Com pon e n t s of D SS
Dat abases – Tem poral, spat ial GI S for spat ial dat aG S o spa a da a
Mat hem at ical m odels Expert syst em s
St at ist ical, graphical soft ware, spreadsheet s User int erface
D a t a ba se in a D SS dat a t hat are st ored in a large pool D a t a ba se in a D SS - dat a t hat are st ored in a large pool
from which different applicat ions wit h different dat a requirem ent s can ret rieve.
Fou r m a j or ca t e gor ie s of da t a : Spat ial dat a; Tem poral
dat a; Relat ion dat a; At t ribut e dat a
Com pon e n t s of D SS…
User I nt erface
is soft w are t hat helps t he
decision-m aker t o use t he applicat ion easily &adecision-mp; effect ively.
pp
y
y
Well- designed user int erfaces can free t he user from
learning com plex com m and languages.
A m aj or part of t he DSS developm ent effort goes in
design of user int erface.
Mat hem at ical m odels
a e an im po t ant com ponent of
Mat hem at ical m odels
are an im port ant com ponent of
a DSS.
The
com m only used m odels
include opt im izat ion,
The
com m only used m odels
include opt im izat ion,
sim ulat ion, st at ist ical m odels, decision analyses,
genet ic algorit hm s, neural net w orks et c.
D SS St r u ct u r e
The basic DSS st ruct ure include:
– Dat abase subsyst em Model base subsyst em – Model base subsyst em
– User int erface or dialog subsyst em – Knowledgebase subsyst em
Manager + Computer
(DSS)
Computer
Based Solution
Decision Maker/
Manager
(
)
Based Solution
Based Solution
Solution
11 11
D SS St r u ct u r e
• D a t a ba se M a n a ge m e n t Tools
Dat abase m anagem ent syst em is t he soft ware used
for m anagem ent of dat abase for m anagem ent of dat abase
• M ode l Ba se Su bsyst e m
I t is t he heart of t he syst em
• D ia logu e Su bsyst e m ( Use r in t e r fa ce )
I t is t he face of t he syst em
l d b S b
• Kn ow le dge ba se Su bsyst e m
Expert ise for solving crit ical problem s st ored as rules
t o be followed during t ypical sit uat ions t o be followed during t ypical sit uat ions
I t provide int elligence t o decision m akers @ decision
D SS St r u ct u r e
• D a t a ba se M a n a ge m e n t Tools
Cont ains a procedural language along wit h hierarchical
Cont ains a procedural language along wit h hierarchical
& relat ional dat a st ruct ure
The key capabilit ies of a Dat a base Ext ract ion
Updat ing
l d f d ff
I nt errelat e dat a from different source Ret rieves dat a
Provide com prehensive dat a securit y Provide com prehensive dat a securit y Com plex dat a m anipulat ion
Manage Dat a t hrough a dat a Dict ionary
D SS St r u ct u r e ….
• M ode l Ba se Su bsyst e m
• M ode l Ba se Su bsyst e m
I t cont ains 4 basic t ypes of m odels:
St rat egic m odels; Tact ical m odels; Operat ional g ; ; p
m odels; Model building blocks and sub rout ines
Th k bilit i f d l b
The key capabilit ies of a m odel base Creat e new m odels quickly
Maint ain wide range of m odels t o support all levels Maint ain wide range of m odels t o support all levels
of m anagem ent
I nt er relat e t he m odels wit h t he dat abase
Access and int egrat e t he m odel building blocks Manage m odel base wit h m anagem ent funct ions
analogous t o dat abase m anagem ent
14 14
D SS St r u ct u r e ….
•
M ode l Ba se Tools
Different m odeling t echniques com m only used
Different m odeling t echniques com m only used
in DSS m odel bases are:
O t i
i
t i
d l
Opt im izat ion m odels
Num erical m odels
Art ificial Neural Net w orks
Fuzzy Logic based m odels
15 15
GI S and Rem ot e Sensing based m odels
M ode l Ba se Tools
•
Opt im iz a t ion M ode ls:
Different t echniques
Linear program m ing
Linear program m ing
Non- linear program m ing
Dynam ic program m ing
Dynam ic program m ing
AI Techniques
•
N u m e r ica l M ode ls:
Used for solving part ial
•
N u m e r ica l M ode ls:
Used for solving part ial
different ial equat ions;
• Com m only used m et hods
Com m only used m et hods
Finit e elem ent m et hod ( FEM)
Finit e difference m et hod ( FDM)
16 16
M ode l Ba se Tools
•
GI S ba se d Spa t ia l M ode lin g:
GI S is a com put er based syst em used for st oring, p y g,
m anipulat ing and analysing dat a
I t provides t im ely inform at ion in a readily usable form
S
i
l
Re m ot e Se n sin g Tools
Rem ot e sensing dat a gives t he det ailed dist ribut ion of
t he param et ers basin wide t he param et ers basin wide
Useful for dist ribut ed m odelling of t he wat ershed Delineat ion of wat ershed, soil t ype, land use
classificat ion
Spa t ia l D e cision Su ppor t Syst e m s
Provides a decision- m aking environm ent t o enable
analysis of geographical inform at ion
SDSS are DSS wit h m echanism s for input of spat ial dat a SDSS are DSS wit h m echanism s for input of spat ial dat a Allow represent at ion of t he com plex spat ial relat ions and
st ruct ures com m only found in spat ial dat a
I l d l t i l t h i i t t i l d
I nclude analyt ical t echniques unique t o spat ial and
geographical analysis ( including st at ist ics)
SDSS: Three level archit ect ure
Tools: general purpose hardware and soft ware t ools t hat
can be assem bled t o build a variet y of syst em m odules
Te ch n ica l su ppor t e rpp : SDSS t hat can be configured t o g
address specific problem s
Bu ilde r : t akes dom ain specific dat a and develops t he
SDSS for a given applicat ion
18 18
Spa t ia l D e cision Su ppor t Syst e m s…
DBMS l i l l i l d h i d
DBMS - locat ional, t opological and t hem at ic dat a t ypes t o
support cart ographic display, spat ial query, analyt ical m odeling
MBMS - m odel base m anagem ent syst em t o support
st at ist ical and num erical m odels which st ores m odels inst ead of dat a
inst ead of dat a
Each m odel m ay be a sm all piece of code t o solve a part
of an algorit hm
Knowledge based reasoning, im age processing m ay be
part of t he MBMS
Graphical and t abular report generat ors Graphical and t abular report generat ors 2- d and 3- d displays
Bar chart s, pie- chart s, scat t er plot s, line plot s, ...
19 19
Applicat ion specific plot s and report s
D SS D e ve lopm e n t M e t h odology
DSS needs assessm ent
DSS m odel Concept ualizat ion
DSS m odel Concept ualizat ion
Dat abase Developm ent
Generic DSS Developm ent
Generic DSS Developm ent
DSS Cust om izat ion
DSS Test ing/ Refinem ent
DSS Test ing/ Refinem ent
DSS Applicat ions and Dem onst rat ion
DSS Evaluat ion/ Fine t uning
DSS Evaluat ion/ Fine t uning
Dissem inat ion/ Training & Out Reach Plan
Preparat ion of Final Report
20 20
Wat er I ssues in Space & Tim e – DSS Needs
Forecasts PredictionsWeather Variability Change
D h M
DSS for Wat er Resources Planning
Decision Support Syst em ( DSS) provides Wat er
Managem ent Aut horit ies a well- st ruct ured, user-f i dl t i l d l t t
friendly, pract ical and com plet e w at er resources m anagem ent inform at ion syst em .
DSS m ay assist decision m akers in t aking t he right y g g
decisions on t he basis of good com parison of different st rat egies under various scenarios, & com bine t he
benefit s of GI S, expert syst em s & sim ulat ion m odels benefit s of GI S, expert syst em s & sim ulat ion m odels
Wat er Resources Planning - Daunt ing challenge
Resource- wise com plexit y Societ y- wise com plexit y
E i l it
22 22
DSS in Wat er Resources Planning
-Typical Com ponent s
Typical Com ponent s
Hydrological I nform at ion Syst em Geographical I nform at ion Syst em
I nform at ion Syst em for ot her required Dat a Rem ot e Sensing Dat a Analysis Syst em
St at ist ical and Tim e Series Analysis Tool Dem and Proj ect ion Module
Hydrological Dat a Analysis Syst em and Planning
O t i i t i d Si l t i M d l
Opt im izat ion and Sim ulat ion Module Econom ic Analysis Module
G hi l U I t f
23 23
Graphical User I nt erface
Typica l D SS for W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t
Time Series Data
HIS
Spatial Data Population Data
Tem poral Dat a Spat ial Dat a Socio- econom ic dat a Dat abase/ HI S Wat er dem and
on GIS and HIS platform
Scenarios Various plans
DSS Soft ware for Wat er Resources Planning
MULI NO decision support syst em ( m DSS) , Venezia, I t aly. MI KE BASI N, by t he Danish Hydraulic I nst it ut e ( DHI ) ;
BASI NS U S Environm ent al Prot ect ion Agency
BASI NS, U.S.- Environm ent al Prot ect ion Agency
SDSS for Evaluat ion of Wat er Dem and & Supply Managem ent
Schem es, Technical Universit y of At hens
I QQM, Queensland Depart m ent of Nat ural Resources ENSI S, by t he Norw egian I nst it ut e for Wat er Research REALM, Vict oria Universit y of Technology & Dept . Nat ural , y gy p
Resources & Environm ent , Vict oria, Aust ralia
RI BASI M, by Delft Hydraulics
WEAP by t he St ockholm Environm ent I nst it ut e
WEAP, by t he St ockholm Environm ent I nst it ut e
AQUATOOL, by t he Universidad Polit ecnica de Valencia, Spain I RAS, Civil Dept . Cornell Universit y & Resources Planning Asso.
Ca se St u dy:
Barvi Reservoir on Barvi
Ri
i B dl
DSS b
d
GI S
River in Badlapur – DSS based on GI S
Lengt h of Dam : 746.70 m ; St orage Capacit y Gross: 178.50
MCM; Dead : 1.64 MCM; Live/ Usable: 176.86 MCM
Cat chm ent area: 166.02 Sq.Km s; Original Nat ural Source: Barvi river at village Pim ploli Taluka : Kalyan Dist rict : Thanea a ag p o a u a a ya a
Ref: P. Venkt achalam , J.K. Suri,( 1995) CSRE Technical Report , I I T Bom bay
Case St udy: GI S based DSS
Obj e ct ive s
Generat e current landuse/ landcover inform at ion from
Generat e current landuse/ landcover inform at ion from
rem ot e sensing.
Sim ulat e new subm ergence for each value of raised
height of Barvi reservoir.
Com put e increase in capacit y of reservoir.
I dent ify subm ergence village w ise landuse/ land
I dent ify subm ergence village- w ise, landuse/ land
cover- wise.
Provide necessary input s for t he decision m akers t o
t ake opt im al decisions based on cost v/ s benefit analysis.
Case St udy: GI S based DSS
Ref: P. Venkt achalam , J.K. Suri ( 1995) CSRE Technical Report t , I I T Bom bay
For Res. Level of 67m
P V kt h l J K S i ( 1995) 'A li t i f GI S i W t R
29 29
P. Venkt achalam , J.K. Suri ( 1995) 'Applicat ion of GI S in Wat er Resources Developm ent - A Case St udy', " Proc. of GI S AM/ FM Asia'95,
Case St udy: GI S based DSS
Ref: P. Venkt achalam , J. K. Suri ( 1995) CSRE Report , I I T Bom bay
30 30
Case St udy: GI S based DSS
Ref: P Venkt achalam J K Suri( 1995) CSRE Ref: P. Venkt achalam , J.K. Suri( 1995) CSRE Technical Report , I I T Bom bay
31 31
P. V e n k t a ch a la m , J.K. Su r i ( 1 9 9 5 ) 'Applica t ion of GI S in W a t e r Re sou r ce s D e ve lopm e n t - A Ca se St u dy', " Pr oc. of GI S AM / FM Asia '9 5 ,
Case St udy: GI S based DSS
Ref: P. Venkt achalam , J.K. Suri ( 1995) CSRE Technical Report , I I T Bom bay
32 32
p y
Case St udy: GI S based DSS
33 33
D SS – Con clu din g Re m a r k s
Wat er m anagem ent involves m any processes, which
are m odelled individually or collect ively by DSS are m odelled individually or collect ively by DSS
DSS helps t he wat er m anagers t o t ake t he opt im al
decisions in com plex sit uat ions
d l d l d l b
DSSs developed - applied t o a part icular basin or a
basin wit h sim ilar charact erist ics
DSS – needed for all t he irrigat ion wat ersheds, t o DSS needed for all t he irrigat ion wat ersheds, t o
m ake m ost of t he available fresh wat er resources
Wat ershed m anagem ent - part icipat ory decision
m aking I NTERACTI VE DSS end user can input his m aking - I NTERACTI VE DSS - end user can input his dat a, analyse & query t o get opt im um solut ions in less t im e wit h m inim um cost .
Re fe r e n ce s
Resources Planning and Managem ent, 123( 5) , 266- 273.
Dunn, S.M., Mackay, R., Adam s, R. and Oglet horpe, D.R.( 1996) . “ The
H d l i l C t f NELUP D i i S t S t A Hydrological Com ponent of NELUP Decision Support Syst em : An Appraisal“ , Journal of Hydrology, 177( 3- 4) , 213- 235.
I t o, K., Xu, Z.X., Jinno, K.N., Koj iri, T. and Kawam ura, A.( 2001) .
“ Decision Support Syst em for Decision Support Syst em for Surface Wat er Planning in River Surface Wat er Planning in River Basins“ , J. of Wat er Res. Plan. Managem ent, 127( 4) , 272- 276.
Jam ieson, D.G. and Fedra, K. ( 1996) . “ The ‘Wat erWare‘ Decision Support Syst em for River Basin Planning. 1. Concept ual Design. pp y g p g
“Journal of Hydrology 177( 3- 4) , 163- 175.
Jayashankar, R., ( 1989) “ Decision Support Syst em s” Tat a- McGraw Hill Publishing Com pany, New Delhi.
Tu t or ia ls - Qu e st ion !.?.
Crit ically st udy role of Decision Support
Syst em s in developm ent of effect ive
Syst em s in developm ent of effect ive
Wat ershed Managem ent Plans ( det ails can
be obt ained from I nt ernet ) .
)
Evaluat e t he capabilit ies of various DSS
Evaluat e t he capabilit ies of various DSS
soft w are used for Wat er Resources
soft w are used for Wat er Resources
planning.
planning. ( det ails can be obt ained from
I nt ernet ) .
Se lf Eva lu a t ion - Qu e st ion s!.
Q
I llust rat e charact erist ics of a t ypical DSS.
What are t he im port ant com ponent s of a
What are t he im port ant com ponent s of a
DSS?.
Describe im port ant Model Base Tools.
esc be
po t a t
ode
ase
oo s
Ment ion st ep by st ep m et hodology for DSS
developm ent & im plem ent at ion.
Describe a t ypical Hydrological I nform at ion
Syst em s.
Assign m e n t - Qu e st ion s?.
g
Q
Why do we need a DSS?.
Explain t he t ypical st ruct ure of DSS
Explain t he t ypical st ruct ure of DSS.
I llust rat e t he charact erist ics of Spat ial DSS.
Describe t he t ypical feat ures of DSS for
Describe t he t ypical feat ures of DSS for
Wat er Resources Planning.
I llust rat e a t ypical Decision Support
I llust rat e a t ypical Decision Support
Syst em s for Wat ershed Managem ent ?.
Un solve d Pr oble m !.
Un solve d Pr oble m !.
For your w at ershed area, explore t he
For your w at ershed area, explore t he
possibilit y of using a DSS for effect ive w at er
possibilit y of using a DSS for effect ive w at er
possibilit y of using a DSS for effect ive w at er
possibilit y of using a DSS for effect ive w at er
m anagem ent plans.
m anagem ent plans.
From t he lit erat ure ident ify a suit able DSS
From t he lit erat ure ident ify a suit able DSS
From t he lit erat ure, ident ify a suit able DSS
From t he lit erat ure, ident ify a suit able DSS
package for wat ershed m anagem ent plans.
package for wat ershed m anagem ent plans.
Which are t he ot her areas where DSS can
Which are t he ot her areas where DSS can
Which are t he ot her areas where DSS can
Which are t he ot her areas where DSS can
Dr. T. I. Eldho Dr. T. I. Eldho
Professor, Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, pp gg gg
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076.
Mumbai, India, 400 076. Email:
Email: eldho@iitb.ac.ineldho@iitb.ac.in
40 40
Email:
Email: eldho@iitb.ac.ineldho@iitb.ac.in Phone: (022)
Phone: (022) –– 25767339; Fax: 2576730225767339; Fax: 25767302 http://www.
