South Journals Publication (SJP)
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South Journal of Educational Psychology and Counseling http://southjournals.com/ojs-2.4.5/index.php/sjepc
Predicting Tendency to Addiction Based on the Resiliency of Male
Students
Nadia Mohmmadi*1, Ali Ayeneand2, Atefe Shafiey dastgerdi 3
1
(M.A of Family Counseling,Allameh Tabataba'i University, Iran)
2
(M.A in Rehabilitation Counseling, Allameh Tabataba' i University, Iran)
3
(M.A Student of Counseling, Azad University, Khomini Shahr Branch, Khomini Shahr, Iran).
*Corresponding author: Nadia Mohmmadi
To cite this paper: Mohammadi,N ,et al .(2017). Predicting tendency to addiction based on the resiliency of male students. South journal of Educational Psychology and Counseling, 4, 1, 85-91.
Abstract: The present study sought to Predicting tendency to addiction based on the
resiliency of male students in city of Shiraz. Methods/Statistical analysis: This study is a correlative one. In order to collect data, a sample consisted of 400 secondary school students in Shiraz was selected through stratified random sampling method. The instruments used to achieve the objectives of research were: Connor-Davidson’s
(2003) resilience scale and Farchad’s scale (2006) for tendency to addiction; to
analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods such as calculation of mean and standard deviation, as well as parameters of inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation test and multiple simultaneous regressions were used. Findings: The results showed that there is a negative significant relationship between resilience and tendency to addiction; and resilience can predict the tendency to addiction. Therefore, resilience has an important role in the prediction of readiness to addiction; thus, we can expect that we can prevent addiction to drug by training these skills to adolescents and their parents.
1. Introduction
Addiction or drug dependence is considered as one of the problems in the global society and our country, which threatens many people, especially young people; it is defined as the impulsive and uncontrollable desires to reach drug abuse that an individual in spite of the awareness of its negative health and social consequences, continues the use of it [1]. Addiction to drugs and psychotropic substances after the road accidents, events, cardiovascular diseases, and depression is in the fourth rank in the classification of diseases. In young people 18 to 30 years old, after road accidents, addiction to drug is in the second rank in the classification of diseases [2]. According to the statistics presented by the formal officials, there are 1.35 million people in the country, who are drug depended or drug addicted that with regard to 3.6 people per family in Iran, it means that about 5 million people of the total population of the country are annually engaged with disorders of drug abuse directly [3].
Addiction is a psychological, social and economic disease which is resulted from unnatural and illegal use of substances such as alcohol, opium, hashish and causes psychological or physiological dependence in the addicted person and negatively affects his/her physical, psychological and social performance. Addiction is a psycho-social phenomenon that the reasons of its advent lie in the family relations, relationship with others, economic and cultural conditions, and the psychological characteristics of the addicted person [4]. Also, addiction is a brain disease which includes malfunctions and morphological changes in the neuronal systems that regulate the sensitivity to reward and pleasure [5]. Addicts, due to bio-neurological changes that affect the processes of decision-making and self-control, do not the ability to avoid activities that lead to negative results, so in all researches done on the consequences of substance abuse, the cognitive functions must be considered [6]. Drug addiction is one of the larger issues of the world today that threats the health of the millions of people. In 2002 WHO declared that there is no problem that threatens the world as much as addiction in the current century, and addiction along with World War and even more damaging than it has caused the death and homelessness. Unfortunately, taking into account the special situation of our country, Iran, drug abuse crisis has become a national threat and this destructive problem threatens the
health of society’s individuals especially adolescents and young adults [7]. Drug addiction is a phenomenon which requires a complex approach in psychological training and research and needs full respect; since drug abuse can create different impacts on the performance of an individual, we must obtain more information about
their effects on individuals’ behavior and performance. Among these effects that drug abuse can have on people’s behavior, we can refer to reducing or increasing the
individual’s strength against events that are addressed as resilience. Resilience is
considered one of the effective factors in adolescents’ tendency to addiction.
Resilience is the ability to adapt successfully to the threatening conditions [8]. Resilience is the individual’s ability to establish psycho-biological balance at hazardous conditions [9]. [10] Define the resilience as the skills, characteristics and capabilities that enable the individual to be adapted to personalities, problems and challenges.
higher parental support are less prone to drug use [14]. [15] Found that there is a negative correlation between resilience and readiness for addiction. Also, [16] showed that there is a relationship between resilience and attitude to drug use. [17] In a
research under the title of “the relationship of attachment styles and resilience with
tendency to substance abuse” found that there is a negative relationship between
resilience and positive tendency to drug abuse. The results of regression analysis showed that resilience can predict the tendency to drug abuse in university students. In this regard, [18] in a research under the title of “the relationship between
addiction, resilience and emotional components among students of Sharif University”
found that the subjects with lower resilience had higher possibility of drug abuse, that is, there was a negative relationship between resilience and drug use.
Addiction to drug is one of the main causes of the spread of diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis, as well as malfunctions and morphological changes of the neuronal systems regulating the sensitivity to reward and pleasure [5]. In addition, drug abuse has some social and economic damages for society of which we can refer to the
elimination of a part of the community’s active power and brain. On the one hand,
despite the measures taken against such actions like the execution of smugglers, not only planting but also production of drugs and addiction to them is increasingly growing, and each day, more diverse products such as crystal (crystal methamphetamine), glass (smokable form of methamphetamine), rocket fuel, etc that their super-tragic consequences suffer human being are entered into market [19] Thus, according to the importance of variables such as resilience, and from one hand, according to status of addiction and drug dependence in the training of young generation, paying attention to these variables can lead to identify and clarify the importance of the role of the intervening variables, and on the other hand, result in a strong background for doing interventions in the field of the prevention of drugs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to Predicting tendency to addiction based on the resiliency of male students in city of Shiraz.
2. Materials and Methods
The present study is a descriptive-correlative one, and its population consists of all secondary school male students enrolled in 2014-2015 academic year that 368 individuals of them were selected based on Morgan table. The sampling method used was the stratified random sampling method, and due to the possible loss, in total 400 individuals were tested. To test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous multiple regression were used.
2.1. Instruments of collecting data
2.1.1. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)
This scale has 25 items that measure resilience structure in a five-degree Likert scale, and each item is scored based on a Likert scale from zero (completely false) to 4 (always true), and the range of scores is 0-100.The results of the primary study related to the psychological characteristics of this scale in normal and patient samples have confirmed its reliability and validity [9]. [20] performed this scale on 248 individuals and obtained its reliability equal to 0.89 by internal consistency of Cronbach’s alpha test, and its validity equal to 0.87 using the factor analysis method and standardized it to be used in Iran. In this study, the reliability was obtained equal to 0.81 using
Cronbach’s alpha.
2.1.2.Questionnaire of tendency to addiction
as Likert scale (from 1=very low to 5=very high). Items 1 to 5 measure the environmental dimension; items 6 to 9 measure the individual dimension and items 10 top 16 measure the social dimension. Thus, in order to obtain the overall score of questionnaire, we add up the score of all items together. Obviously, these points will range from 16 to 80; and the higher the score, the higher the tendency of the respondent to addiction will be and vice versa. The reliability of this questionnaire was calculated equal to 0.79 by [22] in a study (thesis) on Payam-e Noor University
students using Cronbach’s alpha. In the present study, the reliability was obtained equal to 0.83 using Cronbach’s alpha.
3. Results and Discussion
The descriptive findings of the research variables are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. The descriptive findings of the research sub-scales
Statistical parameters Scale Number Mean Standard deviation
Resilience 400 55.14 13.27
Tendency to addiction 400 30.64 6.52
Table 2. Pearson correlation test between resilience and tendency to addiction
Statistical parameters Variables Correlation coefficient R2 Sig
Resilience Tendency to addiction
-0.12 0.02 0.02
In accordance with the table, there is a significant negative correlation between resilience and tendency to addiction (P<0.05). The correlation coefficient between resilience and tendency to addiction is -0.12. Determining coefficient from this relationship shows that 2% of the variance in the tendency to addiction is resulted by resilience. To test this question that whether resilience can have an effective role in predicting the tendency to addiction or not, the linear multiple regression was used.
Table 3. Regression results of resilience factors on tendency to addiction
Model Total
As can be seen in the table, the significance value is less than 0.05 which indicates the significance of the regression model; in this study the value of R2 is 0.08 that means that resilience can predict the tendency to addiction up to 8% and the remained 92% is related to other factors.
4. Conclusion
enjoy low resilience do not have a specific goal in their lives and also do not consider an important meaning for their lives; they break up with any problem and difficulty, and miss their motivation, and are not flexible to changes of life and always remain in fear and panic and have not the ability to confront them, consequently they tend to use drugs in threatening situations. Also, these individuals act too vulnerably against problems and break up rapidly and are not able to control their emotions and feelings and manage them in a healthy way. In times of crisis, they encounter stress and imagine themselves as weak individuals and victims, and are not able to achieve certain and secure solutions using problem-solving techniques [26]
[27] In a research under the title of “the relationship of family function and resilience
against drug use in the risky high school male students” found that there was a significant direct relationship between dimensions of the family function (problem-solving, emotional mix, roles, control of behavior, communication and total functionality) and resilience against drug use. [28] Suggested that the higher levels of resilience help the individuals to use positive emotions to pass the undesirable experiences and return to optimal condition. In fact, resilience reinforces self-esteem and successful coping with the negative experiences through increasing the levels of positive emotions and also makes individuals not to go or less go toward drugs in confronting problems and negative emotions. So, obtaining such results is not unexpected.
The results showed that the resilience can predict the tendency to addiction up to 8%. Also, the results indicate that resilience has a significant effect on the propensity to addiction and the negative sign of these coefficients indicates that by increasing these factors, the rate of tendency to addiction decreases. In explaining the relationship between resilience and tendency to addiction, it can be said that being equipped with resilience increases the power to deal with disasters, problems and vulnerabilities, and causes the individual be able to reject the sense of using drugs and are not inclined toward drug abuse, that these findings are compatible with those by [17,18, 29,30] in
a research entitled “the relationship between addiction, resilience and emotional
components among the students of Sharif University showed that in subjects with higher possibility of drug abuse, the level of resilience was lower, meaning that there is a negative relationship between resilience and drug abuse. The results of [29] shows that the resilient people are less likely attracted to high risk behaviors such as
substance abuse and suicide. [30], in his study entitled “protective factor and anti
-social behavior” discuss the resilience as dynamic trajectory rather than a static one.
Morrison believes that the resilience is a complex entity which has a spectrum. The research done by Morrison is of more importance than those of others because he
studied resilience in subjects’ point of view. In addition, in his study, the adolescents
who were transferring from primary school to secondary school were considered as high-risk groups.
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