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CODE SWITCHING USED IN THE SHORT STORY AT THE

CADIAN BALL BY KATE CHOPIN

BY

LUKI WIDYANITA

1201305013

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to express my greatest thanks to the Almighty God, Allah S.W,T, for His blessing and guidance in my life. I realize that it would never be finished without the support and guidance from many people. I am really very much indebted to my beloved parents, for all of their love, support, and trust through all of these years that have given me strength and optimism in every step that I have made in the completion process of this paper.

I would like to express my gratitude to those who have helped me in doing and completing this paper, Prof. Drs. KetutArtawa, M.A., Ph.D. as my first supervisor, and also I NyomanAryawibawa, S.S. MA, Ph.D. as my second supervisor. I do realize that this paper is far from being perfect.

My deep gratitude would go to the Dean of Faculty of Arts, Prof. Dr.SutjiatiBeratha, M.A. and head of English Department, I GustiNgurahParthama, S.S. M.Hum. for the support and assistance. I also express my gratitude to the lecturers of the Faculty of Letters, Udayana University for sharing their knowledge and to the staff of the English Department, Udayana University for being very helpful.

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It is realized with the existence of lacking in this thesis, either of the content and its presentation. Therefore, critics and suggestions from the reader are needed for this paper.

Denpasar, April 2016

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ABSTRACT

The title of this paper is “Code switching in the short story at the cadian ball by katechopin”. The aims of this study are to find out the types of code switching and reasons of code switching in the short story at the cadian ball by katechopin.

The theory applied in this study is based on the theory from Poplack (1995) who divided the types of code switching into tagswitching, inter sentential switching and intra sentential switching. And for the reason of code switching, theory from Grosjean (1982) was applied.

.The data source in this study were taken from the whole chapter of theshort story. The data collection was done by identifying and classifying the code switching based on types and reasons of code switching.

Finding of this study showed there were three types of code switching found in this group, they are: tag switching, inter sentential switching and intra sentential switching. The dominant type of code switching found was intra sentential switching, while the least was tag switching. For the reason, only four out of the reasons found. They are: Continue the last language used (triggering). Specify addressee. Qualify message: amplify or emphasize (“topper” in argument). Convey confidentiality, anger, annoyance

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of Study 1

1.2 Problems of the Study 3

1.3 Aims of the Study 3

1.4 Scope of Discussion 4

1.5 Research Method 4

1.5.1 Data Source 5

1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data 5 1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data 6 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT, AND THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORK 7

2.1 Literature Review 7

2.2 Concept 13

2.2.1 Concept of Code 13

2.2.2 Concept of Code Switching 14

2.2.3 Concept of Code Mixing 15

2.2.4 Concept of Bilingualism 17

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2.3.1 Types of Code Switching………..19

2.3.2 Reasons for Code Switching 21

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS 27

3.1 Introduction .27

3.2 Synopsis of the short story at the cadian ball 27 3.3 The analysis of Types of Code Switching 28

3.2.1 Tag Switching 28

3.2.2 Intra Sentential Switching 29

3.2.3 Inter Sentential Switching 39

3.4 The analysis of reason for code switching 44 3.4.1 Continue the last language used (triggering) 44

3.4.2 Specify Addressee 45

3.4.3 Convey confidentiality, anger, annoyance 46 3.4.4 Qualify a message: amplify or emphasize 49 3.4.5 Specify speakers involvement 50

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION 55

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Bilingual occurs when a person speaks more than two languages. Language contact inevitably leads to bilingualism. Bilingualism is a present in practically every country of the world, in all classes of society, and in all age groups (Grosjean, 1982:1). Bilingualism is restricted to nearly every country, which has two or more language in their society. Beside English as the International language every country has mother language.

According to Mackey (in Romaine 1995:12) bilingualism is defined as the alternate use of two more languages. Whereas, Diebold (in Romaine 1995:11) uses the terms ‘incipient languages’ to characterized the initial stages of contact between two

languages. Although in bilingualism the two languages can be kept separately, but switching code from one to the other language often occurs in a bilingual, because the ability to use two languages often make the bilinguals switch their languages.

Code-switching is the practice of switching between languages or linguistic dialects. Sociologists, linguists and educators study code-switching to analyze cultural interactions and educational techniques.

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used to mark switching from informal situations (using native languages) to formal situations (using second language). Third, code-switching is used to exert control, especially between parents and children. Fourth, code-switching is used to align speakers with others in specific situations (e.g., defining oneself as a member of an ethnic group). Code-switching also ‘functions to announce specific identities, creates certain meanings, and facilitate particular interpersonal relationships’ (Johnson, 2000,

p. 184).”

Code switching can be found in the occasion of conversation, speech, lectures or other kind of communication delivered both written and spoken forms. People are conducting communication switch from one code to other codes involving world, phrases or sentences as well. Code switching is an extremely common characteristic of bilingual speech and some bilingual writers reflect this in their work (Grosjean, 1982; 146).

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Based on the cases mentioned previously, it is aroused me to explore further about various code switching in short story untitled At the Cadian Ball by Kate Chopin, tell about two couples Bobinôt and Calixta, and AlcéeLaballière and Clarisse. This topic is interesting to be analyzed because this short story almost represented the phenomenon of code switching in French-English.

1.2 Problem of Study

There are two problems are formulated as follows:

1. What types of code switching are found in the short story At the Cadian Ball by Kate Chopin?

2. Why do people switch the code in the short story At the Cadian Ball by Kate Chopin?

1.3 Aims of the study

There are some aims of this study to analyze some aspects of sociolinguistic especially code switching that commonly occurring in short story at the cadian ball, those are:

1. To identify types of code switching are found in the short storyAt the Cadian Ball by Kate Chopin

2. To explain the reasons of code switching in the short story At the Cadian Ball by

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1.4. Scope of Discussion

To avoid the enlargement and to limit the problem in the analysis, the discussion on this study focused on:

1. The types of code switching that are used in the short story At the Cadian Ball by Kate Chopin

2. The reasons of code switching that are used in the short story At the Cadian Ball by Kate Chopin

1.5 Research Method

Research is systematic process to analyze the data. It is not only done with a systematic process but must do with scientific methods. In doing this research, there should be three steps that were passed, they are: data source, method and technique of collecting data, and method and technique of analyzing data.

1.5.1 Data source

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1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data

Method and technique of collecting data has an important role in collecting the data. The data of this study was collected by reading intensively the short story and note down all information that related to the topic of discussion. The method used in collecting data for this study is documentation method. This method is a way of collecting data that is taken from notes, transcription, books, magazines, and internet. The process of collecting the data was divided into several steps. First, the data was collected manually by reading the data source thoroughly and then note-taking the narrations and conversations that contains code switching related to the problems. Finally, the data which is categorized as code switching, were classified into types and reasons of code switching.

1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analysis Data

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the theory is proposed by Poplcak. And for the reasons of code switching, the theory is stated by Groesjean (1982:151)

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7 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWROK

2.1 Literature Review

The review of literature is description from previous studies. The research that is related to the study was taken from six papers. They are reviewed here in order to make a comparison with this study and to draw a description about the similarities and differences among them.

There are six thesis reviewed here. The first thesis written by Astuti in 2005 entitled The Analysis of Code Switching in some Texts of Indonesian Teenage Magazines. The

strength of this thesis used some texts magazine but in this paper only used one short story. This thesis has relevance with this paper in the way of collecting data. However, this study has a minor weakness in which the background should be more structural.

The second thesis written by Wiguna (2007) entitled Indonesian-English Code switching used by English Teachers When Teaching the Third Grade Students in SMP

Negeri 1 Ubud. The finding shows that the English teachers use all types of code

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of collecting the data in which the data was analyzed qualitatively and descriptively. The difference between the thesis and this study is the thesis use the way of collecting data were field research and recording. While in this study, the way of collecting data is documentation and note taking.

The third thesis written by Made EdyAntara (2007), entitle The Analysis of Code Switching in the Novel “Miss Jutek”. The finding shows that the writer use all types of

code switching. They are tag switching, Intra sentential switching, Inter sentential switching. From six functions of code switching there were only four functions were applied in this study. Therefore, from ten reasons for code switching, there only six reasons were applied here. The strength of her study is the detailed analysis of the code switching in Novel “Miss Jutek”. It has relevance with this writing according to how

present data analyzed. However, her study faces a weakness in which the conclusion of the analysis should be more concise.

The fourth thesis written by Putranta’s First Page by Erawati (2008) was based on

the study of code switching found in novel First Page (2007). There are two results are

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study also has a weakness in which there is small weakness in which a small grammatical error is found in some sentences.

The fifth thesis entitled Code Switching Used by the Music Announcers in the Radio of BC FM by Suci (2009). The findings of this paper showed that the announcers of

BC FM use all types of code switching classified by Poplack. They are tag switching, inter-sentential switching and intra-sentential switching. From those three types of code switching, intra-sentential switching is the most often used in BC FM radio. The strength of this thesis is bilingualism which encourages the use of code switching between broadcasters and due to the facts; the phenomenon of code switching is very interesting subject to study. This previous writing has relevance with this paper because there are some of the concepts were taken for the writing. However, his study has a minor weakness in which the background should be more structural.

The last thesis entitled Analysis of Code Switching used in articles of Music Magazines by Putra (2010) is mainly aimed to investigate the use of code switching in

Indonesian printed articles in music magazines. The strength of this study is the detailed analysis of the code switching in Music Magazines. However, her study faces a weakness in which the conclusion of the analysis should be more concise.

There is also review of a journal written by Kstter in 2003 entitled “Negotiation of

Meaning and Code Switching in Online Tandems” in Language Learning and

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North American University. The prime objective of the study was to give those students who participated in the online exchanges a chance to meet with native speakers of their target language in real time and to investigate if the concept of tandem learning as promoted by initiatives like the International Tandem Network could be successfully transferred from e-mail based discourse to a format in which the learners could interact with each other in real time over a computer network. The strength of this thesis is the topic which is interesting to be analyzed and the concepts of the study that the writer give explanation clearly to the readers so that they would be able to understand it. It has relevance with this writing according to how to present data analyzed data. However, her study faces a weakness in which the conclusion of the analysis should be more concise. While the article is discusses potential reasons for these differences, investigates the learners’ exploitation of the bilingual format of their exchange, and thereby attempts to demonstrate how online tandems can contribute to successful second language acquisition (SLA) and the development of learners’ metalinguistic

abilities.

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In this section some concepts and theories, which were relevant to this study was presented. It consists of some special terms to enable the process of analyzing the problems. The concepts are as follows:

2.2.1 Concept of Code

A code is a language or a variety or style of a language as an instrument which used in interaction. Wardhaugh(1972: 83) proposed that a code is the particular dialect of language one chooses to be used on any occasion, a system used for communication. In his addition that people are usually forced to select a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from one code to another or to mix code. According to Wardaugh (1986), a code is a system of communication that people employ when two or more communicate with each other in speech. He adds in most cases that code will be something we want to call a language.

2.2.2 Concept of Code Switching

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In Romainc (1980:145) there are some definitions of code switching proposed by some linguists. Valdes Fallis (1976) refer to simply as “the alternation of two

languages”, and Scotton and Ury (1997) proposed that “code switching is the use of

two or more linguistic in the same conversation or interaction”. And according to Romaine, he defines that code switching as the alternate use of two or more languages in the same utterance or conversation, as in his example:

1. French- English bilingual speaking French and switching ( word in italics) to English.

Vachercher Marc ( go fetch Marc) and bribe him avec un chocolatchaud ( with a hot chocolate) with cream on top.

2. A Tanzanian speaking Swahili and switching to English ( tromMkilifi 1978): Ile ( the) accident Ilitokeaalipolose ( occurred when he lost) control Na ( and) Akaoverturn and landed in a ditch.

3. A Mexican American speaking Spanish and switching to English ( from Valdes Fallis, 1967):

No me file hastaqucya no me dij ( I didn’t notice until he told me): oh I didn’t think

he’d be there.

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According to Crystal (1987), code or language switching occurs when an individual who is bilingual alternates between two language during his/her speech with another bilingual person. According to Blom&Gumperz 1971 ( in Hudson 1980: 57) code switching is the phenomenon in which the single speaker uses different varieties at differences time. Base on theory by Benard( 2001: 49) code switching is the phenomenon where the bilingual often switch between their two language in the middle of conversation. He also adds these code switches can take place between or even with in sentences involving phrase or word or even part of word. The switching of word is the beginning of borrowing, which occurs when the new word become more or less integrated into the second language.

2.2.3 Concept of Code Mixing

Code Mixing in the change of one language to another within the same utterance or in the same oral/written text. It is a common phenomenon in the societies in which two or more languages are used. Studies of code mixing enhance our understanding of the nature, processes and constraints of language and of the relationship between language use and individual values. Communicative strategies Language attitudes and functions within particular socio-cultural contexts.

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Referring to the different characteristics and features of code mixing, various linguists have defined it in different ways. For instance O”

Numan and Carter (1997) define code mixing as, “a phenomenon od switching from one language to another in the same discourse”. According to

Berthold.Mangubhai and Bartorowiez(1997), code mixing occurs when speakers shift from one language to the other in the midst of their conversation. Thus this definition accommodates inter-sentential switching and intra-sentential mixing both under the term code switching.

Code mixing is an interesting phenomenon in bilingual societies. Code Mixing leads to language hybridization that in turn gives birth to the issues of language maintenance, shift, and desertion. Wardhaugh (1992), characterizes that code mixing occurs when during conversation, speakers “use both languages together to the extent

that they shift from one languages to the other in the course of single utterance”. In code mixing sentences, pieces of one language are used while a speaker basically using another language.

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At last, we can say the phenomenon of bilingualism results in the occurrence of code mixing. It happens when speaker requires a particular code, in order to switch or mix one code to another and even create a new code.

2.2.4 Concept of Bilingualism

Bilingual speakers have more linguistic resources than by monolingual speakers. A word in each language is expressed somewhat different meanings, either because they refer to different entities or activities or because they express divergent perspectives. Bilinguals often employ strategies for maximizing the potential expressiveness of their linguistic repertory. Bilingualism can be seen, as a personal or social problem. They are not something that has strong positive connotations a bilingual or multilingual situation still can produce other effects, which involve one or more languages.

Language contact inevitably leads to bilingualism. The terms bilingualism is sometimes used more specifically to refer to a situation in which person or a community uses two languages only; while multilingualism is used to refer to a situation involving the use of more than two languages. A person is called bilingual when he/she uses two or more languages. Haugen (in Romaine, 1995:11) observes, when the speaker of one language produce complete meaningful utterances in the other language, it can arise bilingualism.

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Bilingualism restricted to nearly every country, which has two or more language in their society. Beside English as the International language every country has mother language.

According to Mackey (in Romaine 1995:12) bilingualism is defined as the alternate use of two more languages. Whereas, Diebold (in Romaine 1995:11) uses the terms ‘incipient languages’ to characterized the initial stages of contact between two languages. Fishman says that bilingualism is essentially characterization of individual linguistic versatility (Fishman 1972:83). Bloomfield specifies ‘native-like control of two languages’ as the criteria for bilingualism (in Romaine 1995:11)

Although in bilingualism the two languages can be kept separately, but switching code from one to the other language often occurs in a bilingual, because the ability to use two languages often make the bilinguals switch their languages. Here term bilingualism is used as the alternate use of two languages that may cause the occurrence of code switching of the bilinguals from one code to the other in their daily interactions. The bilinguals are productive in using both languages, Indonesian and English, particularly.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

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2.3.1 The types of Code Switching

According to Poplack (1980) who distinguishes there are three types of code switching. They are:

1. Tag switching

In this of switching Poplack in Romaine, 1995:121 stated the switch involves the insertion of a tag in language into an utterance which is otherwise entirely in other language, e.g. you know, I mean, etc. Tags may be easily inserted into a number of points in monolingual utterance without disturbing syntactical rules, since tags are subject to minimal syntactic restriction. A tag is a word or phrase that is added to a sentence for emphasis, e. g, I do in yes, I do, isn’t, won’t you, aren’t they?, etc. Tag switching can be in the form of an exclamation. Exclamation is a short sound word, or phrase expressing sudden surprise, pain, etc. Here are examples of tag switching given by Poplack in Romaine (1995:122):

a. In Punjabi/English code switching

I mean subconsciously, kerijane, you know (English tag)

b. In Finnish /English code switching

Matta en ma viittinyt, no way (English tag)

c. In Tagalog /English code switching

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(The proceeding went smoothly, didn’t they ?

2. Inter-sentential code switching

According to Poplack (in Romaine, 1995:122-123) stated “Inter-sentential switching involves a switch at a clause or sentence boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one languange or another”. It may also occur between speaker

turn. In addition Inter-sentential switching can be thought of as requiring greater fluency in both languages than tag switching since major portion of the utterance must conform to the rules of both languages (Apple and Muysken, 1987:118). This is an example of this type of code switching which is given by Poplack (1980):

Spanish /English speech: “sometimes I’II start a sentence in English y termino

in espanol” (sometimes I’II start a sentence in English and finish it in Spanish).

3. Intra-sentential code switching

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kot (what funny? Come, be good. Otherwise, you’ll go to court). The switch is

not in the level of short tag anymore, but it is already in the level word or phrase. In addition, Intra sentential occur in the middle of a sentence as in Spanish-English code switching. “I started acting real curiosa (strange)”. This type of

intimate code switching is often called as code mixing (Appel and Muysken, 1987:119) because it occurred in the middle of a sentence.

2.3.2 The Reason of Code Switching

Furthermore, to identify the reasons for the code switching, the theory was applied is the theory of Grosjean (1982:152). The reasons for the bilinguals to switch the code are as follows:

1. Filling a linguistics need for lexical item, set phrase, discourse marker, or sentence filler.

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English. He gives common words in English like day care center, finger good, window shopping and pot-dinners which do not appropriate translation in

French.

For example Scotton (in Grosjean, 1982:150) describe how a Kikuyu to English when he faced a difficulty in finding a corresponding word on Geometry in Kikuyu: Atiriri angle niati has ina degrees eighty; nayo this one inamiregoatatu.

2. Continue the last language used (triggering)

(Valdes Vallis in Grosjean, 1982: 151) found many examples of this in Spanish-English bilingual speech. No yobrincoba en el (no, really did jump on the) trampoline. When I was a senior…

The speaker speech in Spanish: no yobrincoba en el (no really did jump on the) and then switch into English: trampoline. In this case, the switch to English for trampoline triggered a continuation in English: when I was senior…

3. Quote someone

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narrating the story of cartoon she had just seen on the television and told it in TokPiksin. But was directly quoting one of the character in English. The girls said: “Laupunmautakamnatok, oh yu poor pusiket, naem go insaid”.

(The old man came and said “Oh you poor pussycat”, and then he went inside).

4. Specify addressee

Gumperz (in Romaine, 1995: 163) gave an example what happens in Australian village where speakers were bilingual in Slovenian and German. Villagers would switch language to address someone who was not immediately involved in an interaction. A similar example involving a switch from Kriol to Guaindji was given by McConvell (1998): “Where

other knife? A limo pocket knife kuirura – mang”. (Where’s the other knife? Does anyone have a pocket knife?). The speaker used Kriol to make a general interpersonal inquiry about knife to a question, which was specifically addressed to the group of butcher who were co-participants in the on-going activity.

5. Qualify message: amplify of emphasize

An example was a case of Spanish/English given by Gumperz in Romaine (1995). The speaker said “We’ve got… All those kinds here right

now. “Los queestanyacriadosaquin, no los queestanrecienvenidos de

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6. Specify speaker involvement (personalize message)

Gumperz (Grosjean, 1982: 152-153) report on a conversation between E, a faculty member and M, a social worker, who is talking about give up smoking.

“An… an’… an’ they tell me, ‘how did you quit mary?” I didn’t quit. I…

I just stopped I mean it wasn’t an effort that I mabe. Qucvoy a dejar de

fummarporque me hacedamo? (that I am going to stop smoking because it’s harmful to me) this or tha’, uh-uh.

The choice of speech forms symbolized her alternation between embarrassment and clinical detachment about her own condition. Spanish sentence reflected personal while English marked more general or deatched statement.

7. Mark and emphasize group identity (solidarity)

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Woman : Well, I’m glad that I met you. OK?

M : Andale, pues (OK swell), and do come again. Mm?

The authors comment: “The speakers, both Mexican-American, are

strangers who have met for the first time. The andalepuesis given in response to the woman’s okay as if to say: ‘although we are strangers, we

have the same background and should get to know each other better. 8. Convey confidentiality, anger, and annoyance

Hoffan (in Grosjean, 1982: 154) reported that in Puerto Rican homes in Jersey city, the mothers give short commands to their children in English such as “stop that”, “don’t do that”. The rest of the mother’s speech in

Spanish and switching to English signals the child that the mother is getting angry.

9. Exclude someone from conversation

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10.Change role of speaker

Scotton and Ury (in Grosjean, 1982 : 156) give very clear example of this in Kenya. In the first, a passenger on a bus in Nairobi and a conductor (fare collector) are conversing in Swahili.

Passenger: Nataka change yangu (I want my change)

Conductor: Change utapata, Bwana (you’ll get you change mister) Passenger: I am nearing my destination

Conductor: Do you think I could run away with your change?

Scotton and Ury (in Grosjean, 1982: 156) explains that passenger’s

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