i
FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION OF
CULTURE-BOUND TERMS IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF
AHMAD TOHARI'S “KIND LOOKING EYES”
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESISPresented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
AZIZTA LAKSA MAHARDIKENGRAT
Student Number: 134214078
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
ii
FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION OF
CULTURE-BOUND TERMS IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF
AHMAD TOHARI'S “KIND LOOKING EYES”
TITLE PAGEAN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
AZIZTA LAKSA MAHARDIKENGRAT
Student Number: 134214078
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
vii
MOTTO PAGE
viii
DEDICATION PAGE
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I cannot thank enough for all people who have helped me in the writing of
this thesis and all of my friends for all these wonderful four years. Que sera sera,
for whatever happen after this, it will happen. I pray in my deepest hard that we will
see each other in brighter future.
Exceptional mention to my mom, mom, mom, and dad for supporting me in
my whole life. From all of that road stories you told to real life events, I learn who
I am as a Javanese. This thesis is the manifestation of how you teach me about
Javanese values that I hold dear. Also my gratitude to Nurul, whom I share my
deepest insecurity to prideful achievements, thank you for everything.
Special mention to my thesis advisor Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, S.S.,
M.Hum, as the one who has opened my eyes in the translation field and Dr. Francis
Borgias Alip, M.Pd, M.A as my co-advisor. To my fellow boarding house mates,
Dimas Mahardika, Krisdianto, Manggala, and Hendra, who I shared discussion with
about Javanese myths and saying.
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... ii
APPROVAL PAGE ... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ... vi
MOTTO PAGE ... vii
DEDICATION PAGE ... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix
LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS ... xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiii
ABSTRACT ... xiv
ABSTRAK ... xv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
A, Background of the Study ... 1
B. Problem Formulation ... 3
C. Objective of the Study. ... 4
D. Definition of Terms ... 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURES ... 7
A. Review of Related Studies ... 7
1. Sari’s “The Domesticated Translation of the Terms Related to Tools in Toer’s This Earth of Mankind: A Study of Accuracy and Readability.” ... 7
2. Widiastuti’s “The Accuracy and Readability of Domesticated and Foreignized Translation of Specific Words in Stephene Meyer’s Twilight into Indonesian Translation Twilight” ... 8
3. Durdurenau's “Translation of Cultural Terms: Possible or Impossible?” 9 B. Review of Related Theories ... 9
1. Theories of Translation... 9
2. Foreignization and Domestication ... 11
3. Ideology of translation. ... 13
xi
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 17
A. Areas of Research ... 17
B. Object of the Study ... 17
C. Method of the Study ... 18
D. Research Procedure ... 18
1. Types of Data ... 18
2. Data Collection. ... 19
3. Population and Sample ... 20
4. Data Analysis... 21
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 23
A. The Translation Strategies Applied in The Culture-bound terms ... 24
1. Translation Strategies Applied in Social Structure Terms... 25
a. Applied Domestication Translation Strategy ... 25
b. Applied Foreignization Translation Strategy ... 31
2. The Translation Strategies in Food Related Terms ... 32
a. Applied Foreignization Translation Strategy ... 33
3. The Translation Strategies in Derogative Terms ... 34
a. Applied Domestication Translation Strategy ... 34
4. Translation Strategies Applied in Religious Terms ... 36
a. Applied Domestication Translation Strategy ... 36
b. Applied Foreignization Translation Strategy ... 39
5. Translation Strategies Applied in Nickname Related Terms ... 40
a. Applied Domestication Translation Strategy ... 40
d. Applied Foreignization Translation Strategy ... 41
B. The translation Ideology Seen from The Translation Strategies Applied .... 42
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 47
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 48
xii
LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS
Table 1: Example of Data Management……….…….…….17
Table 2: The List of Title in the Object of Study……….18
Table 3: The form of Presented Data ………...………….…….……….20
Table 4: The Percentage of Applied Translation Strategy ………….……….22
Table 5: The Ratio of Applied Translation Strategy ………...42
Table 6: Diagram of Applied Translation Strategies ………...43
Table 7: Ratio of Reason Why Domestication as Dominant Ideology……....45
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ST : Source Text
TT : Target Text
SL : Source Language
TL : Target Language
BSa : Bahasa Sasaran
xiv ABSTRACT
MAHARDIKENGRAT, AZIZTA LAKSA. Foreignization and Domestication of Culture-Bound Terms in The English Translation of Ahmad Tohari's “Kind Looking Eyes”. Yogyakarta; Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016
Translation is needed to bridge communication between two languages. In the process, translation also takes account each individual cultural value that a language has. As such, cultural value is one element that needs to be considered when translating a literary text. To cope with this, translation has two strategies; foreignization and domestication. Foreignization is a translation strategy that emphasizes SL cultural values. Domestication assimilates SL and Tl cultural values. This thesis discusses the foreignization and domestication of culture-bound terms found in Ahmad Tohari’s short story collection “Kind Looking Eyes”. This book is translated by Tirsa Tanagara and both the Indonesian and English versions are published by Gramedia.
There are two objectives in this research. The first objective is to find out foreignization and domestication translation strategies in culture-bound terms. The second objective is determining the translation ideology based on the ratio of foreignized and domesticated culture-bound terms. The ratio is important in determining translation ideology, whether it is biased toward SL or TL cultural values.
This research applied library research and contrastive explicatory method. The researcher acquired both English and Indonesian version of “kind looking Eyes”. This thesis is a text based research and a qualitative study because it analyzed the quality of translation and then compared the number of strategies used to reveal the ideology of translation.
There are 5 categories of culture-bound terms in this thesis; those are related to social structure (14 terms), food (3 terms), derogative words (3 terms), religion (8 terms), and nickname (5 terms). The finding in this research reveal that from 33 data, 23 data (70%) used domestication strategy, and 10 data (30%) used foreignization strategy. Thus from the ratio of 2.3:1, the translation of “Kind Looking Eyes” is biased toward TL culture.
xv ABSTRAK
MAHARDIKENGRAT, AZIZTA LAKSA. Foreignization and Domestication of Culture-Bound Terms in The English Translation of Ahmad Tohari's “Kind Looking Eyes”. Yogyakarta; Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.
Penerjemahan dibutuhkan untuk menjembatani dua bahasa yang berbeda. Dalam prosesnya, penerjemahan memperhitungkan nilai budaya yang dipunyai setiap bahasa. Karena itu, nilai budaya adalah salah satu elemen yang harus diperhatikan ketika menerjemahkan teks sastra. Dalam hal ini, penerjemahan mempunyai dua strategi; domestikasi (Domestication) dan pengasingan (foreignization). Domestikasi adalah strategi yang meleburkan nilai budaya BSu dan BSa. Sedangkan, pengasingan menonjolkan nilai budaya dari BSu. Skripsi ini meneliti pengasingan dan domestikasi dari lema terikat budaya dari kumpulan cerpen oleh Ahmad Tohari “Mata yang Enak Dipandang”. Versi bahasa inggris diterjemahkan oleh Tirsa Tanagara. Kedua versi bahasa Indonesia dan inggris dipublikasikan oleh Gramedia.
Ada dua tujuan di skripsi ini. Tujuan yang pertama adalah mengetahui strategi yang digunakan pada lema terikat budaya yang ditemukan di objek studi. Tujuan kedua adalah menentukan ideologi penerjemahan dari rasio jumlah strategi yang digunakan, apakah menonjolkan Bsu atau BSa.
Skripsi ini menerapkan studi pustaka dan explicatory constrative method. Peneliti mendapatkan kedua versi bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris dari “Mata yang Enak Dipandang”. Penelitian ini berbasis teks dan melihat kualitas lema terkait budaya dari strategis diatas dan menghitung rasio antara strategi domestikasi dan pengasingan yang digunakan untuk menentukan ideologi terjemahan.
Dari analisis, terdapat 5 kategori lema terkait budaya, lema struktur social (14), lema makanan (3), lema kata merendahkan (3), lema agama, dan lema nama panggil (5). Hasil dari skripsi ini memperlihatkan dari 33 data, 23 data (70%) mengunakan strategi domestikasi. Sedangkan 10 data (30%) menggunakan strategi pengasingan. Dari rasio 7:3, ideologi penerjemahan berpihak terhadap nilai budaya BSa.
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A, Background of the Study
Language has important roles in human society. Not only as a tool to deliver
message and meaning to each other, language also shapes how people communicate
with each other. Trudgill (2000:2) states that the function of language is in
establishing social relationship and conveying information about the speaker.
Language affects society and vice versa. The social structure and value
system are different from one language to another. Trudgill (2000:8) writes that
different language has its own value system and structure that differ from one to
another.
The need of communication among people with different languages triggers
the need of multi-language people being able to communicate between sets of
language. To accommodate this need, translation is needed to bridge the
communication between languages.
Since its founding as a study, translation has been a subject of debate in
language research. Translation is not merely transferring language from one to
another but also the meaning behind the text. Translation further advances to much
more complex that not only related to language and meaning but also culture to
Translation is dealing with two languages and the cultural values behind
them. For example, the difference in culture resulted in difference of vocabulary.
Bassnett (2002:36) notices this problem when she observed the language of
southern Venezuela. She found it difficult to find satisfactory terms for the English
murder, stealing, lying, etc in TL equivalent term.
Translating Indonesian literature to English language poses its own
difficulties especially in culture bound terms. As the culture between Indonesia and
English are different, it needs extra attention to the difference in culture. For
example, the term “rice” in English is too general to describe the term of staple food
in Indonesia. In Indonesian language, we have “gabah”,”padi”,”nasi” to address the
above terms. The difference in vocabulary results from the cultural values in
Indonesia. Therefore, it is exclusive only in Indonesia.
Ahmad Tohari is an Indonesian author that plays a prominent role in
Indonesian literature. His works, such as Kubah, Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk, and Di
kaki Bukit Cibala capture the Indonesian culture and portray Indonesian people
lives.
Translation also shapes the image of SL to TL by introducing SL cultural
values. How to form this image and its function in TL literature has been debated
ever since. Venutti from his book The Translator Invisibility (1995:1) implies that
translator has “invisible hands” in translating a text; domestication and
foreignization. Domestication is a translation strategy where translator makes the
TT to be fluent, to erase the trace of foreign culture and to adapt TL cultural values.
This thesis is discussing “Kind Looking Eyes” which is a collection of short
stories ranging from the lives of beggars to religious problem such as afterlife.
Prostitution and family matters are also depicted in this collection of short stories.
“Kind Looking Eyes” can be said is the reflection of Indonesian cultural values.
In Ahmad Tohari’s short stories collection “Kind Looking Eyes”, the
translator used both strategies in translating the short stories. For example, the term
Tahi kucing! is translated as Rubbish! When translating this swear words,
Translator used domestication strategies because there is no direct equivalence
between them. To make it understandable for TL, Translator used common swear
words in TL culture to accommodate the meaning of SL although the meaning is
different from the SL intended to.
Domestication and Foreignization is translator’s tool to emphasize SL culture
of TL culture. Venutti in Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application
(2001:146) writes that this method can be either assimilates between two cultures
or make each culture difference becomes more prominent.
This thesis focuses on foreignization and domestication of culture-bound
terms in “Kind Looking Eyes” by Ahmad Tohari which translated by Tirsa
Tanaraga.
B. Problem Formulation
In this thesis, the researcher formulates the questions which become the focus
of this research. The two problems are following,
1. What are translation strategies in culture-bound terms from Ahmad Tohari’s
2. What translation ideology is reflected from culture-bound terms in Ahmad
Tohari’s “Kind Looking Eyes”?
C. Objective of the Study.
This thesis aims to reveal the foreignization and domestication translation
strategies when translating culture-bound terms in one of Ahmad Tohari’s short
stories collection “Kind Looking Eyes” which is translated to English version by
Tirsa Tanaraga
Firstly, this thesis focuses on revealing the translation strategies whether it
is foreignization or domestication in translating culture-bound terms in this work.
This thesis observes this phenomenon and identifies which strategy is used in
translating each culture-bound terms.
Secondly, this thesis also aims to find out the ideology of translating in
culture-bound terms “Kind Looking Eyes”. From understanding which translation
strategy is more prominent, researcher can understand translation ideology whether
it emphasizes SL culture or TL culture.
D. Definition of Terms
To avoid misinterpretation, the terms used in this thesis is defined as follows,
Culture-bound terms are defined as terms refers to “all the ideas and
assumptions about the nature of things and people that we learn when we become
members of social group” (Yule, 2010:267). To support this, Harvey defines
culture-bound terms as “the terms which refers to concepts, institution, and
Domestication is defined as translation strategy that reduce the foreignness
in the TT. Munday (2001:144) states that domestication is a style used in order to
minimize the foreignness of the TT. Venutti added that domestication is reduction
of SL values to accommodate TL values (1995:20).
Foreignization is defined as emphasization of SL values in the TT. (Venutti,
1998:242) writes that foreignization makes the SL culture values dominant.
Foreignization makes sure that the reader gets the sense of culture in the SL
(Munday, 2001:145).
A social structure is the distinctive, stable arrangement of institutions
whereby human beings in a society interact and live together (Form and Wilterdink,
2015). This term defines the interaction and organization within a society. For
example, the social structure in relation to the government organization, social
activity, and common metaphors.
A religious term is term which expresses religious practices. Greetz explains
that “Religion is a cultural system of behaviors and practices, world views, sacred
texts, holy places, ethics, and societal organization that relate humanity to what an
anthropologist has called "an order of existence" (Greetz 1993:87).
A derogative term is a term of insult expression or implying something
negative. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8th edition,
Derogative is a word showing a critical attitude toward somebody. For example,
A food term is a term which expresses the naming of food and drink in a
society. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8th edition, food is
things that people or animal eats. For example, staple food such as bread and rice.
A nickname is a substitute proper name of a familiar person, place or a thing.
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8th edition, nickname term is
“an informal often humorous, name for a person that is connected with their real
7
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURES
Chapter II refines this thesis by adding the review of related studies and
theoretical ground that will be used in this study. The previous studies that are used
to compare and contrast with this thesis are from Aluysia Vicka Tunjung Sari and
Maria Agatha Rina Widiastuti. Those studies mentioned will be reviewed in
relation to this thesis to find out the similarities and the different perspectives used
by each thesis. Some theories will also be used to provide the foundation which this
thesis is based upon.
A.Review of Related Studies
1. Sari’s “The Domesticated Translation of the Terms Related to Tools in
Toer’s This Earth of Mankind: A Study of Accuracy and Readability.”
Sari’s thesis is discussing the domesticated translation of tools terms in This
Earth of Mankind. Sari’s research found out that from the readability point of view,
domesticated translation enables the terms to be understood easily (85%). This
research also stressed that the use of domestication translation made the reader
comprehend the text easily and minimizing the strangeness of foreign text.
Sari’s research focuses on the readability and accuracy of the domesticated
tool terms. This focus provides basic insight where using domestication strategy
emphasized the reader capability to understand the text. Different from Sari’s
research, this thesis focuses on the both translation method domestication and
Sari’s research provides this thesis with the view how the domestication
strategy appeal to reader from its readability and accuracy point. Sari’s research
also points out the use of domesticated translation on how the readers understand a
translation product.
2. Widiastuti’s “The Accuracy and Readability of Domesticated and
Foreignized Translation of Specific Words in Stephene Meyer’s Twilight
into Indonesian Translation Twilight”
Similar to Sari’s thesis, Widiastuti’s thesis also talks about the readability and
accuracy of a literary text. What makes them different is that Widiastuti’s research
also includes the foreignized terms into equation. In Widiastuti’s research, she
emphasizes on specific terms such as measurement, clothes, terms of address,
technological terms, colors, plants, food and drinks, idiomatic expressions, and
everyday expression.
In the end of her thesis, Widiastuti implies that foreignization strategy is used
because the translator cannot find the appropriate equivalent terms in the TL. She
also added that this strategy is part of publisher policy to add “exoticism” to the
text. In other words, the foreign word is intact to add the intimacy to ST culture.
Different from Widiastuti’s research, this thesis focuses on both
domestication and foreignization translation strategies to understand the translator
ideology in translating literary text.
Widiastuti’s research provides this thesis with the insight how foreignization
strategy affects a literary text. Her thesis states that foreignization is used to add
3. Durdurenau's “Translation of Cultural Terms: Possible or Impossible?”
Durdurenau talks about the possibility and challenge in translating
culture-bound terms. She stresses that translation and culture are so entwined to each other
that translator cannot ignore the significance of cultural element in the text. She
quotes Peter Newmark for his definition of culture as “the way of life and its
manifestation that are particular to a community that uses a particular language as
its means of expression”. She examines the area of culture-bound terms that deeply
rooted in culture such as in time division, jobs, positions, professions, food, drinks
and notes that expressions above can differentiate a community from another. The
translation of such terms affects the cultural significance of a particular community.
In approaching the difference, translator has a great amount of translation
strategies and methods to achieve a certain degree of acceptability to TL audience.
Her paper provides this thesis with the insight how culture-bound terms affects the
works in the perception of TL reader and its possibility to be translated to TL
without compromising in its cultural significance.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theories of Translation
Translation is not simply just alteration of the language from SL to TL in the
text. Translation is aimed to be acceptable and understood to TL reader. In order to
do that, meaning in SL must be transferred to TL in sense that TL reader can easily
understand.
Meaning is not exclusive and rigid. It is fluid and depends on a set of factors.
Some of them is the context, cultural background, history period behind the
As a result, a foreign text is the site of many different semantic possibilities that are fixed only provisionally in any one translation, on the basis of varying cultural assumptions and interpretive choices, in specific social situations, in different historical periods. Meaning is a plural and contingent relation, not an unchanging unified essence and therefore a concepts of semantic equivalence one to one correspondence (1995:18).
Venutti writes that translation is a process of interchanging chain ST signifier
to TL signifier (1995:17). In relation to meaning, exist a way to establish common
ground and link in meaning from SL to TL. In this manner, the translator provides
the interpretation of meaning in SL to adhere the common sense in TL.
Meaning comes with form. In translation, form and meaning are integral unit
to communicate. Larson writes that this form is the surface structure such as words,
clauses, sentences, paragraphs (1998:3).
Because of the varying form and meaning, there could be one form that
represent varying meaning. Larson observes this phenomenon from the English
word “run” (1998: 7). This word has different lexical meaning, according to Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (Horby, 2010:1031), “runs” can mean to move
using legs at a speed, participating in a race, or fleeing from a situation.
Translation deals with the meaning inside the ST and trying to produce the
same meaning in TT. In relation to meaning, form of meaning also takes notice.
Larson states that translation is a process where the form in SL change to TL. Form
in here means the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc
(1998:3). The bridge that connect SL and TL in terms of form is semantics structure.
Larson writes,
In short, translation deals with how meaning and form is transferred from SL
to TL. The difference in context, cultural background, history period affects how
the meaning revolves around translation. In relation to meaning, form also need to
be considered. The semantic structure between the forms in SL and TL is the
consideration when translating from SL to TL.
This means that a translation is a process of transferring meaning and form
from one language to another. When translating, meaning is important to be
considered. Translator must take notes on the cultural background, history periods
or the context of ST to translate it in TT.
2. Foreignization and Domestication
There is a significant amount of debate in transferring meaning from SL to
TL. It compromises the significance of culture values in either SL to TL
respectively. The discussion is revolved around the cultural significance of SL and
TL.
Translator is faced with two options in this case, either valorize the SL culture
or assimilate SL cultural values to TL cultural values. Schleiermarcher addresses
this issue saying that “ST meaning is couched in language that is very culture-bound
and to which the Tl can never fully correspond (Munday, 2001: 28)”
There are two main translation strategies in transferring meaning to TL,
Domestication and Foreignization. Domestication is the transfer of culture values
from SL to TL to reduce the foreignness. On the other hand, foreignization is a
method of making the SL cultural values more prominent and visible to TL reader
Domestication and foreignization is methods of translation that contribute to
translation visibility. This term refers to how the translator reproduces the ST to TT
fluently. Venutti writes in his book;
A translated text, whether prose or poetry, fiction or non-fiction, is judged acceptable by most publishers, reviewers, and readers when it reads fluently, when the absence of any linguistics or stylistic peculiarities makes it seem transparent, giving the appearance that it reflects the foreign writer’s personality or intention or the essential meaning of the foreign text – the appearance, in other words, that the translation is not in fact a translation but the ‘original’ (Venutti, 1995:1)
Domestication strategy is a method to ensure that the TL reader is able to read
with ease. Venutti adds that domestication “entails translating in a transparent,
fluent, ‘invisible’ style in order to minimize the foreignness of the TT” (Munday,
2001:144).
Meanwhile, foreignization strategy is a method to ensure that the TL reader
get the sense of SL culture through reading the translation product. Munday, further
emphasizes “In a bid to make the translator ‘visible’ and to make the readers realize
they reading a translation of a work from a foreign culture” (Munday, 2001:145).
Domestication and Foreignization are closely tied to what Vennuti called as
the result of translator invisibility. He addresses this situation saying that the effects
of fluent or domesticated translation caused cultural marginality and economic
exploitation due to significant reduction in SL cultural values (Vennuti, 1995: 17).
He also adds that the dominancy of Anglo-American is prevalent as translators have
to resubmit the domesticated revision of translated foreign text.
Schleiermarcher also states that the main question about translating is the
movement of ST writer and TL audience (Munday, 2001: 29). Should the translator
bring the work closer to TL audience and loses the cultural significance (Munday,
2001:29). Schleiermarcher prefers that translator moves the work closer to ST
writer because he valorizes the SL cultural values. He addresses that true translation
is like “A German reading the work in the original language” (Munday, 2001:29).
Venutti also supports the valorization of SL. In his book, translator’s
invisibility he quotes John Hookham Frere, “The absence of any syntactical and
lexical peculiarities produces the ‘illusion” that the translation is not a translation,
but the foreign text, reflecting the foreign writer’s intention (Venutti, 1995:77)”.
Foreignization and domestication has been long debated as to how the
translation should be. Venutti adds that translation should broaden its scope to
“value driven nature of the socio-cultural framework” (Munday, 2001:146). Both
methods are dealing with the question how the translation should be represented to
TL audience that have different values of culture. Lefevere also adds that SL
self-image is either preserved or changed according to translation strategy used
(Lefevere, 1992; 125)
3. Ideology of translation.
Because of the different set of culture values in SL and TL, translation tends
to have its own methods to deal with this difference. However, the choice of method
whether it is foreignization or domestication is heavily influenced by the ideology
of translation. Andre Lefevere in his collection of essay, Translation, Rewriting and
the Manipulation of Literary Fame (1992) focuses translation as rewriting. He
examined “the ‘very concrete factors’ that systematically controlled the acceptance
and rejection of literary texts; that is, issues, such as power, ideology, institution,
Lefevere then describes that the translation function is govern by three
components, professionals within the literary system, patronage outside the literary
system, the dominants poetics (Munday, 2001:126).
Lefevere gives an example in his book taken from Aristophanes’ lysistrata
about the sentence ‘en me dido ten cheira tes sathes age’ [lit. ’if he doesn’t give
you his hand, take him by the penis’] (Munday, 2001:128). The term ‘penis’ is
translated to English version as membrum virile, nose, leg, life-line and many other.
He states that this translation indicates the ideology dominant at that time in a
certain set of culture. He writes that if it translated as it is, TT audience cannot
understand the meaning behind it.
Ideology of translation is interested in uncovering the manipulation in TT that
may be indication of the translator ideology (Munday, 2001:137). There are factors
such as pressure from publishers, editor or other. The choice of using foreignization
or domestication method can be the indication of translator ideology, whether it is
biased to SL or TL culture.
4. Culture-bound term
Language influences society and vice versa. In the matter of society
influences language, Wardhaugh (2006:10) states that speaking, choice of words,
rules of conversing are influenced by certain social requirement. He adds the
example in how children speak differently with mature adults. In the matter of
language influences society, Wardhough (2006:315) writes that words such as
master-mistress, bachelor-spinster and gentleman-lady creates gender
Language as a system is influenced by the culture and society structure. Peter
Bourdien states that
“language is a linguistic habitus which means that language is not only a particular system of words and grammatical rules, but also a symbolic power of a particular way of communication, with specific patterns for every community (particular system of classification, specialized lexicon, metaphors, reference forms, etc) (1952:52)”.
From Bourdien statement, a language has its own specialized lexicon based
on the its particular society structure. Therefore, a language has its own specialized
term called culture-bound terms. Duranti (1997:46) observes this phenomenon and
states that any act of language is a participation in a certain community. Yule
(2010:267) adds that culture-bound terms are “all the ideas and assumptions about
the nature of things and people that we learn when we become members of social
group”
Culture-bound term is specialized because the reference it used is exclusive
to a particular language. Harvey defines culture-bound terms as “the terms which
refers to concepts, institution, and personnel which are specific to the source
language culture (2002:2)”. For example, the Eskimo language has 30 words for
snow and Arabic language has 200 names for the synonym of word camel. From
the example, language realizes how a particular society views their surrounding and
culture, the Eskimos has various vocabulary because of their environment in snowy
condition and the Arabic for their familiarity with camel.
B.Theoretical Framework
This thesis focuses on how meaning is transferred from SL to TL.
Furthermore, it analyzes culture-bound terms that heavily in SL socio-cultural
of translation are needed to be the ground of this thesis. Sari, Widiastuti theses and
Durdurenau paper also provides basic insights on this thesis.
In order to understand the basic of translation we need to apply the theories
of translation. Larson and Venutti provides the basic foundation about what is a
translation and how meaning revolves around it. Foreignization and domestication
theories also play a role in understanding the translator intention. Finally, the
ideology of translation guided us on how the translator worked in a set of
ideological pressure, whether he/she is biased toward SL or TL culture values.
The first problem needs theories of translation, foreignization and
domestication, and culture-bound term to categorize the culture-bound terms in
Ahmad Tohari‘s “Kind Looking Eyes”.
The second problem needs the theory of translation ideology to be the ground
of deciding the ideology of translator when translating culture-bound terms in
17
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter elaborated how this research is done. In conducting this research,
there are steps that need to be taken to ensure the validity of research. Methodology
also ensured this thesis have the procedures to be applied. There are four parts in
this chapter. They are areas of research, object of study, methodology, and research
procedure.
A. Areas of Research
The area of this thesis is text analysis and translation. This area of research is
comparing the original work with its translation based on textual analysis. In text
analysis and translation, the focus can be syntactic, semantic, and stylistic feature
of the source text in comparison to its translation. The focus in this thesis is the
analysis of the communicative condition regarding to who, why, where, and what
the translation product intended to (Williams and Chesterman, 2002:6).
B. Object of the Study
The object of this study is culture-bound terms in Indonesian literary text that
translated to English. The reference used in this study is work by Ahmad Tohari’s
“Kind Looking Eyes” and its Indonesian version “Mata Yang Enak Dipandang”.
This short stories collection is about Indonesian way of lives. “Kind Looking Eyes”
is Ahmad Tohari’s works from 1983 to 1997 that had been published in various
C. Method of the Study
The method taken by this research is library research and explicatory
constative method. Library research is a method of collecting data in the form of
articles, books, essays, and other that relevant to this study (George, 2008:6).
Library research is used when collecting theories, articles, and journal prior to
analyzing the data. Explicatory contrastive method is a method that entails a careful,
close, and focused examination of a single major text, or an element of a text
(George, 2008:6). This method is used to collect the data in the object of study. This
thesis requires the copies of both Indonesian and English versions from “King
Looking Eyes”. This study is a qualitative study which means generates result in
words rather than numbers to understand a specific quality (Bricki and Green,
2004:4). Then researcher compared the number of foreignized and domesticated
culture-bound terms in English and Indonesian versions found in the object of study
in order to reveal the translation ideology.
D. Research Procedure
1. Types of Data
The types of data in this research is objective data which are taken from ST
and TT as a written text material. Thus this research is text based analysis. The
source of data is from culture-bound terms in both Indonesian “Mata yang Enak
Dipandang” and English version “Kind Looking Eyes”. There are 15 short stories
in this work. Both Indonesian and English version was published by Gramedia in
2013 and 2015 respectively. ST has 215 pages and TT has 191 pages. TT is
2. Data Collection.
The data in this thesis were collected from 15 stories in the object of study.
Text based collection is used in this study. First, researcher read both ST and TT to
understand the context of each titles. Second, culture-bound terms in ST are listed
out. Third, researcher compared the culture-bound terms in TT with finding found
in ST. The comparison is listed out in a table. Fourth, the researcher categorized the
data based on its title. Fifth, researcher coded the result for management. Lastly, the
data are presented in a table such as below.
Table 1: Example of Data Management
No Culture-bound terms Transla tion Method Kind Looking eyes (KLE)/ Mata yang Enak Dipandang (MED)
Code ST ST Terms Code TT TT Terms
In order to keep track of the data, it is coded in this manner:
1/S/3/ST/9/MED. The abbreviation is as follow,
1 : General Numbering
S : Name of the cluster (social structure)
3 : Number of data in the cluster
ST : Source Text
TT : Target Text
9 : Number of page where the data is found
Here is the list and codes of titles that can be found in the object of study;
3. Population and Sample
The population in this study consisted of culture-bound terms from ST and
TT. The researcher used stratified random sampling. The procedure of this sampling
is listed all the finding in a table. After all the data were listed out, it was stratified
into 5 groups (food, religious, social structure, nicknames, and derogative terms).
The terms were stratified into 5 groups based on the occurrences of the terms.
These groups were determined in 5 groups because the population stratification is
based on the most populous types. They are social structure, religious, derogative,
food, and nicknames terms.
Table 2: List of Title in the Object of Study
Indonesian version English Version
Mata yang Enak Dipandang (MED) Kind Looking Eyes (KLE)
Bila Jebris Ada di Rumah Kami (BJR) If Jebris Stays in Our House (IJS) Penipu yang Keempat (PYK) The Fourth Con Artist (TFC)
Daruan (DRN) Daruan (DRU)
Warung Penajem (WGP) The Reward Shop (TRS) Paman Doblo Merobek
Layang-Layang (PDL) Uncle Doblo Tore Up a Kite (UDT) Kang Sarpin Minta Dikebiri (KSD) Kang Sarpin Asked to Be Castrated (KSA) Akhirnya Menyeberang Jalan (AMJ) Finally Karsim Crossed the Road (FKR) Sayur Bleketupuk (SBK) The Bleketupuk Soup (TBS)
Rusmi Ingin Pulang (RIP) Rusmi Wanted to Come Home (RWC) Dawir, Turah, dan Totol (DTT) Dawir, Turah, And Totol (DTL) Harta Gantungan (HGN) The After-Death Fund (ADF) Pemandangan Perut (PMP) The X-Ray View (TXV)
Salam dari Penyangga Langit (SPL) Greetings from The Ones Who Held Up the Sky (GTS)
Bulan Kuning Sudah Tenggelam
After the researcher stratified the data, each stratum is divided by 3 to
maintain its proportion. Then, the researcher used the data in this study taken only
from the result of sampling above. The data in this study before sampling was 96
culture-bound terms. The data used after sampling are 33 culture-bound terms.
4. Data Analysis
This thesis analyzed the data based on the problem formulations. First
problem was answered by analyzing and contrasting the translation strategies used
by ST and TT culture-bound terms. Second problem is answered by comparing the
ratio of translation strategies used by culture-bound terms and motive behind the
dominant translation strategy to reveal the translation ideology.
For the first problem formulation the researcher analyzed the literal meaning
from ST and TT term according to KBBI Online for ST term and Oxford
dictionaries for TT terms. Second, the researcher then analyzed the cultural
significance of ST term and TT terms. Lastly, both term is contrasted by its cultural
significance to determine the translation strategy used.
For example, in the cluster MED, there are 9 data. each culture-bound term
found was analyzed based on foreignization and domestication theory in chapter II.
The finding then was categorized based on its translation strategy consisting of
foreignization and domestication. After all of the clusters are finished, the data are
Table 3: The form of Presented Data
12/S/3/ST/19/BJR Di pojok dusun itu kini sudah berdiri surau yang seperti demikian adanya,
12/S/3/TT/21/IJS (Omitted) They built a small communal mosque, which stood very near to Jebris house.
For the second problem formulation researcher analyzed the ratio between
foreignized and domesticated culture-bound terms and decided the translation
ideology. The researcher also tried to understand the motive behind the dominant
translation strategy.
For example, the ratio between foreignized and domesticated is 3:5
respectively. The researcher based his/her analysis on the theories from Chapter II
analyzed the possible reason why either foreignization or domestication is used.
From that, the researcher inferred that the dominant translation ideology is biased
toward SL. The dominant translation strategy that the translator chose caused
reduction either in SL or TL culture.
Lastly, researcher drawn the conclusion based on first and second problem
23
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter is divided into two sections in response to the problem
formulations. The first section discussed the translation strategies of foreignization
or domestication used in culture-bound terms. Second section discusses the
ideology of translation based on the ratio of foreignization and domestication
translation strategies applied.
The first part in this chapter discusses the analysis of each culture-bound
terms found in the object of study. The analysis focuses on the cultural values
represented in TT in relation to its ST counterpart.
A culture-bound term is deemed using domestication if the cultural value is
assimilated in TT and the sense of ST culture is lost or partially lost (Munday,
2001:144). Meanwhile, a culture-bound term is deemed using foreignization if the
cultural values are translated intact to TT with minimum alteration and the sense of
cultural values is delivered fully (Munday, 2001:145).
The second part in this chapter discusses the translation ideology contained
in the object of study. In this chapter, the usage of foreignized and domesticated
culture-bound terms is calculated to be analyzed. The ideology of translation is
determined based on which is the highest number of foreignized or domesticated
A. The Translation Strategies Applied in The Culture-bound terms
The 33 data analyzed in the study are categorized in 5 groups. They are; 14
terms in social structure terms, 3 terms related to food, 3 derogative terms, 8
religious terms, and 5 nickname related terms. The data are represented in the table
below.
Table 4 Percentage of Applied Translation Strategy
The highest percentage of a translation strategy applied in one group are
derogative terms for domestication and food term for foreignization. In the other
side, the lowest percentage of strategy applied are food terms for domestication and
derogative terms for foreignization. The analysis of each category analysis is
discussed below.
Meanwhile, there is one term in social structure category that mistranslated
by translator. The mistranslated term code in ST is 37/S/16/ST/56//WGP and its TT
code is 37/S/16/TT/53/TRS. ST term is “Kulak” and TT term is “sold goods”. Kulak
in Javanese language means restocking the inventory to be sold again; translated.
(Mangunsuwito 2002:126). According to KBBI Online, kulak has a meaning of 10(71.42%)
Food Terms Derogative Terms Religious terms Nickname Terms
The Translation Strategy Applied for Each Terms
“membeli barang dalam jumlah besar untuk dijual kembali” (buying a large number
of item to be sold again; translated). Kulak is translated in TT to “sold goods”. Both
terms have different meaning and context of use. This translation didn’t translate
the meaning nor the form. Therefore, this is a mistranslation.
1. Translation Strategies Applied in Social Structure Terms
This category involved the culture-bound terms that define what the structure
of a society is. Social Structure terms includes terms used in metaphors, clothing,
social activity, social organization, myth, and saying.
There are 14 culture-bound terms in this category. The strategy applied in
translation of culture-bound terms is discussed below.
a. Applied Domestication Translation Strategy
3/S/2/ST/10/MED Dan membawa seribu kunang-kunang
3/S/2/TT/10/KLE Directly making his head spin
According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online,
kunang-kunang is “Binatang kecil sebesar lalat yang mengeluarkan cahaya berkelip-kelip
pada malam hari” (A small animal around the size of a fly emanating blinking light
from its body; translated) or called “firefly” in English. ST term is a metaphor
expression for headache. Seribu kunang-kunang, according to KBBI Online means
“Seakan-akan melihat cahaya berkilap-kilap pada mata (ketika kepala penung, akan
pingsan, dan sebagainya). (The tiny lights that come into vision when headache
attacks; translated) However, in English, headache is not described in this manner.
In this translation, headache is described in metaphor as making his head spin. This
headache. This expression assimilates the meaning from SL (headache) but in
different form (firefly vs spinning). Thus, promoting the fluent translation style.
Although, the element of “firefly” as the cultural values is not translated to TT.
12/S/3/ST/19/BJR Di pojok dusun itu kini sudah berdiri surau yang seperti demikian adanya,
12/S/3/TT/21/IJS (Omitted) They built a small communal mosque, which stood very near to Jebris house.
According to KBBI Online, Dusun means “kampung; desa; dukuh” (village;
translated). Dusun has cultural value of social organization in “village”. The ST
term Dusun is not translated in TT. The translator chose to omit ST term to avoid
alienation because of the difference in social organization of TL with SL. This
strategy erases the cultural values of Dusun.
14/S/5/ST/21/BJR Para perempuan sering berhimpun dalam pertemuan atau arisan.
14/S/5/TT/19/IJS When the women of the village got together, which is quite often
(Omitted),
According to KBBI only Arisan means;
“Kegiatan mengumpulkan uang atau barang yang bernilai sama oleh beberapa orang kemudian diundi diantara mereka yntuk menentukan siapa yang memperolehnya, undian dilaksanakan dalam sebuah pertemuan secara berkala sampai semua anggota memperolehnya”
(An activity of gathering money or things that have the same value by several people. Then the prize is drawn to determine the winner. The lottery is held in a periodic meeting until all member get the prize; translated)
Arisan has the cultural values of “gathering” and “winning specific gift”. This
term is omitted in TT. To compensate with this, the translator chose “got together”
to describe the meaning of “gathering”. The cultural value of “winning specific gift”
gift” of ST term and promoting the fluent style of translation as it only transferred
the meaning only.
15/S/6/ST/22/BJR Tetapi, ketika menghidangkan minuman itu, Jebris hanya berpinjung kain batik, tanpa kebaya, dan rambut tergerai
15/S/6/TT/20/IJS Jebris also served the coffee
According to KBBI Online, berpinjung means “cara membungkus dengan
daun pisang, biasa digunakan untuk membungkus bunga rampai, botok, penganan
dan sebagainya yang tidak basah, bentuknya seperti limas”. (Berpinjung is an
activity of wrapping in a pyramid shape usually using a banana leaves; translated).
In this case, adding the context means that berpinjung is an activity of wearing
something in a pyramid shape. The translation of wearing does not convey all
cultural values of berpinjung. This choice transferred only the “wearing” element.
However, the sense of cultural value is lost as “wrapping in pyramid shape “is not
conveyed to TL. This choice is to avoid alienation to TT audience as it transfers
only the “wearing” meaning.
Meanwhile, batik in KBBI Online means “Kain bergambar yang
pembuatannya secara khusus dengan menuiskan atau menerakan malam pada kain
itu, kemudian pengolahannya melalui proses tertentu; kain batik.” (a clothing with
particular pattern drawn by wax; translated). Batik has the cultural values of
“Indonesian clothing” and “particular pattern”. This term is translated to Sarong
which means “a piece of cloth wrapped around the body by Malaysian and
the same as “a piece of cloth” the cultural value of “special pattern” is lost, whereas
sarong is just a piece of clothes that not necessarily has batik pattern. The translator
chose sarong to represent the Indonesian clothes but lost the “special pattern”
properties in the translation.
25/S/8/ST/25/BJR Sar dan Jebris bersama-sama masuk Sekolah Rakyat.
25/S/8/TT/23/IJS Sar and Jebris went to the same local school.
Sekolah Rakyat is a school for Indonesian children in the time of Japanese
invasion and after Indonesian independence it is changed into “Sekolah Dasar”
(elementary school; translated) (Safwan et al, 1986:28). At that time, Sekolah
Rakyat is partially available to common people. The institution is often established
in big villages or cities. This term is translated to local school. The meaning of
“education institution” is intact in this translation. However, TT term added element
of “local” to describe Sekolah Rakyat. This addition added the sense of availability
where “local” means that it is available in every village or at least close to
character’s home. This add the fluency as TT audience able to read the story easily.
Therefore, because of the addition, the cultural values of “partially available” is
lost.
36/S/15/ST/55/WGP Kata Jum, yang mengaku telah tahu ngelmu perwarungan, …
36/S/15/TT/53/TRS Jum, who claimed to have
Ngelmu is a Javanese term that means more than knowledge. In Javanese song
is the pinnacle of spiritual journey; translated) (Nurhayati, 2010:43). Ngelmu has a
cultural value of “life value”. The term is translated to TT in descriptive phrase to
emphasize its “knowledge in metaphysic” and avoid alienation of cultural value
“Javanese life value”. However, the sense of “life value” of Javanese people is lost
in the translation.
39/S/18/ST/56/WGP Orang bilang Jum pergi ke sana demi memperoleh penglaris bagi warungnya.
39/S/18/TT/54/TRS People said that Jum wanted to get a charm for her shop.
Penglaris is not a standardized Indonesian term. However, the meaning can
be inferred from the plot of the story. Jum wants to improve her shop not only using
hard work but also mystical help. This is supported by this part of the story;
“Kartawi did not mind at all about acquiring a charm, he even agreed with her about
that. Yes, Kartawi believed that hard work alone would not be adequate to achieve
one’s dream (Tohari, 2015:55)”. From the story we can infer penglaris as a “thing”
or “way” to improve sales of goods and connection of her shop. Meanwhile, Charm
according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary means “a small object worn
on a chain or bracelet, that is believed to bring good luck (Hornby, 2010:187)”. This
choice improves the fluency although only partially conveying the cultural values.
The cultural values of “to improve sales of goods or connection” is lost. The TT
only transfers the “good luck” but not specifically saying about improving sales.
43/S/21/ST/60/WGP “keluargaku bisa hidup wareg, anget, rapet.”
43/S/21/TT/57/TRS “My family can lead a
The term of wareg, anget, rapet is a Javanese term which means the basic
human need. They are wareg (fulfilled in food; translated), anget (having home;
translated), and rapet (having clothes; translated) (Mangunsuwito. 2002:16).
Therefore, there are three basic needs that need to be specifically stated to transfer
it meaning to TT. However, in TT, this term is translated to can lead a comfortable
life to avoid the alienation of Javanese three basic needs. this term is not translated
the three basic needs stated above.
56/S/29/ST/84/KSD Saya merasa semua orang menanggung beban rasa pakewuh, serbasalah.
56/S/29/TT/77/KSA It seemed to me that everyone felt awkward; they didn’t know what to say.
Pakewuh means “sungkan; enggan” (awkward, unwillingness; translated)
(Mangunsuwito. 2002:181). This term expresses shyness and awkwardness in an
activity of Javanese people. Pakewuh is used to describe Javanese people way of
life that emphasized on self-control mechanism of a certain activity even though
that specific activity is allowed. This term is translated to TT as awkward that means
“making you feel embarrassed”,” not comfortable” (Hornby, 2010 :71) to avoid
alienation. However, this translation loses the cultural values “Javanese way of life”
97/S/42/ST/22/BJR Tetapi, ketika menghidangkan
96/S/42/TT/20/IJS Jebris also served the coffee to the
The term kebaya is translated as blouse. Kebaya in KBBI Online means “Baju
that covers the whole hands; translated). When translated to blouse, the meaning
stays. However, in Indonesia, kebaya has a special pattern such as batik pattern or
others (Rangkuti, 2014:362). This “pattern” cultural value is lost when directly
translated in order to avoid its alienation to TT audience.
b. Applied Foreignization Translation Strategy
32/S/11/ST/51/WGP Warung Penajem
32/S/11/TT/49/TRS The “Reward” Shop
Penajem has a connotative meaning that can be inferred from the story. In ST
it states that “Kartawi tahu penajem, yaitu syarat yang harus diberikan kepada
dukun agar suatu upaya mistik berhasil (Tohari, 2013:56)”. Meanwhile in TT
“Kartawi knew that in order for a charm to work its magic, some kind of reward
must be given to the shaman (Tohari, 2015:54)”. From sentence above, it is inferred
that penajem is a requirement for magic to be executed. The translator chose
denotative term “reward” to give the meaning of “something is given”.
54/S/28/ST/83/KSD Apakah Kang Sarpin adalah lelaki yang disebut cucuk senthe?
54/S/28/TT/76/KSA Back inside, a question popped up in my head. Was Kang Sarpin a cucuk senthe?
In this term, the term is left untranslated. It does not distort the meaning
because there are descriptive sentences following this term to describe its meaning
“cucuk senthe was a term for a man with wild and uncontrollable sexual idea
(Tohari, 2015:76)”. This strategy emphasizes on the sense of how Javanese
64/S/35/ST/101/SBK Namun, Parsih
64/S/35/TT/92/TBS But Parsih also remembered an
Wis sajege wong lanang gedhe gorohe means that “it is inherent that man lies;
translated” (Mangunsuwito, 2002:65). In TT this term is left untranslated and added
descriptive sentences to explained the meaning “-men always have a habit of lying”
(Tohari, 2015:92). This term is important to the TT reader as it emulates Indonesian
saying about man’s nature.
76/S/36/ST/141/HGN “ Kalau begitu, terima kasih banyak. Matur Nuwun “
76/S/36/TT/128/ADF “in that case, Matur
nuwun, thank you very much
Javanese language has its own unique politeness system (Sasongko,
2004:104). This term in Javanese means “Thank you; translated” in polite way
(Mangunsuwito, 2002:252). This term is left untranslated and the translator added
descriptive phrases “thank you”. This addition is to let TT reader understand the
meaning of this term and preserving the foreignness of this term.
2. The Translation Strategies in Food Related Terms
Food related term included livestock, staple food, and main course. The
commonly consumes. There are 3 terms in this category. The analysis of these term
is discussed below.
a. Applied Foreignization Translation Strategy
40/F/4/ST/56/WGP Bisa berupa uang, ayam cemani, atau bahkan tubuh pasien sendiri.
40/F/4/TT/54/TRS Could be money, a cemani chicken (a chicken that was all black, even to its bones), or it could even be a sexual reward.
Cemani chicken is a rare breed of poultry originated from a village in
Indonesia called cemani (Lukanov and Genchev , 2013: 242). This rare breed of
chicken is prized because it has relation with mystical help. According to KBBI,
Online, cemani is “hitam sama sekali (sampai ke tulang-tulangnya)” (The color is
black (black to the bone); translated). The translator described the characteristic of
cemani in the parentheses following the term “a chicken that was all black, even to
its bones (Tohari, 2015:54)”. This addition allowed TT reader to understand what
is a cemani chicken and also the mystical aspect of it. The cultural values of “black
chicken” and “mystical help” is conveyed successfully.
52/F/5/ST/79/KSD …, penjual pecel di kilang padi ...
52/F/5/TT/73/KSA …, the woman who sold pecel – boiled vegetable with peanut sauce ran away when …
According to KBBI Online, pecel is “makanan yang terdiri atas sayuran
rebus, seperti kacang panjang, bayam, taoge yang disiram dengan kuah sambal
kacang dan sebagainya” (a food from boiled vegetable like spinach, peanuts and
and added “boiled vegetable with peanut sauce” as descriptive sentences following
the term. This translation strategy preserves the cultural values of “Indonesian
food” and “vegetable with peanut sauce”.
69/F/7/ST/122/DTT Dia punya dua ketupat.
69/F/7/TT/112/DTL He had two ketupats – steamed rice wrapped in woven palm leaf
According to KBBI Online, ketupat is “makanan yang dibuat dari beras yang
dimasukkan ke dalam anyaman pucuk daun kelapa, berbentuk kantong segi empat
dan sebagainya, kemudian direbus, dimakan sebagai pengganti nasi“ (a food from
cooked rice wrapped in palm leaves; translated). This term is left untranslated and
the translator added description (steamed rice wrapped in woven palm leaf). The
description preserves the cultural values of “steamed rice wrapped in palm leaf”.
3. The Translation Strategies in Derogative Terms
Derogative terms included the common swear words used in SL. The cultural
values of these terms are essential to build the social interaction. This category has
3 terms. The analysis is discussed below.
a. Applied Domestication Translation Strategy
5/D/2/ST/11/MED “Panas sekali, Bangsat!”
5/D/2/TT/11/KLE “Terribly hot, dammit!”
According to KBBI Online, bangsat is “orang yang bertabiat jahat (terutama
yang suka mencuri, mencopet, dan sebagainya) (A person with evil intention such
as pickpocket, stealing, and etc; translated). Thus, bangsat has cultural values of
TT swear word as “dammit” which according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary 8th edition means “a swear word that people used when they are
annoyed”. This choice promotes the fluency as TT reader can understand the term
easily. Although both terms are derogative, the value of “man with evil intention“
is not conveyed.
6/D/3/ST/13/MED Kamu Kere bukan? Yang namanya kere harus ngemis, bukan?
6/D/3/TT/13/KLE You’re a beggar. A beggar begs. Right?
According to KBBI Online, kere is “orang yang sangat miskin; gembel”
(people stricken with poverty; translated)”. ST term has cultural values of “swear
word” and “stricken with poverty”. Kere is translated to beggar as it promotes the
fluency of this term. According to Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary 8th Edition
beggar is “people who asking for money”. The cultural values of “stricken with
poverty” carried over in this case. However, the addition of “people who beg” is
misleading to TT reader. The term kere “people stricken with poverty” is not
necessary ask for money. because of this addition, the image of term kere is
different.
50/D/10/ST/78/KSD “ya, wong gemblung itu sudah
meninggal”
50/D/10/TT/72/KSA “yes. That nutcase has died”
According to KBBI Online, the term gemblung means “Setengah gila; bandel;
bodoh” (stubborn, ignorant, and half crazy; translated). Gemblung derived from
(Mangunsuwito, 2002:58) Gemblung is translated to nutcase as it promotes fluency.
This term according to Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary 8th Edition means
“a crazy person”. TT term transferred the meaning of “crazy”. However, the cultural
values of “ignorant” and” stubborn” is not conveyed.
4. Translation Strategies Applied in Religious Terms
The religion terms are closely tied to Islamic religion practices such as praying,
social interaction and ceremonies. These terms are exclusive to Islamic religious
practices. There are 8 terms in this category.
a. Applied Domestication Translation Strategy
18/R/2/ST/23/BJR Lalu sering jadi Jebris berpapasan dengan anak-anak yang mau
mengaji
18/R/2/TT/21/IJS Jebris often bumped into kids who went to the mosque to pray
According to KBBI Online, the term mengaji means “mendaras (membaca)
Al-Quran” (reading, learning or studying the holy Quran; translated). This term has
the cultural values of “studying Al-Quran”, and ”learning Al-Quran”. This term is
translated to went to mosque to pray which emphasized on “praying” only. TT term
fails to transfer the cultural values “studying Al-Quran” as it avoids alienation of
the term mengaji.
24/R/3/ST/25/BJR Jebris diboyong dan harus menyesuaikan diri dengan gaya hidup suaminya yang nyantri.
According to KBBI Online, the term nyantri is a derivation from santri
“orang yang mendalami agama islam” (people who dedicated his life to learn about
Islam; translated). Nyantri has the cultural values of “student” and “learning about
Islam lifestyle”. Nyantri is translated to religious lifestyle. The translated term fails
to convey the cultural values of “Islamic religious lifestyle” and “a student” as it
avoids alienation.
According to KBBI Online, kain kafan is “Kain (putih) pembungkus mayat”
(white clothes used to shroud the dead person; translated). Kain kafan has the
cultural values in Islam religion in how the corpse should be treated in burial
(Abidin, 2001:88). The procedure specifically mentioned the requirement of shroud
for male and female corpse. Therefore, the term shroud is not enough to describe
Islamic burial clothes and only translated to shroud to avoid alienation.
66/R/9/ST/109/RIP Kang Hamim melihat beberapa orang pulang dari salat berjamaah subuh.
66/R/9/TT/99/RWC Kang Hamim saw some people walking home from the dawn prayer at the mosque.
According to KBBI Online, salat is “doa kepada Allah” (pray to Allah;
translated), jamaah means “kumpulan atau rombongan orang beribadah” (a group
of people that pray: translated) and subuh means “waktu salat wajib setelah terbit
