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f s two word sbecome one word by blending them (Plag, 2 2 1 . p , 3 0 0
2 ) . e h
T aim of t hi sresearch i s t o answer t hree research quesitons :(1 )Do t he f o s e n il d a e
h TheJaka traPos tin Januaryt o Decembe r2012 ediiton suseEngilsh ? s d n e l
b ( W2) ha taret het ype so fblend susedi nt hehead ilne so fTheJakartaPos t
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i 2012 ediitons? )( 3 Wha tare the recommendaitons fo r b n r a e l o t s t n e d u t s P S E L
E lends?
d o h t e m h c r a e s e r e h t s a s i s y l a n a t n e t n o c d e s u h c r a e s e r s i h
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h The Jakarta Pos tin January t o Decembe r2012 ediitons .According t ,) 3 0 0 2 ( g a l P o
t herea 4 re blend sbelonging t ot ype 1 :squeaks ,boost ,clemency , s e h s a l c d n
a .Therea 3 re Engilshblend sbelongingt otype 2 ;rampage ,cineph lies , ts i g o l o n i m i r
c and three were belonging to type 3 ;systemic ,democraitc, dan
c i n o c
i .Based on Szymanek’ stheory (1989) ,there are fou rway sin learning s d n e l b h s il g n
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p )blend sarecreated f rom ri e h t n i g n ir a e p p a d r o w e n
o sho trhened form ,and (4 )blend scan be seen ast wo o
w rd swhichparitallyovelrapwtiheachothe.r
, s e n il d a e h , s d n e l B : s d r o w y e
ii i v K A R T S B A .) 3 1 0 2 ( . y p p e W , i n r a it s a y d i
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o Yogyakatra : Program Study
s a tl u k a F , i n e S n a d a s a h a B n a k i d i d n e P n a s u r u J , s ir g g n I a s a h a B n a k i d i d n e P . a m r a h D a t a n a S s a ti s r e v i n U , n a k i d i d n e P u m lI n a d n a u r u g e K n a it il e n e
P in imenganailsi sblend syang digunakan d idalam judu lpada n
a r o
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f (Plag ,2003 ,p .122).
Peneilitani nibertujuanuntukmenjawab itgape tranyaan : )(1 Apakahj udul t s o P a t r a k a J e h T n a r o k a d a p l u d u
j edisi 2012 menggunakan blends? (2 )Tipe t s o P a t r a k a J e h T n a r o k i d n a k a n u g i d g n a y a j a s a p a s d n e l
b edis iJanuar isampa i
r e b m e s e
D 2012? (3 )Apa yang driekomendasikan untuk maha isswa PB Iuntuk s d n e l b i r a j a l e p m e m ? s i s y l a n a t n e t n o c e d o t e m n a k a n u g g n e m i n i n a it il e n e
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i koranTheJakartaPos tedis iJanuaris ampa iDesember2012 . n a k a n u g i d g n a y s d n e l b h u l u p e s t a p a d r e t , n a it il e n e p l i s a h i r a
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j edisiJanuar isampa iDesember2012 .Menuru tPlag( 2003 ,)t erdapa t , y c n e m e l c , t s o o b , s k a e u q s : 1 e p it a d a p s d n e l b t a p m
e d an clashes .Tiga blend s
3 e p it a d a p s d n e l b a g it n a d t s i g o l o n i m i r c , s e li h p e n i c , e g a p m a r : 2 e p it a d a p : , c it a r c o m e d , c i m e t s y
s d aniconic .Berdasarkan t eor iSzymanek(1989), ada empa t n e l b i r a j a l e p m e m a r a
c ds dar ibentuknya :(1 )meilha tblend ssebaga ikombinas i n a i g a b l i b m a g n e m t a p a d g n a r o e s e s ) 2 ( , l a g g n u t m i s k e l i d g n o t o p r e t k u t n e b a u d s d n e l b ) 3 ( , n i a l g n a y r i h k a n a i g a b n a d a t a k u t a s i r a d l a w
a dibentukdaris atukata
i a g a b e s t a h il i d t a p a d s d n e l b ) 4 ( n a d , li c e k h i b e l g n a y k u t n e b m a l a d l u c n u m g n a y . n i a l a m a s u t a s a d a p h i d n it g n a p m u t g n a y a t a k a u d , s d n e l B : i c n u K a t a
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E G A P L A V O R P P
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S ’ K R O W F O T N E M E T A T
S ORIGINALITY ... iv
S R E P N A A T A Y N R E
P ETUJUANPUBLIKASI ............................................ v
E G A P N O I T A C I D E
D ... vi
T C A R T S B
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K A R T S B
A .................................................................................................. ....viii
S T N E M G D E L W O N K C
A ... ix
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... x
S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I
L ... xi
S E L B A T F O T S I
L ... xii
N O I T C U D O R T N I .I R E T P A H C
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A Background ... 1 .. .
B ResearchMethod ... 4
. I I R E T P A H
C DISCUSS NIO
.
A Theo ire sonBlends ... 7 .
B TheResearchFindings... 12
. I I I R E T P A H
C CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS
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B Recommendaitons ... 18
S E C N E R E F E
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4 x i d n e p p
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6 x i d n e p p
A TheJ aka traPost ,May8 ,2012 ... 29 :
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A TheJ aka traPost ,May23 ,2012 ... 30 :
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A TheJ aka traPost ,June5 ,2012 ... 31 :
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e d i v i d r e h c r a e s e r e h
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d o h t e m h c r a e s e
r .The background p atr consist so finformaiton ,ideas and some
e h t tr o p p u s t a h t s n o s a e
r research .Ther esearchmethod par tshowst hedescirpiton
. h c r a e s e r e h t n i d e v l o v n i s t c e p s a l l a d n a e r u d e c o r p e h t f o
.
A Background
y b “ d r o w w e n a e t a e r c n a c t a h t s n o it a m r o f d r o w f o e p y t e n o s i d r o w d n e l b A
” r e h t o n a h ti w d r o w e n o ’ g n i d n e l b
‘ (Qurik, Greenbaum ,Leech ,& Svatrvik ,1985 ,
.
p 1583) .Combining two word sto create a new word can be an interesitng
acitvtiy .Fo rexample, t he word brunch si from t wo word sbreakfast and lunch .
d n a s u o ir u c g n i e
B eage rto have a bette runderstanding on Engilsh blends ,the
d e d i c e d r e h c r a e s e
r to analyze Engilsh blend sw irtten in a newspape.r Dank s
3 0 0 2
( , 3 s p . ) tatest ha tblend so tfenoccurinmagazine sandnewspaper .s
The researche rtook t he oppo trun tiy to study Engilsh blend sthrough The
t s o P a tr a k a
J in January to Decembe r2012 ediitons .There are va irou stype so f
r e p a p s w e n e h t f o s e n il d a e h e h t n i d n u o f e b n a c t a h t s d n e l b h s il g n
E s .Byproviding
, s d n e l b f o n o it p ir c s e d e r o
m typeso fblends, andhowtol earnblends, thi sresearch
e r o m d n if o t s t n e d u t s ) P S E L E ( m a r g o r P y d u t S n o it a c u d E e g a u g n a L h s il g n E s p l e h
s d n e l b f o s e l p m a x
e whichareusedi nt heheadilnes fo TheJakartaPos tinJ anuary
s n o it i d e 2 1 0 2 r e b m e c e D o
2
h s il g n E t a h w n
o blends ear ,how many type so fblend sin Engilsh, and how to
m e h t y d u t
s .By studying blend sa sonepar to fword-formaiton, t he l earner swli l
8 0 0 2 , n o tl u a D ( s d r o w f o e s a b e h t e r o l p x e o t y ti li b a e h t e v a
h ,p .218 .)
d e d i c e d r e h c r a e s e r e h
T to chooseap irnted newspaperi nstead oft heonilne
n o i s r e
v because i ti seasie r to be read , brough t and analyzed . The p irnted
. n o it c e n n o c t e n r e t n i y n a e v a h t o n o d t a h t s a e r a e t o m e r e m o s h c a e r n a c s r e p a p s w e n
e li f n a c e l p o e
P ap irnted newspaper, t ouch ti ,and r ecycle ti .Thus ,peopledo no t
. s w e n e h t e t a d p u o t y ti c ir t c e l e e h t d n a t e n r e t n i e h t y a p o t d e e n
f o e n o o s l a s i h c r a e s e r s i h
T knowledge development sin a morphologica l
s a h t a h t d l e
if several beneftis fo rELESP students .Through thi sresearch ,the
s t n e d u t
s can see one rule in identfiying blends from Plag (2003 ,p .123) .Plag
s e s o p o r
p oner ulea sstatedi n f ormo faf ormula ,{AB +CD →AD} .A ,B ,C ,
e m a n e h t e r a D d n
a s which are given to each syllable o fwords . A, B ea r
d e t n e s e r p e
r two syllables o fthe fris tword and C ,D ea r fo rthe second word .
y ll a n i
F , A and D a re two syllable swhich created a new word which w as the
d r o w d n o c e s d n a t s ri f e h t f o n o it a n i b m o
c .
g n ir e d i s n o
C thef ac tthatt heablitiyt oanalyzeblend si saneffecitvewayf o r
P S E L
E students, to learn and form blends, the researche r formulate s three
s m e l b o r p h c r a e s e
r to be addressed in thi sresearch .The fris tis whethe rthe
f o s e n il d a e
h TheJaka traPos tin Januaryt o Decembe r2012 ediiton suseEngilsh
s d n e l
b . The second si w ehat t h type so fblend sused in the headilne so fThe
t s o P a tr a k a
J in January to Decembe r2012 ediitons a Tre. he th srid i wha t
r o f s n o it a d n e m m o c e
3
t d e t a l e
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s i h t n
i research .Fristly, t hi sstudyaimst o ifnd ou twhethert hereareblend sused
f o s e n il d a e h e h t n
i The Jaka tra Pos tin January to Decembe r2012 ediitons . To
e v e i h c
a thi sfris tobjecitve ,morphologica lprocesse sare needed to do to prove
. s e n il d a e h e h t n i d e s u s d n e l b e r a e r e h t t a h
t Secondly,t heobjecitveoft hi sresearch
f o s e n il d a e h e h t n i d e s u s d n e l b f o s e p y t e h t y fi t n e d i o t s
i The Jakarta Pos tin
s n o it i d e 2 1 0 2 r e b m e c e D o t y r a u n a
J .Thridly, t hisr esearchi sgoingt o ifndou tthe
recommendaitons rf o ELESPs tudents tolearnblends .
tr a p s i h t n
I ,t her esearcherwould ilket odiscusst her esearch ilmtiaiton .The
s i h c r a e s e r s i h t f o n o it a ti m il t n e t n o
c focusing on head ilne sof The Jakarta Pos t
2 1 0 2 r e b m e c e D o t y r a u n a J s n o it i d
e as t hesourceo fdata .The Jakarta Post i sa
l a ir e
s -pubilshed newspape rthat contain snew son curren tevent so fspecia lo r
. y ll a c ir e m u n r o y ll a c i g o l o n o r h c d e t s il e r a s tr a p l a u d i v i d n i e h T . t s e r e t n i l a r e n e
g A
y ll a m r o n s i r e p a p s w e
n daliy pub ilshed .A newspape ralso repo trs the eventst ha t
4 2 e h t n i h ti w d e r r u c c o e v a
h -hou rpeirod (Library o fCongress ,2002) . tI i mpile s
l a ir e s a s i r e p a p s w e n a t a h
t o fpubilcaiton pub ilshed frequenlty and i tcontain s
.s w e n
s i h t n
I research ,the researche rfocuse son morphology ,which concerns
t u o b
a the form o fwords .One o fthe scope so fmorphology is word formaiton ,
h c i h
w includes blends .Blend i sa proces so fforming a new word from two
t o b f o s t n e m e l e g n i n i a t n i a m y b s d r o w g n it s i x
e hconsttiuents( cf .Schmid2005 ,pp .
4 2
2 -225) .O’Grady and Guzman (1997 , p. 158 )state that ,“Blend sare created
n o n m o r
4
, e r o f e r e h
T the researche r ilmti sthe data on the headilne so fThe Jaka tra
t s o
P in January to Decembe r2012 ediitons . A headilne should summairze the
e
n wst hatf ollow sand appearin t hef ormo fasentence .Anewspape rheadilnei s
. r e p a p s w e n a n i e c it o n s r e d a e r e h t t a h t g n i h t t s ri f e h
t I talso helps thereaderst o
e d i c e
d whethe rtheywantt oconitnuer eadingt henew so rskip ti( Paskova ,2009 ,
. p 1 .)
.
B ResearchMethod
n e s o h c h c r a e s a e r e h t f o e p y t e h
T int hisr esearchwa saqualtiaitveresearch .
e v it a ti l a u q
A research focuse son a message in the form so fw irtten documen t
& g r o B
( Gall ,2007 ,p .287) .Thef ocu soft hi sresearch si toanalyzeblend sused
f o s e n il d a e h e h t n
i TheJakartaPos tinJ anuaryt oDecembe r2012ediitons.
. d o h t e m h c r a e s e r e h t s a s i s y l a n a t n e t n o c d e s u h c r a e s e r s i h
T Conten tanalysi s
t c e ri d n i n a n i r o i v a h e b n a m u h y d u t s o t s r e h c r a e s e r s e l b a n e t a h t e u q i n h c e t a “ s i
o it a c i n u m m o c r i e h t f o s i s y l a n a n a h g u o r h t y a
w ns”(Fraenke l& Wallen ,2008 ,p .
r e h c r a e s e r e h T . ) 2 7
4 tookthedataf romanewspape ra sanindriec twayt oanalyze
s r e p a p s w e n e h t , y d u t s s i h t n I . n o it a c i n u m m o c n a m u h t e r p r e t n i d n
a w ere taken
m o r
f TheJakartaPos tinJ anuaryt oDecembe r2012ediiton .s
o t g n i d r o c c
A Mer iram (2002 ,) data a re collected through interviews ,
. s i s y l a n a t n e m u c o d r o , s n o it a v r e s b
o In t hi sresearch ,dataw erecollected t hrough
. n o it a v r e s b o n
a The observaiton wa sconducted fromJanuary to Decembe r2012
a tr a k a y g o Y y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a S f o y r a r b il e h t n
i .A tfe rconducitng the
g n it s il y b a t a d e h t d e t c e ll o c r e h c r a e s e r e h t , n o it a v r e s b
5
f o s e n il d a e h e h
t The Jakarta Pos tin January to Decembe r2012 ediitons .From
y r a u r b e F o t y r a u n a
J 2013, t he researche rinput t he data .Finally ,from March t o
r e h c r a e s e r e h t , 3 1 0 2 l ir p
A wrotether epo tr .
a t a d e h t f o s e c r u o s y r a m ir p e h
T w 0ere9 0 headilnes fo TheJakarta Pos tin
s n o it i d e 2 1 0 2 r e b m e c e D o t y r a u n a
J .The researche rchose The Jakarta Pos tin
s n o it i d e 2 1 0 2 r e b m e c e D o t y r a u n a
J since i t i s Indonesi 'a s leading Engilsh
. y li a d e g a u g n a
l TheJakartaPost sw a fris tpub ilshedi nAp ir l25 ,1983 .Thegoal s
f
o TheJakartaPost ea r toi mprovet hes tandardo fEngilshmediai nI ndonesiaa nd
r e p a p s w e n y ti l a u q e c u d o r p o
t s wtih an Indonesian perspecitve .In thi sresearch ,
d e d u l c n i o s l a r e h c r a e s e r e h
t Sunday Ediitonast headdiitona ldatasource swhich
s a
w fris tpubilshedi nSeptembe r18 ,1994(TheJ akatraPos’t sHistoryWebstie) .
d e s u r e h c r a e s e r e h
T dicitona ire sa sthe secondary source so fthe data. In
r o w e s a b e h t k e e s d n a a t a d e h t tr o p p u s o t r e d r
o d o fblend ,s t he researche rused
d r o f x
O p irnted dicitonary , and Oxford onilne dicitonary from web
/ m o c .s e i r a n o it c i d d r o f x o // : p tt
h .
n
I collecitng data , there w ere two insrtument s used in thi squaltiaitve
h c r a e s e
r .The p irmary insrtumen ti sthe researche r(Merriam ,2002 ,p. .5) The
. a t a d e h t g n i z y l a n a d n a g n it c e ll o c n i e l o r y e k a s y a l p r e h c r a e s e r
t n e m u rt s n i d n o c e s e h
T w asat able .Thet able sw a usedt oanalyzeblend son
e h
t head ilnes o fThe Jakatra Post newspapers .The researche rput the headilnes ,
n i h s il b u p f o e t a d e h
6
s i s y l a n A s d n e l B f o e l b a T 1 . e l b a T
o
N TheD ate The
Headilnes Blends
s d n e l B f o e p y T
1 2 3
. 1
. 2
r o f 1 : e t o
N Plag’sr ule( 2003) ,AB+CD=AD r
o f
2 Plag’sr ule( 2003) ,AB+CD=ABD/ACD )
6 0 0 2 , r e u a B ( s r e t n il p s r o f 3
y l a n a o
T zet he data, t heresearche rused two t heo ire son blend sfrom Plag
c e ll o c r e tf A . ) 6 0 0 2 ( r e u a B d n a ) 3 0 0 2
( itng blends ,the researche rused Oxford
r e h c r a e s e r e h t , y ll a n i F . a t a d e h t m o r f s d n e l b f o s d r o w e s a b e h t d n if o t s e ir a n o it c i d
d e if i s s a l
c blendsi ntot herit ypes .
e r e w e r e h t t a h t d e d u l c n o c e b n a c t i , e v o b a n o it a n a l p x e e h t n o d e s a
B seven
. h c r a e s e r s i h t n i d e t c u d n o c e r e w s p e t
s Frislty, t heresearche rdecided thet opict o
S . d e s s u c s i d e
b econdly,t heresearche rconducted a ilbrary study i n order t o ifnd
o e h
t ire s on blends . The researche r found theo ire s from Szymanek (1989) ,
’
O Grady( 1997) ,Plag ( 2003) ,andBauer( 2006 .)Thridly,t her esearche ranalyzed
d n a a t a d e h
t foundthebaseword so fblend .sIn t hi sstep, t her esearchert ook t he
m o r f s d r o w e s a b e h t r o f d e k o o l d n a s e n il d a e h e h t m o r f s d r o
w Oxford onilne
t g n i d n if r e tf A . y r a n o it c i
d hebaseword ,s t heresearche rdivided them i nto which
t a h t s tr a
p w ereusedand whichw ereno tused .Ther esearche rgavet hem l abe lA ,
e h t n o d e s a b s e p y t r i e h t o t s d n e l b e h t g n i y fi s s a l c s i p e t s t x e n e h T . D r o , C , B
. ) 3 0 0 2 ( g a l P m o r f a l u m r o
f Finally,t her esearche rwrotether epor ta sther esutl so f
r e h
7 I I R E T P A H C N O I S S U C S I D l l e w s a s g n i d n if e h t d n a s e r u t a r e ti l d e t a l e r f o w e i v e r f o s t s i s n o c r e t p a h c s i h T n o s e s u c o f s e r u t a r e ti l d e t a l e r f o w e i v e r e h T . s g n i d n if e h t f o n o it a t e r p r e t n i e h t s a s i h t t r o p p u s t a h t s e ir o e h t e h
t research .The theo ire sare on morphology ,words , , s e m e h p r o
m wordf ormaiton ,andt ype so fblends .
.
A Theorie sonBlends
s d n e l b n o s e ir o e h t e m o s t n e s e r p o t s t p m e tt a r e h c r a e s e r e h t , h c r a e s e r s i h t n I a e d i g n it r o p p u s e m o s e d i v o r p d n a s e n o c if i c e p s o t s e n o l a r e n e g m o r
f s .
.
1 Morphology e l b e c n i
S nd sare seen a sa morphologica lprocess ,the researche rbegin s p x e e h t h ti
w lanaiton o f morphology tisefl . “Morphology i s the system o f d n a y d a r G ’ O “ n o it a t e r p r e t n i d n a n o it a m r o f d r o w n i d e v l o v n i s e l u r d n a s e ir o g e t a c 7 9 9 1 ( n a m z u
G ,p .132) .In othe rwords ,morphology can be deifned ast hebasic . e r u t c u rt s d r o w f o s e l p i c n ir
p In addiiton, t hey statethat ,“Linguist suse t he t erm d r o w d n a s d r o w h ti w s n r e c n o c t a h t r a m m a r g e h t f o t r a p e h t o t r e f e r o t y g o l o h p r o m ” . n o it a m r o f .
2 Word s
d e b n a c s d r o
W e ifned ast hesmallestf reef ormf ound i nl anguage .“A f ree t c e p s e r h ti w n o it i s o p e s o h w r o / d n a n o it a l o s i n i r u c c o n a c t a h t t n e m e l e n a s i m r o f t o n s i s t n e m e l e g n ir o b h g i e n o
8
2 3
1 ) .A free form i ssimply an element tha tdoe sno thave to occu rin a ifxed .s
t n e m e l e g n ir o b h g i e n o t t c e p s e r h ti w n o it i s o p
.
3 Morpheme s
e h t s i t a h t e r u t c u rt s d r o w f o t n e n o p m o c t n a tr o p m i t s o m e h t s i e m e h p r o M
. ) 7 9 9 1 , n a m z u G & y d a r G ’ O ( g n i n a e m f o t i n u t s e ll a m
s Word salso have an
r u t c u rt s l a n r e t n
i econsisitng o fsmalles tunti sorganized. I n sho tr ,morpheme sare n w o d n e k o r b e b t o n n a c y e h t ; e g a u g n a l a n i g n i d li u b d r o w f o s ti n u l a m i n i m e h t
( s tr a p l u f g n i n a e m r o e l b a z i n g o c e r o t n i r e h tr u f y n
a Akmaijan ,Demers ,Farmer , & h
s i n r a
H ,1995 ,p .16) .Akmaijane . tal (1995, .p 17 )proposeabasicclassi ifcaiton :
s e m e h p r o m h s il g n E f o
S E M E H P R O M
e e r
F Bound
Af ifxes Bound Conrtacted t
n e d n e p e d n
I Bases Forms
s e s a b
s e x if f u S s e x if e r P
.
a FreeandBoundMorpheme y d a r G ’ O o t g n i d r o c c
A and Guzman (1997 ,) f reemorphemei samorpheme , e s a r h p a n i d r o w t n e d n e p e d n i n a s a e n o l a d n a t s n a c t I .f l e s ti y b d r o w a e b n a c t a h t
d r o w e h t s a h c u
s tree inJohn sati nt het ree(Akmaijane tal., 1995) .Ont heothe r . e m e h p r o m d n u o b a s i t n e m e l e r e h t o n a o t d e h c a tt a e b t s u m t a h t e m e h p r o m , d n a h
c
9 e m e h p r o m l a r u l p e h t , e l p m a x e r o F . e m e h p r o m r e h t o n a o t d e h c a tt a e b t s u m t u
b –s,
s n u o n o t d e h c a tt a r u c c o y l n o n a c h c i h
w appleinordert obecomeawordapples . .
b Af ifxes
, . g . e ( s e x if f a s a n w o n k e r a s e m e h p r o m d n u o b n i a tr e
C -s) .There are two
n i d e h c a tt a s i t a h t x if f a n a s i x if e r P . x if f u s d n a , x if e r p y l e m a n , s e x if f a f o s e p y t e h t f o t n o r
f base ,wherea ssuf ifx i san af ifx attached in the end o f ti sbase y d a r G ’ O
( & Guzman, 1997 .) .
c Bases
m e t s r o ( e s a b e h t s i d e h c a tt a s i s e x if f a n a h c i h w o t e m e h p r o m e h
T )
l a t e n a ij a m k A e m e h p r o
m . (1995 ,p.17) .Abasei s“anyuni twhatsoevert owhich f o s e x if f
a anykind can beadded”( Katamba ,1993 ,p. 45 .) Meanwhlie ,O’Grady y a s n a m z u G d n
a ,“abasei st hef ormt owhichanafifxi sadded. .
4 WordForma iton
, g n i p p il c , n o i s r e v n o c s a h c u s n o it a m r o f d r o w f o s e p y t e m o s e r a e r e h T a , a i e o p o t a m o n o , s m y n o r c a , n o it a m r o f k c a
b ndblend .s I n t hi sstudy, t her esearche r .s d n e l b n o s e s u c o f .
A Blends .
1 Deifni iton
y b s d r o w g n it s i x e o w t m o r f d r o w w e n a g n i m r o f f o s s e c o r p a s i d n e l B t o b f o s t n e m e l e g n i n i a t n i a
m h consttiuent s (cf . Schmid 2005 , p. 2 - 224 2 5) . 7 9 9 1 ( n a m z u G d n a y d a r G ’
0 1
O’Grady and Guzman give a well-known example o fblend s ilke brunch m
o r
f breakfast and lunch ,smog from smoke and f go ,and infomercial from o
f n
i rmaiton and commercial .Plag (2003 ,p. 121 )state sblend sa sanothe rlarge c i d o s o r p f o s m r e t n i d e b ir c s e d t s e b s i n o it a m r o f e s o h w s d r o w x e l p m o c f o s s a l c r o e e r h t y l e r a r ( o w t e n i b m o c t a h t s d r o w s a d e n if e d e b n a c s d n e l B . s e ir o g e t a c e n o m o r f l a ir e t a m g n it e l e d , e n o o t n i s d r o w ) e r o
m o rboth o fthe source word s
, g a l P
( 2003 ,p.121) . .
2 Type so fBlends
s e p y t o w t h c i h w , s d n e l b f o s e p y t e e r h t s e k a t r e h c r a e s e r e h t , h c r a e s e r s i h t n I .) 6 0 0 2 , r e u a B ( s r e t n il p s m o r f e p y t e n o d n a , ) 3 0 0 2 ( g a l P m o r f .
a Blendst ype1
r a s d n e l b , ) 3 0 0 2 ( g a l P o t g n i d r o c c
A ecreated by combining t hef ris tsylable e l u r a s m r o f e h s A . d r o w w e n a e m o c e b s d r o w t n e r e f fi d o w t f o e l b a l y s t s a l e h t d n a s a h c u s , s d r o w e m o s n i d n u o f e b n a c e l u r s i h T . D A = D C + B A f
o moto r+hot el
, l e t o m
= channe l+t unnel=chunnel ,and mco presso r+expander=compander .
. s d n e l b f o 1 e p y t e h t s a a l u m r o f s i h t s e k a t r e h c r a e s e r e h T .
b Blendst ype2
e p y t s i h T . ) 3 0 0 2 ( g a l P m o r f s d n e l b f o e p y t d n o c e s e h t s e k a t r e h c r a e s e r e h T n I . d r o w r e h t o n a f o e l b a ll y s t s a l e h t h ti w d r o w a g n i d n e l b y b d e m r o f s i s d n e l b f o tr o h
s ,t hist ypecanbef ormulateda sAB+CD=ABDo rACD .Bo rCcanbenul l d r o w e h t ,s e l p m a x e r o F . d r o w l l u f s ti n i r a e p p a y a m s d r o w o w t f o e n o d n
a boatel
m o r
1 1
.
c Blendst ype3 u
a
B er( 2006 )propose sonet ypeo fblendsin f ormo fspilnters .Spilntera sa d r o w s a d n a , s e x if f a , d r o w a s a d e z y l a n a e r e b n a c s e m it e m o s t a h t d r o w f o t r a p s d r o w n i s a h c u s s r e t n il p s f o s e l p m a x e r a il i m a f e r a e r e h T . g n i d li u
b alchohoilc ,
c il o h o c o h
c and shopoho ilc. I n morphologicalt erm ,st heseword saredivided i nto d n a l o h o c l
a – ci ,chocoand–ohoilc,s hopand–ohoilc . s r e t n il p s , s e d i s e
B – no can bef ound i n word ssuch a sdralon ,nylon ,rayon , d
n
a xenon .The –x occur sin rtade name ssuch a sClorox, Kleenex ,Pyrex ,and x
a p m a
T .The–on and –x doe sno tcarryany denotaiton ,butt hey can createnew . p , 6 0 0 2 , r e u a B ( s d r o
w 77) .There are also some af ifxe stha tconsidered a s s a h c u s , s r e t n il p
s - ntho (aerobathon), dino-(dinosplotiaiton), -biila(memorabiila), -n o it a ti o l
p (rocksplotiaiton) ,-unnel(chunnel) ,-oodle(poodle) . .
5 Newspapers
s t n e v e t n e r r u c n o s w e n s n i a t n o c h c i h w , n o it a c il b u p l a ir e s a s i r e p a p s w e n A t s e r e t n i l a r e n e g r o l a i c e p s f
o s .The i ndividua lpatr sare ilsted chronologically o r t u b k e e w a e c n o t s a e l t a y ll a u s u , y lt n e u q e r f s r a e p p a o s l a t I . y ll a c ir e m u n . y l h t n o m s e m it e m o
s Al lgenerali nteres tnewspaper smainly r eporitng eventst ha t 4 2 e h t n i h ti w d e r r u c c o e v a
h -hou r peirod before going to pres s(Library o f d e h s il b u p t a h t n o it a c il b u p l a ir e s a s i r e p a p s w e n a t a h t s e il p m i tI . ) 2 0 0 2 , s s e r g n o C . s w e n s n i a t n o c t i d n a y lt n e u q e r f t s o P a tr a k a J e h
T i s one o f popula r Engilsh newspaper s pubilshed in f o y r o t s i h e h t n o d e s a B . a i s e n o d n
2 1 i h c r a , d lr o w , n o it a n , s e u s s
i pelago and music .I tappears everyday in almos tal l . a i s e n o d n I f o s tr a
p I ti sfris tpubilshed in Ap ir l25 ,1983 .The goa lo fthi s t s e g i h e h t h ti w a i s e n o d n I n i a i d e m e g a u g n a l h s il g n E e v o r p m i o t s i r e p a p s w e n e d i v o r p t a h t y ti l a u
q s completenewst o tisr eaders . , 4 9 9 1 n
I TheJaka tra Postpubilshed Sunday Posti n ordert o providemore e s u e b n a c t a h t s w e i v d n a s w e n l a c it y l a n
a d by t hereaders .I tcontain sabou t40 n o it i d e y a d k e e w n i s w e n t s e t s a l e h t o s l a d n a s e g a
p s .Sunday Posti ssuppo tred by . r e v o d lr o w n i n o g n i o g s i t a h w n i s e b o r p d n a , t n e m n i a tr e t n e e r o m .
B TheResearch’ sFinding s
n a o t g n i o g s i r e h c r a e s e r e h t , tr a p s i h t n
I swe rthe research quesiton sby g n i d i v o r
p dataf romTheJakarta Pos tin January t o Decembe r2012ediiton sand n o it s e u q t s ri f e h t r e w s n a o T . s g n i d n if e h t f o n o it a t e r p r e t n i e h
t ,whethe rthe
f o s e n il d a e
h TheJaka traPos tin Januaryt o Decembe r2012 ediiton suseEngilsh . 2 1 0 2 n i d e h s il b u p e n il d a e h y r e v e d e i d u t s r e h c r a e s e r e h t , s d n e l
b There a 0re 9 0
s e n il d a e
h in The Jaka tra Pos tin January to Decembe r2012 ediitons. By using ) 3 0 0 2 ( g a l P m o r f s e ir o e h
t ,Bauer( 2006) ,andalsoOxforddicitonaryass upporitng s d r o w e s a b e h t g n i d n if n i s e c r u o
s ,t her esearche rdiscoveredt enblend sou to f9 00 s e n il d a e
h in2012. Theblendst ogethe rwtiht hei ranalysi sare ilstedi nTable .1. e h t n i d e s u s d n e l b f o s e p y t t a h w , n o it s e u q d n o c e s e h t r e w s n a o t r e d r o n I f o s e n il d a e
h The Jaka tra Pos t in January to Decembe r 2012 ediitons , the s e d i v o r p r e h c r a e s e
3 1
e h t n i s is y l a n A s d n e l B . 2 e l b a
T Headilnes fo TheJakatraPos tinJanuary to s
n o it i d e 2 1 0 2 r e b m e c e D o
N D ate TheHeadilnes Blend T1 ypeo2 fBlend3 s .
1 January5 ,2012 RVoicmtonreyyi nsqI uoewakas tou Squeaks √
.
2 January18 ,2012 ‘inSy1s9t6e5mpicu’rvgieolaitonsf ound Systemic √
.
3 January18 ,2012 Cleoguan ltbeootresrtroirsmt oge t Boost √
.
4 January26 ,2012 sDrteamtioscraitcpatryi ndrie Democraitc √
.
5 Apir l10 ,2012 FMluewilal er uadnsw ,anyors aumsppeacgtes :i n e
c il o
p Rampage √
.
6 May5 ,2012
s e li h p e n i
C projec thigh x a m I t n a i g r o f s n o it a t c e p x e
n e e r c
s Cinephlies √
.
7 May8 ,2012 rImamppoatetrn : tTgoopvtCl eirtm sFinPol Iogist Cirminologist √
.
8 May23 ,2012 Corby’ sclemencyshamed Clemency √
.
9 June5 ,2012 C‘elnagshineeseirnedc’enrta lSulawes i Clashes √
. 0
1 Dece2m01be2 r15 , Ifcoo rnRic Icduishilneasrys et tot uheirss mcene Iconic √
e r a y l e m a n , 1 e p y t o t g n o l e b t a h t s d n e l b r u o f e r a e r e h
T squeaks ,boost ,
y c n e m e l
c ,and clashes .These word scan be classiifed a stype 1 according to .
p , 3 0 0 2 ( e l u r s ’ g a l
P 123 ) AB + CD = AD . The word squeaks i s from l
a e u q
s + shriek ,boo tsi sfrom boom + hoist ,clemencyi sfromclemen t+ mercy , d
n
a clashes i sfrom clap + crash (Oxforddicitonaire .scom, 2012) .These words d
e z y l a n a e b n a
c :
x Squeal + irsh e k=Squeaks D A = D C + B A
4 1
x Clemen t+mercy=Clemency A B+C D=A D
x Clap+crashes=Clashes D A = D C + B A
e r a y e h T . 2 e p y t o t g n i g n o l e b s d n e l b e e r h t e r a e r e h
T rampage , from
p m a
r + rage ,cineph lies from cinema + phlies ,criminologi ts from crimina l+
t s i g o
l (Oxforddicitona ire .scom ,2012) .These word scan be classiifed based on A
/ D B A = D C + B A o t n i ,) 3 0 0 2 ( g a l
P C D:
x Ramp + erag =rampage D B A = D C + B A
x Cinema+ph lies=cinephlies A B+ C D= A CD
x C irmina l+logist=cirminologist A B+ CD = A CD
e r a y e h T . 3 e p y t n i d e d u l c n i s d n e l b f o s m r o f e e r h t o s l a e r a e r e h
T systemic ,
c it a r c o m e
d ,andiconic .Theset hreeword s ifllt hecrtieirao fspilnter s– ci (Bauer , .
p , 6 0 0
2 77 )att heendoft hewords .
x Systemic=s ystem(- ci )
x Democraitc=democra(t- ci )
x Iconic=i con(- ci )
r e v o c s i d r e h c r a e s e r e h t ,t l u s e r e h t n o d e s a
B e d tha tmos to fblend sused i n s
e n il d a e
h fo The Jakarta Pos tin January to Decembe r2012 ediiton sbelong to .
1 e p y
t Thu ,s t ype1 i st hebasicp irnciplei n f orming blends .B -eat l( 2006 , 7p.6 ) e
v i
5 1 c
i r e m a h p l
a come sfrom alphabeitc + numeric ,the word econocrat come sfrom t
s i m o n o c
e +bureaucrat ,andt hewordTexacocomesf romTexas+( New )Mexico . t
u o b a g n i k s a s i m e l b o r p h c r a e s e r t s a l e h t , y ll a n i
F therecommendaitons rfo
s t n e d u t s P S E L
E to l earn blendsfromt herif orms .Thi sproblem can beanswered g
n i s u y
b theo iresf romSzymanek ( 1989 ,p.100) .Heproposesf ou rwayst o l earn s
d n e l b h s il g n
E fromt herif orms .
s a s d n e l b g n i e e s y b s i s d n e l b n r a e l o t y a w t s ri f e h
T thecombinaiton oft wo
s m r o f d e p p il
c in a single lexeme (Szymanek ,1989 ,p. 100) .Fo rexamples ,the d
r o
w Amerind , come s from Ameri(can ) + Ind i(and) , and comintern , from .
)l a n o it a ( n r e t n i + ) t s i n u m ( m o c
n o it c e s l a n if e h t d n a d r o w e n o f o n o it r o p l a it i n i e h t e k a t n a c e n o , y l d n o c e S
r e h t o e h t f
o (Szymanek ,1989 ,p. 100) .Fo rexample sbr(eakfast )+ ()lunch = ,
h c n u r
b Ox(ford )+( Cam)b irdge=Oxb irdge ,andcap(sule )+ t(ab l)e t=caple.t m r o f d e n e h tr o h s s ti n i s r a e p p a d r o w e n o m o r f d e t a e r c s i s d n e l b , y l d ri h T
9 8 9 1 , k e n a m y z S
( , p.100) .Fo rexample ,st hewordu irne+( an)alysi s=u irnalysis , .
m a r g e l b a c = m a r g ) e l e t( + e l b a c d n a
h c a e n o p u p a lr e v o y ll a it r a p h c i h w s d r o w o w t s a n e e s e b n a c s d n e l b , t s a l e h T r e h t
o (Szymanek ,1989 , p.100) .A scanbes eeni nt hef o llowingexamples: |
g n a l|
S Corr|ec|t
l|ang|uage=s language r|ec|ttiute=correcttiude |
n o | x i
M Mot|(|or)
s c i m o n o x i n = s c i m o | n o |) c e
( (ho)t|e| l=mote l
s t n e d u t s P S E L
E can l earn blendst hrough t hose fou rways .Thefris tonei s n
i s m r o f d e p p il c o w t f o n o it a n i b m o c e h t s i h c i h w s d n e l
6 1
l a it i n i e h t s e k a t e n o h c i h w s d r o w c i s a b o w t e h t n i l a it i n i e h t g n i e e s s i y a w d n o c e s
s l a n if e h t d n a d r o w e n o f o n o it r o
p eciton o fothers .Thet hrid way i sseeing one s
ti n i s r a e p p a d r o
w sho trenedform .Thel as tonei st hecombinaitonoft wowords p
a lr e v o h c i h
7 1 I I I R E T P A H C N O I S U L C N O
C S ANDRECOMMENDATIONS
e h t s a y d u t s e h t f o n o i s u l c n o c e h t s e d i v o r p r e h c r a e s e r e h t , r e p a p s i h t n I n o it a d n e m m o c e r e h t s e d i v o r p d n a s n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e e r h t f o s r e w s n
a s fo r
.s r e n r a e l .
A Conclusions
e h t o d , y lt s ri F . d e v l o s e b o t d e d e e n t a h t s n o it s e u q h c r a e s e r e e r h t e r e w e r e h T f o s e n il d a e
h TheJaka traPos tin Januaryt o Decembe r2012 ediiton suseEngilsh f o s e n il d a e h e h t n i d e s u s d n e l b f o s e p y t e h t e r a t a h w , y l d n o c e S ? s d n e l
b The
t s o P a tr a k a
J in January to Decembe r 2012 ediitons? Thridly , wha t are the r o f s n o it a d n e m m o c e
r ELESPs tudent stolearnblends?
l a c i g o l o h p r o m d e s u r e h c r a e s e r e h t , n o it s e u q t s ri f e h t e v l o s o t r e d r o n I f o s e n il d a e h e h t n i d e s u s d n e l b h s il g n E y n a e r e w e r e h t r e h t e h w e v o r p o t s e s s e c o r p t s o P a t r a k a J e h
T inJanuaryt oDecembe r2012 ediitons .Ther esearche rusedt wo y r o e h t t s ri f e h T . s d n e l b n o s e ir o e h
t i sfromPlag ( 2003), staitngt ha tblend scanbe D C + B A , e l u r a y b d e z y l a n
a →AD .Thes econdt heoryisf romBauer( 2006 ,p . g n it a t s ) 7
7 tha tspilnter saresomeitme sreanalyzed a swords ,someitme safifxes , d r o w s a s e m it e m o s d n
a -bu liding element s tha t do no t appea r to have any . n o it a t o n e d r a l u c it r a p s d n e l b h s il g n E n e t d e r e v o c s i d r e h c r a e s e r e h
T ou to f900 headilne so fThe t s o P a tr a k a
8 1
s k a e u q
s , systemic , boost , democraitc , rampage , cinephlies , criminologist ,
y c n e m e l
c ,clashes ,andiconic .
. s d n e l b f o s e p y t e e r h t d e s u r e h c r a e s e r e h t , n o it s e u q d n o c e s e h t g n ir e w s n a n I
s d n e l b f o s e p y t o w
T a re from Plag (2003) ,and one type i s from Baue r(2006) . e
p y t t s ri f e h
T i sAB+CD=AD,t hes econdt ypei sAB+CD=ABD( Plag ,2003) .The e
p y t d ri h
t i susuallyusedint hef ormo f– icint hewordalchohoilc ,and–ohoilc in d
r o w e h
t chocohoilcandshopohoilc . s
i h t n
I research ,there a re fou rEngilsh blend sbelonging to the fris ttype . s
d n e l b e h
T a re squeaks, boost, clemency, and clashes .There a re three Engilsh ;
e p y t d n o c e s e h t o t g n i g n o l e b s d n e l
b rampage,cinephlies,criminologist ,andt hree s
d n e l
b belong to t het hrid t ype ;systemic, democraitc, dan iconic. From t hedata , e
r e h
t a re more blends type 1 used i n TheJakarta Pos tin January t o December s
n o it i d e 2 1 0
2 becauset ype1 can beconsidered as t hebasicp irnciplei n f orming .
s d n e l b h s il g n E
d e t n e m e l p m i r e h c r a e s e r e h
T Szymanek’ stheory (1989)t o answert he t h rid .
p , 9 8 9 1 ( k e n a m y z S . m e l b o r
p 100) proposes fou rway sto learn Engilsh blends s
m r o f r i e h t m o r
f .The fris tway to learn blend si sby seeing blend sa sthe n
i s m r o f d e p p il c o w t f o n o it a n i b m o
c asingle l exeme .Fo rexample, i n t he word ir
e m
A nd i sfrom Ameri(can )+ Ind i(and) .Secondly ,one can take the iniita l e
h t d n a d r o w e n o f o n o it r o
p ifna lseciton o fthe other .Fo rexample ,the word s
d n e l b , y l d ri h T . h c n u r b = h c n u )l ( + ) t s a f k a e ( r
9 1 w
s d r o w o w t s a n e e s e b n a c s d n e l b , t s a
l hichparitallyovelrapuponeachother .Fo r e
l p m a x e
| g n a l| S
l|ang|uage=s language . e s o h t g n i y o l p m e y
B theo ires ,ther esearche rconcluded t ha tELESPstudent s h
g u o r h t s d n e l b h s il g n E n r a e l n a
c theheadilne so fTheJakarta Pos tin Januaryt o r
e b m e c e
D 2012 ediitons .Since Engilsh blend sare used i n t he headilne so fThe t
s o P a tr a k a
J in January to Decembe r2012 ediitons in three dfiferen ttype so f n
a c y d u t s s i h t d e p o h s i tI . s d n e l
b accommodate theneeds t o ELESP students i n h
c r a e s e r e r u t u f ri e h t r o f g n ir a p e r
p es .Anothe rconclusiont ha tcanbeconsideredi n c
s t n e d u t s P S E L E t a h t s i y r o e h t s ’ k e n a m y z S g n i s
u an learn Eng ilsh blend s g
n ir r u c c
o indfiferentf orms . tIi salsohopedt hatt hiss tudycanhelps tudentst obe .
y r a l u b a c o v r i e h t e c n a h n e n a c y e h t o s s d n e l b h s il g n E h ti w r a il i m a f
.
B Recommenda itons
e r u t u f d n a s r e h c a e t h s il g n E r o f s n o it a d n e m m o c e r s e d i v o r p r e h c r a e s e r e h T
h c r a e s e
r e rs.
.
1 ForELESPStudents
m o r f s d r o w d n e l b y fi t n e d i n a c s t n e d u t s P S E L E e h
T many kinds o fmedias . ,
e r o m r e h tr u
F they can create o rinnovate thei rown blends .A tfe rcreaitng thei r ,
s d n e l
b theycanuset hempropelryi ndaliyacitviitesands peeches .
.
2 ForELESPLecturers
s r e r u t c e l e h
T can useblend sanalysi son t heheadilnes fo TheJakarta Pos t
s n o it i d e 2 1 0 2 r e b m e c e D o t y r a u n a J n
0 2 r
u t c e l e h
T er scangivet heoppo truntiyt o student sanalyzi ngori dentfiy ing blend s i
v i g y
b ng t hestudent sexampleo fblends .Besides ,a blend analysi scan be used e
d u t s r o
f nts’r esearchprojects .Lecturer scan givei tt no i -clas sworko rstuden’t s t
n e m n g i s s
a .
.
3 ForFutureResearcher s
e h T . e z y l a n a o t d n a n r a e l o t c i p o t g n it s e r e t n i n a e r a s d n e l b h s il g n
E future
r e h c r a e s e
r s can conduc tresearch on blends i n many othe rmedia such a sbook ,s r
e h c r a e s e r e h T . s t n e m e s it r e v d a d n a , s e n i z a g a
m s can uset heorie son blend sfrom )
3 0 0 2 ( g a l
P andBauer( 2006 )and checkt hebasewordsi n t hedicitonary .F orthe s
d r o w w e
n ,t her esearchers cancheckt heconten toft hearitcle swhethert heyhave y
n
a blends. The researcher scan also analyze blend sfrom televisions o rfrom o
1 2
S E C N E R E F E R
. A , n a ij a m k
A , Demers , R . A. , Farmer , A . K. , & Harnish , R . M . (1995) . Linguisitcs :An introduciton to language and ccommunicaiton. (4th .ed) .
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. s u o m y n o n
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. ) 3 0 0 2 ( . D , s k n a
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n i s s e c o r
p ng ilsh and ti s relaitonship associated word formaiton .s
e s s e c o r
p Retireved : Septembe r 10 , 2012 from
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h -Appendice .spdf
l u a
D ton ,F. E .(2009) .Word formaiton and EFL i n Japan. Retireved :Septembe r m
o r f 2 1 0 2 , 0
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c it s i u g n il e v it i n g o
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. ) 2 0 0 2 ( . B . S , m a ir r e
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a .SanFransisco:J ossey-Bas .s
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N Teaching and l earning vocabulary .Boston ,MA :Heinle e
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