HIJAB IN INDONESIAN ONLINE MEDIA.

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Nurul Auliyasani, 2014

HIJAB IN INDONESIAN ONLINE MEDIA

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

A Research Paper

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree

in English Language and Literature Study Program

By

Nurul Auliyasani

(0902405)

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA

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Hijab in Indonesian Online Media

Oleh

Nurul Auliyasani

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat

memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Oktober 2014

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

NURUL AULIYASANI

HIJAB IN INDONESIAN ONLINE MEDIA

Approved by:

Supervisor I

Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M.A.

NIP 196706091994031003

Supervisor II

Budi Hermawan M.P.C.

197308072002121002

The Head of Department of English Education

Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M. Ed

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE OF APPROVAL ... i

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... ii

PREFACE ... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iv

ABSTRACT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi

LIST OF TABLES ... ix

LIST OF FIGURES ... x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background ... 1

1.2 Research questions ... 3

1.3 Aims of the study ... 3

1.4 Significance of the study ... 4

1.5 Clarification of key terms... 4

1.6 Organization of the paper ... 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 6

2.1 Representation ... 6

2.2 Hijab ... 7

2.3 Multimodality ... 10

2.4 Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) ... 11

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2.4.2 Visual Grammar ... 16

2.4.2.1 Representational meaning ... 16

2.4.2.1.1 Action Process ... 17

2.4.2.1.1 Reactional Process... 18

2.4.2.2 Interactive meaning ... 18

2.4.2.2.1 Gaze ... 19

2.4.2.2.2 Shot... 19

2.4.2.2.3 Perspective ... 20

2.4.2.3 Compositional meaning ... 21

2.4.2.3.1 Informational value ... 21

2.4.2.3.2 Salience ... 22

2.4.2.3.3 Framing ... 22

2.6 Corpus Linguistics ... 23

2.6.1 Collocation ... 24

2.7 Related Previous Studies ... 25

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 27

3.1 Research Problems ... 27

3.2 Research Design ... 27

3.3 Data Collection... 28

3.4 Data Analysis ... 30

3.5 Data Presentation ... 31

3.5.1 Example of verbal text analysis ... 31

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CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 36

4.1 General Findings ... 36

4.2 Hijab as a new distinctive identity ... 43

4.3 Hijab as a symbol of minority in Western countries ... 50

4.4 Hijab as a symbol of women empowerment ... 54

4.5 Hijab as a commodity product ... 57

4.2 Concluding Remark ... 62

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... 63

5.1 Conclusion ... 63

5.2 Suggestions ... 64

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Summary of transitivity system ... 14

Table 2.2 Types of Circumstances ... 15

Table 2.3 Size of Frame and Social Distance ... 20

Table 2.4 Realizations of compositional meaning ... 23

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 The grammar of experience: types of process in English ... 13

Figure 2.2 The Example of Narrative Process: Action Process ... 17

Figure 2.3 The Example of Narrative Process: Reactional Process ... 18

Figure 3.1 First Step: inputting the text file to make a concordance file ... 29

Figure 3.2 Second and Third Steps: select the headword and find out the collocation ... 29

Figure 3.3 The Collocation Found ... 30

Figure 3.4 Picture of An Article Entitled “Ketika Julia Perez Berhijab” .... 32

Figure 4.1 Picture of Article Entitled “Filipina Minta Guru Muslim Lepas Jilbab di Dalam Kelas” ... 39

Figure 4.2 Picture of Article Entitled “Untuk Film, Raline Shah Banyak Belajar Proses Spiritual Sebelum Kenakan Hijab” ... 41

Figure 4.3 Picture of Article Entitled “Penampilan Perdana Shinta Bachir Pasca Video Ganti Baju Beredar” ... 47

Figure 4.4 Picture of Article Entitled “Demo Menentang Larangan Memakai Hijab, Berujung Kerusuhan” ... 52

Figure 4.5 Picture of Article Entitled “Zaskia Adya Mecca: Tak Asal Ikuti Tren Busana Muslim” ... 55

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents an introductory section of the study. It provides background

of the study, research questions, aims of the study, significances of the study,

research methodology that includes data collection and data analysis, clarification

of key terms, and organization of the paper.

1.1Background

There are many ways to represent our identity, for instance, we can represent our

identity through what we do. The way we act and dress can be one of the ways to

represent our identity. For example, the way nuns dress and the way Buddhist

monks wear three rectangular pieces of cheap dress to cover their body show their

religious identity. Similarly, the way Indonesian Moslem women wear hijab

represents their identity as a Moslem.

In relation to the term hijab, Abdulmumin (2012) says that there are

misunderstandings regarding the term in which the meaning of the term has been

corrupted and reduced to women’s headscarf. In addition, Guindi & Zuhur (2013)

mention that nowadays, the word hijab refers to the use of cloth that covers head

following certain style of dress considering Islamic rules. They also provide some

references from Qur’an, however, none of them mention that hijab is associated to

women’s outfit or headscarf. Instead, it refers to spatial partition or curtain. In

relation to the misconception of the word hijab, media play an important role in

changing the meaning of hijab, especially in Indonesia.

Media, as Livingstone (1996) states can change people’s behavior and

belief towards the information they are exposed. He says that media bring gradual

changes as a part of social construction and eventually those changes are

considered as tradition. It is not surprising that some of the terms spread in the

societies have changed or shifted from their original meaning. Furthermore, Feng

& Lapata (2010) assumed that the meaning of a word can be perceived by the

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similarly in any contexts. The representation of the meaning of certain words can

be required, organized and used in language processing and understanding. Those

representations can be retrieved from verbal text as well as from visual text. Text

according to Halliday (1994, cited in Eggin, 2004) is not always in the form of

words, it can also be in the form of visual such as pictures. In analyzing visual and

verbal text, multimodality analysis can be used. Multimodality communicates

messages through more than one semiotic mode. Understanding the concept of

multimodality is important to do the analysis because the term hijab has been

shifted from its original meaning and the media contribute heavy proportion of

such changes through both verbal and visual text.

Within that context, Bezemer & Kress (2008, cited in Hermawan, 2013,

p.20) describes that mode can be in the form of images, sounds and space that are

shaped culturally and socially. Additionally, Hermawan (2013) states that in

analyzing a multimodal text we should combine linguistic tool of analysis such as

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and other tools for analysis to understand

the meaning of picture for example Reading Images. O’Halloran (2008) asserts

that Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) focuses on the analysis of the

sequence parts which form stages in the development of the text, such as words,

word groups, clauses, clause complexes and paragraphs.

Previous studies which used multimodality analysis, for example,

O'Halloran (2008) who conducted a study using systemic functional-multimodal

discourse analysis (SF-MDA) approach. The study revealed how metaphorical

construction of the meaning occur in both verbal and visual element in printed

advertisement. Correspondingly, Knox (2007) conducted a study where the

sources are both in the form of verbal and visual text in online newspaper home

pages. The study brought about a new news text genre and specific genre of visual

grammar which combined socio-historical trends and the demand of the new

medium in news reporting. Meanwhile, Feng & Lapata (2010) conducted a study

that employed both visual and linguistic analysis on web documents. It used

corpus to find out the semantic representation of the data by considering two

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representation of the data. They found that visual modality was considered

important to see a word learning and word similarity in priming studies. In the

same way, Kong (2013) also used corpus in collecting data of 110 newspaper

articles. His study focused on identifying the similarities and differences of

multimodality in Chinese and English language newspapes. His research found

that English as an alphabethic language used fewer pictures and tend to emphazise

words or sentences by capitalizing the word and make them in bold format.

Chinese, in contrast, as a pictorial or logographic language tend to use more

pictures, photos, icons, and arrow, tables and lists to serve informative purposes.

This study aims at analyzing the visual and verbal representation of the

word hijab in Indonesian online media. It combines Halliday’s SFL (1994) and

Kress & Van Lueween’s Reading Images (2006) as the framework analysis along

with corpus as the tool in collecting the data.

1.2Research questions

Regarding the issue above, the study is geared toward answering the following

research questions:

1. How is hijab verbally and visually represented in Indonesia online-media?

2. What does the representation signify?

1.3Aims of the study

1. To investigate verbal and visual representation of hijab

2. To find out the signification of the representation of hijab in Indonesia

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1.4Significance of the study

The study is expected to offer a new alternative procedure in analyzing texts,

especially multimodal text. The study uses corpus as a method in collecting verbal

data so that the involvement of larger data is facilitated. Moreover, the results of

the study are also expected to enable readers in acknowledging that the meaning

of words might change over time.

1.5Clarification of key terms

To avoid misunderstanding, the following is the clarification of the terms used:

1. Representation is the process which links the relation between things,

concepts, and signs. It produces meaning of the concepts in our minds

through language (Hall, 2007).

2. Multimodality is an “analysis procedure” that combines linguistic analysis

i.e Systemic Functional Linguistics and other analysis tools to understand

pictures or images, if the texts are in the form of verbal and visual.

(Hermawan, 2013).

3. Corpus is a large collection of texts consisting of naturally occurring

examples of language stored electronically. In accordance with that,

corpus linguistic is a discipline, a methodology or an approach to the study

of language in use through corpus/corpora (Bennett, 2010).

4. Visual Grammar is the resources for encoding interpretations of

experience and forms of social interaction in visual images / pictures

(Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006 ).

5. _{Transitivity is a concept in Systemic Functional Linguistics where clauses}

serve as representation. In dismantling the representation, transitivity

offers three linguistics structures which are used to explain the real world,

the three structures are circumstances, processes and participants. (Gerrot

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1.7Organization of the paper

This study is organized in five chapters. Chapter I, Introduction, covers

background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, significance of the

study, research methodology, clarification of terms as well as organization of the

paper. Chapter II, Theoretical Foundation, discusses theoretical framework used

in answering the research questions. Chapter III, Research Methodology,

discusses the research design, data collection and data analysis. Chapter IV,

Finding and Discussions, presents the data presentations, explanation to the

analysis of the data and the result of the analysis. Chapter V, Conclusion and

Suggestion, comprises summary of the answers to the research questions, and

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter elaborates the research methodology which is employed in the

present study. It consists of the research problem, research design, data

collection, data analysis and the examples of data presentation.

3.1. Research Problems

The study is geared toward answering the following research questions:

1. How is hijab verbally and visually represented in Indonesia online-media?

2. What does the representation signify?

3.2. Research Design

This present study uses descriptive qualitative method. Descriptive method can

use both qualitative and quantitative elements in a study (Knupfer & McLellan,

2001). According to Hancock, Ockleford, & Windridge (2009), qualitative

research deals with social phenomena and its aim is to help people understand the

social condition based on what they see. The qualitative method here is mainly

done by describing, analyzing and interpreting the construction of hijab in

selected online articles. For the purpose of the study, some numerical elements of

quantitative research in the form of frequency have been used. The study uses

Concordance software in collecting the data. It is used to find out the frequency of

collocation which appears in the textual data. Halliday‟s (1994) Systemic

Functional Linguistics and Kress and van Leeuwen‟s (2006) Visual Grammar

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3.3. Data Collection

There are two types of data used in this study. The first data are in the form of

verbal texts which were selected from 150 online articles about hijab, retrieved

from the Internet. They were taken from three selected Indonesian online media.

They are republika.co.id, detik.com, and kompas.com. The articles were retrieved

from 2013 until early 2014. The second data are in the form of visual texts;

pictures accompanying the articles which contain the most frequent collocations

with the word hijab are used.

This study uses Corpus Linguistics as a tool in collecting the data. As

Bloomer and Wray (2006, p.196) mention “corpus (corpora in plural) is a set of

text in computer-readable form”. In collecting the verbal data, the online articles

had been downloaded prior to the analysis to be converted and gathered as a

txt.file as corpus-based data. They were processed by software named

Concordance to find out the collocations of the word hijab.

The study used the trial version of Concordance 3.3. Even though it was a

trial version, it still served the present study features which were needed to collect

the data of the study including making the word list, analyzing keywords,

counting word frequencies, and most importantly finding the collocation. There

are some steps to find collocations of the word hijab by using Concordance: first,

input the text file to be a concordance file; second, select the headword that is

going to be used; third, find out the collocation by clicking the collocation button

in the menu bar; fourth, sentences containing the most frequent collocation will

have been traced from the articles files; lastly, the clauses found will be analyzed

based on Transitivity framework. The steps are illustrated in these following

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Figure 3.1 First step: inputting the text file to make a concordance file

To process data in Concordance software, the text file needs to be

converted to be a Concordance file. Figure 3.1 shows how to input the text file to

Concordance software to be then converted. The steps include adding files,

choosing the text file, and making a full concordance file.

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The study needs the most frequently appeared of hijab’s collocation, as the verbal

text data to be analyzed. There are some steps to get that: first, select the

headword that is going to be used (hijab); then, find out the collocation by

clicking the collocation button at the menu bar. The result of hiijab’s collocation

is illustrated in the Figure 3.3 below.

Figure 3.3 The collocations found

Figure 3.3 presents words that are collocated with the word hijab. It shows

that the most frequent collocation appeared is the word mengenakan or “wear” or

“to wear” (in English). The sentences that contain phrases “mengenakan hijab” are selected as the verbal text data to be then analyzed.

3.4.Data Analysis

There are two analyses in this study; the verbal text analysis and the visual text

analysis. The first step of the verbal text analysis is identifying clauses containing

the most frequent collocation. They are analyzed by using Transitivity system

developed by Halliday (1994) to reveal how is hijab represented verbally by

analyzing the participants, processes and circumstances. Those three semantic

categories are the most general way in explaining the representation of the real

world in linguistic features (Halliday, 1994). Moreover, the visual data

accompanying the articles are analyzed using Kress & Van Leeuwen‟s theory of

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metafunctions of communication; ideational, interpersonal and textual. The visual

analysis focuses on vector (ideational), gaze and shot (interpersonal), and layout

(textual). The findings are based on the two aforementioned data analysis

techniques.

3.5. Data Presentation

The analyzed data are presented in tables. The following tables show the example

of Transitivity analysis of each clause which contains the most frequent words

which are collocated with the word hijab.

3.5.1. Example of verbal text analysis

Example 1: [at the celebration of Islamic New

Year, Tuesday (5/11/20130)]

Actor Material Goal

Circ. Time

Example 2:

That singer of „Belah Duren‟ admitted that when she wears hijab, she remembers about Ustad who had ever been betrothed to her.

Pelantun 'Belah Duren' itu

[That singer of „Belah Duren‟] [also] Juga

mengaku [admitted]

Sayer Circ. Manner Verbal

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3.5.2. Example of Visual text analysis

Figure 3.4 The Picture of An Article Entitled Ketika Julia Perez Berhijab

Identification

The picture appears together with an article taken from

detik.com. The woman in the picture is an Indonesian

celebrity, Julia Perez. She is using an all black long gown

as her outfit including her hijab. Based on the article, she

is attending the celebration of Islamic New Year. The

setting of the photo is a mosque. There are some people

behind her who are doing the same activity as her in the

place.

Signification

Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) state that people, place,

and anything presented in an image can be categorized as

the represented participants. In the picture, the woman

who is wearing black outfit (Julia Perez), some people

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represented participants. There is a reactional process which happens in this picture. Kress and van Leeuwen

(2006) say that the process happens when the represented

participants share connection through vector (p.59). There

are vectors directed from the people behind Julia Perez to

her. People behind Julia Perez which are considered as the

reacters form vector through their gaze to her (Julia Perez) as the phenomena. The vector formed by the eye line or

direction of the glance of one or more represented

participants (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006 p.67). There are two kind of gaze in this picture. The first is the gaze of

the people behind Julia Perez who are looking at her. Their

gaze makes her the center of attention. The second gaze is

addressed by Julia Perez to the viewer. In this picture, Julia

is smiling. It implies that the main represented participant

creates a demand for the viewer‟s attention to have a social

relation with her through the gaze. Kress and van Leeuwen

(2006) mention that the direct address of the represented

participants can be realized through smile, or stare with

cold disdain. This picture uses medium shot, because the

picture shows the waist of Julia Perez. According to Kress

and van Leeuwen (2006) the medium shot cuts off the

subject between waist and knees (p.124). The shot is a

social kind in which the phenomena usually occur in daily

life. In other words, the represented participants are equal

to the interactive participants. In this context, it can be said

that Julia Perez demands for people‟s attention of her new

look when she is wearing hijab. Moreover, the picture of

Julia Perez is placed in the center. Thus, the people behind

her are marginalized. According to Kress and van

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is the nucleus of information, while the other elements are

less important (p.196). Julia Perez is depicted as the main

information of the picture which demands viewers‟

attention for her new look when wearing hijab. Julia Perez

has been known as an Indonesian celebrity who always

looks sexy shown by her daily outfit. However, in this

picture, Julia Perez is wearing an outfit which is different

from her usual look. In the context of the picture, this can

be understood that hijab worn by Julia Perez becomes

significant, new information. Hijab is considered

something special because it is worn by Julia Perez.

Based on the analysis, hijab is verbally represented as the goal following

the material processes. According to Haliday (1994), material process describes

physical activities between participants. In other words, the participants physically

do something to the other participants or objects. The goal is the participant in

which a process may be done. The phenomena are also found visually in the

picture where the material process is realized by the action of Julia Perez (as an

actor) who is wearing hijab (as the goal).

Moreover, the circumstance of time appeared in the first clause can be

considered as an additional information. It is said that “She wore hijab at the

celebration of Islamic new year.” the compliment of time explains that Julia Perez

only wears hijab on the special occasion like the Islamic new year celebration. It

is called special because she never wears hijab in her daily activity. She is an

actress and a singer who is well known for her revealing seductive outfit.

Based on the visual analysis, Julia Perez who is wearing hijab attracts

people‟s attention more because of her new look. The position of Julia Perez which is in the center of the picture makes her the center of attention of the

viewers and the main information of the picture. Furthermore, her gaze indicates

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the waist and knee of the represented participants. The shot indicates that the

represented participants are equal to the interactive participants (Kress and van

Leeuwen, 2006). In the context of the picture, it can be said that the represented

participants are doing something like the interactive participants do. In

conclusion, the picture implies that wearing hijab has become a common thing for

Indonesian Muslim women, because the article was published at one of the

Indonesian online media. Meanwhile, it becomes significant when a celebrity like

Julia Perez wears it. Thus, hijab is visually represented significantly as a new

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

In concluding the present study, this final chapter is divided into two subchapters

involving conclusions and suggestions. The first subchapter provides a summary

of the answers to the problems and the inference taken from the findings. The

second subchapter presents suggestions for further studies.

5.1 Conclusion

The present study is conducted to investigate how hijab is verbally and visually

represented in Indonesian online media. This study is also aimed to find out the

significations of the representation. The verbal text analysis applies Transitivity

system proposed by Halliday (1994). Meanwhile, the visual text data are analyzed

by using Kress and van Leeuwen’s framework on Visual Grammar (2006).

The general representation is mostly shaped by Material and Mental

Processes in verbal text. The verbal text analysis helps to find out the

representation of the hijab. The representation is revealed from the Processes,

Participants and Circumstances of the clauses. Specifically, based on the verbal

text analysis, the study is also found that hijab is represented as a fashion item and

as a religious rule.

The representations found based on the visual analysis are mostly

identified through action processes, offer gaze, medium shot, and center-marginal

layout. Those characteristic, then, can be said as the way of Indonesian online

media represent the use of hijab visually.

Based on the analyses, the study reveals that hijab is generally represented

identity symbol of Moslem women following their religious rule. Based on that

representation, the findings are categorized into four types of representation. It is

found that hijab is represented as a new distinctive identity, a symbol of minority

in Western countries, a symbol of women empowerment and a commodity

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Thus, conclusion taken from both the findings and discussions lies in the

representations of hijab, heading to formation of identity as women in general.

The constructed identity therefore flows to emergent constraints of hijab in social

context: oppressive attitude towards hijab and Moslem, struggle and demand for

empowerment, and applicability of hijab as massal product in fashion business.

5.2 Suggestion

There are several suggestions for further studies which are still related to the

present study. This study uses corpus linguistic as a tool for collecting the data,

but only focuses on the collocation of the data. A larger data can be collected by

employing corpus linguistics. Furthermore, the next study can explore other

features of corpus to be the sources of the study such as make wordlists or word

frequency lists and indexes.

The present study employs a multimodal analysis, namely verbal and

visual analysis. The other mode can be used to get a various perspective by

experiencing the other analysis mode. Furthermore, this present study uses two

tools of Systemic Functional Linguistics, Transitivity System and Visual

Grammar. Thus, for the next studies, the Representational and Textual meaning

can be explored for analyzing the verbal text data.

This study uses hijab as the main topic. It only explores news article from

the online media. While, online media serves another interesting source that can

be explored more for the next studies. Current issues can be a fascinating topic for

the next study. Furthermore, news in the form of video can also be employed for a

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