07TD 3010916.01
AN ANALYSIS ON SECOND PERSON PERSONAL A DD RESS BASED ON SOCIO LING UISTICS APPROACH TAKEN FROM T U B NOVEL
THESIS
Submitted to The Board o f Examiners in Partial Fulfillment o f The Requirements for the Degree
o f Sarjana Educational Islamic Studies (S.Pd.I) In the English and Educational Department
B y:
FARIDA ARIYANI 113 99 018
ENGLISH AND EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE (STAIN)
DEPARTEMEN AGAMA
SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI (STAIN) Salatiga
Jl. Tentara Pelajar 02 Telp. (0298)323706, 323433 Fax. 323433 Salatiga 50721 Website: www.stainsalatiga.ac,id E-mail: administrasi@stainsalatiga.ac.id
DEKLARASI
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
Dengan penuh kejujuran dan tanggung jawab, penulis menyatakan bahwa
skripsi ini tidak berisi maten yang pernah ditulis oleb orang lain atau pernah
diterbitkan. Demikian juga skripsi ini tidak berisi satupun pikiran pikiran orang
lain, kecuali informasi yang terdapat dalam referensi yang dijadikan rujukan.
Apabila di kemudian hari ternyata terdapat materi atau pikiran-pikiran
orang, lain di luar referensi yang penulis cantumkan, maka penulis sanggup
mempertanggung jawabkan kembali keaslian skripsi ini di hadapan siding
munaqosah sknipsi. .
Demikian deklarasi ini dibuat oleh penulis untuk dapat dimaklumi.
Salatiga, 28 Agustus 2006
Penulis
FARIDA ARI Y ANI
i
NIM. 113.99.018State Islamic Studies Institute of Salatiga
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES
Case : Farida Ariyani’s thesis Salatiga, August 28lh, 2006
Dear
The Head of State Islamic
Studies Institute of Salatiga
Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.
After reading and correcting Farida Ariyani’s thesis entitled "AN ANALYSIS ON SECOND PERSON PERSONAL ADDRESS BASED ON
SOCIOLINGUISTICS APPROACH TAKEN FROM THE NOVEL “CLEOPATRA” " I have decided and would like to propose that it could be
accepted by the educational faculty, I hope it would be examined as soon as
possible:
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Ham in am, M.Pd NIP. 150301298
DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS AFFARIS
STATE
ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE
SALATIGA
Jl. Stadion 03 Phone (0298) 323706 Salatiga 50721
STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION
AN ANALYSIS ON SECOND PERSON PERSONAL ADDRESS BASED ON SOCIOLINGUISTICS APPROACH TAKEN FROM THE NOVEL
“CLEOPATRA”
FARIDA ARIYANI
NIM. 113 99 018
Has been brought to the board of examiners in September 6th 2006/Sya’ban 13th
1427 H to completely fulfill the requirement of the Degree of Saijana Pendidikan
Islam (S.Pd.I) in English and Education Department.
Sya'ban 13th, 1427 H Salatiga,
September 6th, 2006 M
Board Examiners
NIP. 150 301 298
DEDICATION
This thesis dedicated to:
> My beloved Mother and Father, who always pray for me.
> My husbie for supporting me.
> My little angel and the nany for the time you had.
> All of my family who always support me.
> All of my friends in English Department.
In the name of Allah, blesses and praises always go to great prophet
Muhammad. Alhamdulillahirabbil'alaimin, everlasting thank to of Allah the Lord
of the uni verse.
However, this success would not be achieved without supports, guidance,
advices, helps and encouragements from individuals and institutions, therefore, let
the writer say thanks to:
1. Drs. Imam Sutomo M.Ag, the Head of State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN)
of Salatiga.
2. Hammam, M.Pd, the consultant of this thesis, thanks for careful guidance and
suggestions.
3. Hanung Triyoko, SS., Drs. Sa'adi, M.Ag, and whole lectures in English
Department, thanks for your supports, guidance and helps.
4. My beloved mother and father, my husbie and my little angel.
5. All of my friends in English Department.
Finally, the writer would say thanks to all those people above.
Salatiga, August 28th 2006
The Writer
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page... i
Deklarasi... ii
Attentive Counselor... iii
Motto ... iv
Dedication ... v
Acknowledgement... vi
Table of Content... vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ... 1
B. Statement of the problem ... 4
C. Research Limitation... 4
D. Research Objective... 4
E. Research Benefits ... :... 5
F. Thesis Organization... 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Definition of Language ... 7
B. Sociolinguistics Theory... 7
C. Terms of Address Theory :... 8
D. Language Variety ... 11
E. Context... 12
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of Research... 19
B. Data ... 19
C. Source of Data ... 20
D. Technique of Collecting Data ... 20
E. Technique of Analyzing D ata... 21
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS A. Biography of the Author... 23
B. Synopsis of the story ... 29
C. Analysis... 38
D. Inference ... 50
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION A. Conclusions .... 53
B. Recommendation ... 54
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
There is a close relationship between language and a society.
Language lives in the society. The survival of the language depends on its use
by the society and the members of the society as users of the language.
Language1, is like other forms of social activities, has to be
appropriate to the speaker using it. In this case, Trudgill gives an example of
different forms of address used by persons of different degrees of status of
intimacy. The different forms of address in French forms, such as the familiar
pronouns of you: tu (T) and the polite form: vous (v) are used by different
members of society. The aristocratic habit led to a situation where, although
the upper classes used T to the lower-classes who, on the other hand, received
V. Another example is a school teacher who called his student Johnny,
received Mr. Smith in returns.
Factors that influence language use are social class, age, sex,
geography, situational context, and cultural context. The science studying
those factors that influence the language use is called sociolinguistics.
Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. This
statement shows that there are two terms involved, namely sociology referring
to society and linguistics referring to language.
1 Trudgill, Peter, Sociolinguistics as an introduction, Great Britain: Hazel Waston & Viney Ltd, 1974. Page 03
Sociolinguistics^, then, is the part of linguistics which is concerned
with language as a social and cultural phenomena . TrudgilFs example is
about the word: taboo. According to Trudgill. Taboo can be characterized as
being concerned with behavior which is believed to be supematurally with
behavior which is prohibited in an apparently irrational manner. For example,
Javanese people are usually not allowed to give something to people with left
hand. This kind of behaviour is related to Javanese cultural background.
Through the novel researched, the author (H.R. Haggard) had
examined Egyptian society, especially in the nineteenth century which was
full of social and cultural phenomenon, and whose English was mostly
different from either British or American nowadays particularly in using
personal addresses. The researcher, however, focused on speech events used
as data found in the novel entitled CLEOPATRA (1886) by H. Rider Haggard
(1856-1925). The researcher chooses the novel CLEOPATRA because it
contains many speech events using various second-person personal-addresses.
The novel CLEOPATRA written by H. Rider Haggard (1856-1925) in (1886),
consists of 196 pages . Novel, but the researcher took only the speech events
using the second-person personal-address:
THOU/SUBJECT-THEE/OBJECT-THY, TH1NE/POSSESS1VE
YOU/SUBJECT-YOU/OBJECT-YOUR, YOURS/POSSESSIVE
YE/SUBJECT-YE/OBJECT-YOUR, YOURS/POSSESSIVE 2
T h e fo llo w in g sp eech ev en t used as an ex am p le w as tak e n fro m p age 8:
“La! La! La!’’she cried” and there thou art, my bonny lad; more bonny lad; more bonny even than thou went ! La ! what a man ! what shoulders! And what a face and form! ah, it does an old woman credit to have dandled thee! But thou art over-pale; those priests down there at Annu hare starved thee, surely? starve not thyself: The Gods love not a skeleton. Empty stomach makes empty head as they say at Alexandria.. . And as I lighten down she embraced me.
But I thrust her a side,” My father! Where is my father?” I cried,” I see him not! “Nay, nay, have no fear,’’she answered,”his H oliness is well;he waits thee in his chamber...
By understanding the example above, the researcher could make an
analysis by examining: “who” is speaking “to whom” (both are based on
social class, and age), “where” and “when” they are expressed, and “what”
topics are being talked about, in accordance with the norms of the speech
events.
From the above phenomena, the researcher has investigated speech
events on second person personal address by conducting a piece of research
entitled “AN ANALYSIS ON SECOND PERSON PERSONAL ADDRESS
BASED ON SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACH TAKEN FROM THE
B. Statement of the Problem
After finding the data existing in the novel CLEOPATRA, the
researcher has formulated the problems of the research as follows:
1. What sociolinguistic factors affect the use of second person personal
address in the novel CLEOPATRA?
2. In what condition is the second person personal address used in the novel
CLEOPATRA?
C. Research Limitation
In this research, the researcher analyzed the speech events taken from
the novel CLEOPATRA written by H. R. Haggard by using sociolinguistic
approach. There are many kinds of speech events found in the novel, such as
speech events using the first person personal address, speech events using the
second person personal address, and speech events using the third person
personal address. To limit the analysis, the researcher focused only on the
speech events using the second person personal address involving the
subjective case; thou, you, and ye; the objective case; thee, you, and ye; the
possessive case: thy, thine, your, yours to intensify the analysis.
D. Research Objective
As stated in the problem statement above, the research has been
5
/. To describe sociolinguistic factors affecting the use of the second person
personal address in the novel CLEOPATRA.
2. To find out the condition in which the second person personal address
used in the novel CLEOPATRA.
E. Research Benefits
After accomplishing the research, the researcher expects that this
research will be beneficial to:
1. Lecturers
The result of the research can be used as additional materials in giving the
lectures to the students of State Islamic Studies Institute of Salatiga.
2. Students
The result of the research can stimulate the students in studying
sociolinguistics especially about speech event using various second person
personal addresses and it can be used as additional knowledge in
sociolinguistics.
3. Other researchers
The result of the research can be used as additional reference and
information for their further research connecting with the field.
F. Thesis Organization
This thesis is divided into five chapters, and each chapter consists of
The outline of this research is arranged systematically as follows:
Chapter I contains Introduction, Consisting of Research Background,
Research Benefits, Research Limitation, Research Methodology, and Research
Organization.
Chapter II explains Literature Review, Consisting of Definition of
Language, Sociolinguistic Theory, Terms of Address Theory, Language
Variety, Context, Dell Hymes’ Components of Speech Events, and Related
Researches.
Chapter III explains Research Methodology, Showing the Type of the
Research, Data, Source of Data, Research Data Collecting Technique,
Technique of Analyzing Data.
Chapter IV contains Presentation of Data Analysis, Consisting of
Biography the Writer, Synopsis of the story of CLEOPA TRA, presentation
of the Speech Events using the second person personal address used in
CLEOPA TRA, presentation of the sociolinguistic factors effecting the use of
the second person personal address in the novel CLEOPATRA, and discussion.
Chapter V contains Conclusions and Suggestions,
CHAPTER H
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definition of Language
According to Trudgill4, Language is not simply a means of
communicating information, it is also a very important means of establishing
and maintaining relationships with other people . Thus, language has a very
important role in society: first, the role played by language in conveying
information about the speaker, and second, the function of language in
establishing and maintaining social relationship . Therefore, it is clear that
those aspects are reflections of facts that there is a close relationship between
language and society.
Language is learned and shared by human beings in the same speech
community, and therefore, language always develops rapidly from time to
time. Recently, sociologists, psychologists, and sociolinguists are interested in
studying language from its function perspective. And the science handled by
sociolinguists is called Sociolinguistics.
B. Sociolinguistic Theory
Sociolinguistics is the study of the ways people use language in social
life5. The way a student talks to a teacher is likely different in using the
j 4 Trudgill, Peter, op.cit, page 13 & 14
5 Chaika, Elain, Language The Social Mirror, Newburry House Publisher, Inc Rowly, Massachusetts, 1982, Page 2
address terms from that when he talks to a friend. While state that
sociolinguistics is the study of language in its various contexts, especially
social context, such as who the addressers and addressees are, what kind of
social group the participants come from, what type of social distance or
intimacy of participants are involved in a speech events, and so on. Moreover,
Wardaugh’s statement6, about sociolinguistics is that this study of the
relationship between language and society which is, in fact, very closely
related. In any social life, certain people use an appropriate language in order
to cany' out their daily activity .
Sociolinguists have been particularly concerned with the use of
language to maintain social relationships. Therefore, the study of the language
use in a society is of great importance in sociolinguistics.
C. Terms of Address Theory
According to Fasold7 8, Address Forms are the words speakers use to
designate the person they are talking to while they are talking to them .
Therefore, Fasold’s statement tends to underline the non-linguistics factors
influencing the use of address forms. While Trudgilf states that personal
address are terms of expressions used by one person to address another one.
The use of personal address depends on the relationship between addresser
6 Wardaugh, Ronald, An introduction to Sociolinguistics, New York: Basil Blackwell, Inc, 1986, Page 12
9
and addressee of unequal rank including wealth, social stratification, age, are
more formal and less relaxed than those between equals. And this brings the
different forms of address caused by different degrees of status or intimacy. In
this case Trudgill used special terms as found in French, that is tu (T) used by
addresser-addressee of equal rank and vous (V) which is used by unequals. It
is furthermore said that most European languages, unlike English that has only
you, especially in singular, distinguish between a polite form (V) of second
person personal address and a familiar second person personal address (T). A
person who has higher social status in a society may call someone who has
lower social status by using (T) although he receives (V) back. This can be
interpreted that where a difference of power is involved in a conversation
between two individuals, then the address used is non-reciprocal (V) and it
means that another feature of the social relationship have some influence on
personal address selection. On the other hand, the familiar second person
personal address (T) is used when the degree of solidarity, intimacy, and
similarity among speakers is felt to be quite large. Those factors constitute two
major dimensions that condition the choice in Trudgill; In this case, power
indicates social status while solidarity, intimacy, similarity indicates social
distance.
However, later find out that T-usage becomes more probable when the
degree of intimacy, similarity or solidarity between speakers is more dominant
than the degree of power because of the gradual rise of democratic egalitarian 9
ideology. They found the exception, on the other hand, among Egyptian
speakers who did make several non-reciprocal that signified a Mess developed
egalitarian ethic'.
Further complications found out in other linguistic communities are
that not only personal address involved but also the context of the person
addressed that could produce lexical variations, depending on the relationship
and the relative status between the addresser and the addressee. A good
example of this kind of restrictions on linguistic forms is several distinct
speech Mevels’ or varieties which are used in different situations existed in
Javanese language which involve not only minor differences of pronouns and
suffixes but also numerous lexical differences. These differences belong to
linguistic factors. Three different levels of the ‘same’ sentence described by
Clifford Geertz was quoted by Trudgill10 as follows:
“Are you going to eat rice and cassava now? ”
(1) . Menapa panjenengan badhe dhahar sekul kahyan kaspe samenika?
(2) . Napa sampeyan ajeng nedha sekul lan kaspe saniki?
(3) . Apa kowe arep mangan sega lan tela saiki?
Sentence (1) is in high level, sentence (2) is in middle level, and
sentence (3) is in low level. The three sentences show three different
vocabulary usage of second person personal address and this is mostly
influenced by non linguistic factors such as: situation, relation, age and social
stratification as shown in the novel i CLEOPATRA. The address form of
10Trudgill,
11
sentence (1): panjenengcm and (2): sampeyan is the same as thou in English
usage found in the novel CLEOPATRA while the address form of sentence (3):
kowe is the same as you. This short of linguistic variety can be referred to as
different styles characterized by different vocabulary which indicates
familiarity, role-relationship, formality, intimacy, and social stratification.
The significance in the novel CLEOPATRA lies, however, the use of
the second person personal address between the addresser and the addressee is
in the same form although they come from different social status.
D. Language Variety
In talking about language variety, it is found that there are many
language varieties in societies of nations. The varieties differ from one society
to another. According to Suwito11 variation is a kind of language whose usage
relates to its function and situation. The use of language is much influenced by
the surrounding factors, whether those are linguistic factors or non-linguistic
ones, such as age, geography, education, social status, and so forth. Those
linguistic and non-linguistic factors are different from one society to another.
Besides, the use of language is also influenced by situational factors, namely,
who is speaking, to whom, when, where, how, by using what language, and
about what matter. That statement is relevant is ‘who speaks (or writes) what
language (or what language variety) to whom and when and to what end’.
n Suwito, Pengantar Awal Sociolinguistik Teori dan Problem, Surakarta : Henry, 1983, P 34
A g f a .
M I L I K
ipgjpf/ PERPUSTAKAAIf
From those quotations above the researcher could underline that there
were many kinds of language varieties in society.
E. Context
Context plays an important role in understanding meaning of
utterances. Leech’s statement1" Emphasized the theory by stating that context
is relevant aspects of the physical or social setting of an utterance. Context is a
background knowledge which is shared by speaker and hearer in
understanding their utterances.
Furthermore, Halliday and Hasan1' states that there are two notions of
context, that is the context of situation and context of culture which plays
important part in the interpretation of meaning.
Context of situation is the environment, including verbal environment
and the situation in which the text is uttered. In the novel CLEOPATRA,
Charmion uttered different second person personal address to Harmachis
because of the different situation. In some data the second person personal
address Thou is used for the speech event takes place in the Queen’s residence
the situation is formal, while in some data Harmachis uses You because the
speech event takes place outside the palace (the situation is informal).
Context of culture is the cultural background or history behind the
participants. Social stratification has a very special meaning among the
--- j
12 Leech, Geoffrey, The Principle o f Pragmatics, New York : Lang Man Grove Ltd, 1983, P 13
13
Egyptian people. Therefore, the Queen required the guests to creep before her
when they wanted to see her having the meaning that the Queen is considered
to have a higher social stratification than that of the guests.
Firth in Halliday and Hasan1" describes context of situation that
consists of:
1. The participants in the situation referred to as persons and personalities or
the statuses and roles of the participants.
2. The section of the participants referred to what they are doing, including
their verbal action and non-verbal action.
3. The relevant situation referred to ihe surrounding object and events.
4. The effects of the verbal action referred to the changes were brought by
the participants.
In spoken language, the function of context is to help speaker and
hearer in delivering and receiving meanings of utterances. It has an important
role in determining the meaning of language. For example, the utterance: oh
dear! has various meanings. It can be interpreted as an utterance for pity (the
same as oh, my God!) or an exclamation pointed to a person being laved. It is
quite important to see its context to determine what is meant be the utterance.
F. Speech Event
Speech event is often described as moment in which people interact
and communicate in certain time, certain place and certain situation. For 14
example in markets, people meet each other and do bargaining through
communication.
In written language, such as words, stories, scripts etc, speech event
occurs among the characters through certain context. For example in the novel
CLEOPATRA , when Harmachis is talking to the under world, denotes the
speech event although by monologue (because the other people can not see it).
Speech event rather differs from speech act, which according to
Ibrahim refers to the utterance that imply actions1' . However, both speech
event and speech act cover the important of sociolinguistics as the approach to
indicate the language variation. Through this method, language is examined to
discover how it is adopted, what is the forms and functions and how it can be
changed as the different culture and different social context. The purpose of
the study is finding the systematic patterning within language variation.
G. Dell Hymes’ components of speech events
Hymes15 16 identifies complete components of speech events, which
consist of two major factors, namely language factors and social factors.
There are eight components of speech events in the form of the
letters S P E A K I N G . The components can be grouped together in relation
to the eight letters without great difficulty. To make the set of component
mnemonically convenient, the letters of the term S P E A K I N G can be used.
15 Ibrahim, Abd. Syukur, Kajian Tindak Tutur, Surabaya:Usaha Nasional, 1993, page 213
15
(S): SETTING OR SCENE: setting refers to the time and place of a
speech event and, in general, to the physical circumstances. It is one of the
most important social factors that affect the choice of words such as the use of
use of personal address.
(P): PARTICIPANTS: it refers to the addresser/speaker and
addressee/listener/audience (hearer, or receiver). Participants play an
important role in affecting language use. The language use is different
between student-teacher, king/queen-his/her subject and so forth. Role -
relationship.
(E): ENDS: it refers to the goal, or purpose of the conversation,
whether it is to persuade, to discuss, to inform, or to chit-chat, etc. the purpose
of speaking in which a conversation is held, has an essential part in affecting
one’s choice of language. Cleopatra (the Queen of Amahagger people), in the
novel CLEOPATRA chose the word ye instead of you to express her anger
when Cleopatra spoke to her men . •»
(A): ART CHARATERISTICS: The form and the content of what is
said or the topics of a conversation. It deals with what the characters talk
about.
(K): KEY: the tone or manner in which an act is done. It refers to the
feeling, atmosphere, and attitude in which the conversation occurs. Tone refers
to the general spirit of the scene. Such as brave, fearful, and fierce. Manner
refers to participant’s way of behavior towards other, whether it is polite,
refers to emotions indicating happiness, terror, anxiety, shock, desperation,
anger, irony, uncertainty, frustration, etc. Atmosphere refers to the feeling that
affects the mind in a place or condition, such, as good, evil, etc. Attitude refers
to the participation refers to the participant’s way of thinking and behaving
towards a situation whether it is sympathetic, optimistic, pessimistic, serious,
bitter, etc.
(1): INSTRUMENTALITY: it is the form of speech, such as dialects,
turn taking, sequencing, behaviors that accompany speech events etc.
(N): NORM: it is a rule of interaction, such as adjacency pairs, turn
taking, sequencing, behaviors that accompany speech events etc.
(G): GENRE: it is types of speech events or speech categories, such as
lecture, language game, prayer, tale, daily language, novel, letters, myth,
proverb, riddle, poetry, advertisement, oration, etc.
In this research, the researcher will only cover certain components that
are suitable for the data researched namely setting (S), participant (P), end (E),
art form (A), and keys (K). The setting (S) will show when and where the
speech events take place. The participant (P) will show who are the speaker
and hearer involved in a conversation. The ends (E) will show the participants’
goal or purpose of their conversation, and the art form (A) will show what is
being talked about. Moreover, the keys (K) will show the participants’ mood
17
H. Related Research
This research does not stand by itself. The researcher also used other
resources as references. Therefore, there are some researches which relate to
this research. The other researches explored were intended to get more
knowledge on Dell Hymes’ Ethnography of Speaking Factors and Terms of
Address Theory. Both related researches use Sociolinguistic approach. Those
related researches are as follows:
1. Ambar Pujiyanto, entitled “The Use of English Commands in a Drama
Entitled “The Crucible by Arthur Miller”.
2. Sri Mumi Endrawati, entitled “A Study of the Main Characters’ Address
Terms toward Each Other and Their social Factors in Henrik Ibsen’s A
Doll’s House”.
The differences between those researches above and this one lie on the
research focus.
Ambar Pujiyanto’s research focuses on the English commands based •«
on the constructions namely the English commands without subject, the
English command with subject, the English commands with vocative, the
English commands with will and the English commands with let. Those
English commands then are analyzed according to sociolinguistic aspects.
While Sri Mumi Endrawati’s research focuses on the address terms used by
the main characters towards each other, the types of terms of address used by
the main characters, and the social factors influencing the use of the address
person personal address, in what situations the second person personal address
are used, and then tries to find out what sociolinguistic factors affect the use of
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of Research
In this research, the researcher used library research and followed the
procedure as stated by Sutnsno Hadi1', the researcher collects the data, then
classifies them, analyzes them, and finally draws a conclusion about the data..
In relevance to Sutrisno Hadrs statement, Moleong states16 17, that qualitative
research will produce either written or oral data description from the objects
researched.
B. Data
Based on statement18 19 about characteristic, namely; characteristic is all
of dialogues to whom the facts obtained will be generalized, the researcher
took 58 speech events using the second person personal address as characters
found in the novel CLEOPATRA. Those characters constitute the data. From
those data the researcher took 9 samples to be analyzed in accordance with
certain purposes. Therefore, the proper sampling technique for this research
was purposive sampling technique as stated by Sunamo1' that it is used to
reach certain purpose as the final target.
16 Hadi, Sutrino, op.cit, Page 3 j 17 Moleong, Lexy J., Metodologi Penelitian Kwalitatif Jakarta:Depdjkbud, 1998 18 Hadi, sutrino, op. cit, Page 70
19 Sunarto, Gatot, Metode Penelitian, BPK Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, 1997, Page 38
C. Source of Data
The data source of this research was taken from a novel entitled
CLEOPATRA written by H. Rider Haggard in 1886, which was first published
by the Penguin Popular Classics Group, England in 1887.
The novel consists of 196 pages with 58 speech events using the
second person personal address you, thou, ye (subjective case); you, thee, ye
(objective case); and yowr, thy, thine (possessive case).
D. Technique of Collecting Data
The following were the steps done by the researcher in collecting the
data.
1. Reading the novel entitled CLEOPATRA by Ryder Haggard and then
trying to understand it thoroughly. Next, looking for all of the speech
events using the second person personal address which consisting of the
subjective case, the objective case, and the possessive case, and then
entering those data into the data card. Then, each card consisted of one
datum only. The next step was classifying the data accordingly.
2. Giving code to the data according to the number of the data, the case, the
page and the chapter.
21
The explanation:
01 represents the number of the data.
015-017 represents the page in which the speech event
exists.
1 represents the book of the novel
I represents the chapter of the novel
S-O-P represents Subject-Object-Possessive included in the
speech event.
E. Technique of Analyzing the Data
After collecting the data, the researcher analvzed them by way of
seeing (a), ‘who’, (b). to whom’ based on social class and age. After that, the
researcher analyzed (c). ‘what’, (d). ‘how’, (e). ‘why’, (f) ‘when’, (g). ‘where’,
and see, in what kind of situation the conversations were taking place. Clark20 21,
who developed method of collecting information, 5W+1H, said that this
method which is usually employed in communication covers all needed main
information for constructing the context.
Furthermore, Trudgill claimed that language is not simply a means
of communicating information, it is also a very important means of
establishing and maintaining relationships with other people. Thus, language
has a very important role in society: first, the role played by language in
conveying information about the speaker, and second, the function of
language in establishing and maintaining social relationship. In short, the data
were analyzed according to the sociolinguistic approach.
a. Who
Who is the one who is talking to someone else. It could be male or female.
It could be the one who came from low, middle, or high-class of society. It
could be the younger person to the older or vice verso.
b. To Whom
It has to do with the one who is being talked to. It could be male or female.
It could be the one who came from high, middle, or low class society. It
could be the younger person to the older or vice versa.
c. What
What is concerned with the topic of the conversation.
d. How
How shows the way the interlocutors in the speech events express the
feeling or emotion.
e. Why
It is about the reason of making the conversation
f. When
When expresses the time or situation the speech events are made
g. Where
It is the place the speech events take place
At last, in order to get the answer of the research objectives, the
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS
In this chapter, the researcher will firstly presents a synopsis of story
of Cleopatra in order to make the reader understand about the analysis much
clearer. Secondly, the researcher will explore the analysis found in the novel.
And the last, there will be a brief discussion in relation to which situation and
what kind of relationship that affect the type of communication.
A. Biography of the Author
Henry Rider Haggard22 was bom in West Bradenham Hall, Norfolk, as
the eight son of William Haggard, a barrister and a country squire, and Ella
(Doventon) Haggard, an amateur writer. In his childhood, the young Henry
Rider was seen as the family dunce by his father. Haggard was not sent to a
good public school like his brothers, but he was educated at a London day-
school, although privately, and Ipswich Grammar School. After failing the
army entrance, Haggard went in 1875 to Natal as a secretary to Sir Henry
Bulwer, Governor of Natal colony. In 1877 he joined the staff of the special
commissioner. Next year he became Master and Registrar of the High Court in
the Transvaal.
22 http .Vuvwv. kiriasto.sci. fi,-'haggard, htm
During his years in Africa, Haggard had an affair with an African
woman and got acquainted with the Zulu culture. Especially he admired the
individual prowess of their warriors: "When death comes, he meets it without
fear, and goes to the spirits of his fathers boldly, as a warrior should."
Although Haggard himself had been brought up to believe in the superiority of
European culture and the Christian religion, he did not condemn the
polygamic system of the Zulus, writing that "the Zulu women are much
attached to the custom, nor would they as a general rule consent to marry a
man who only proposed taking one wife."
After Haggard returned to England, he married in 1880 a Norfolk
heiress, Mariana Louisa Margitson. They moved to Transvaal to Haggard's
ostrich farm. When Transvaal had to be ceded to the Dutch, they went back to
England, where Haggard continued his law studies. The death of his son in
1891 was a deep blow for him. Haggard was admitted to the bar in 1884, but
showed little interest in practicing his profession - he had other plans.
After retiring to a Norfolk country house, Haggard devoted himself
into writing. He had earlier published a study of contemporary African history.
His first books, DAWN (1884) and THE WITCH'S TALE (1884), were
undistinguished. At the age of thirty-four, Haggard had become a household
name. He published one to three books a year, in which the setting ranged
from Iceland to the South Seas. Haggard also tried his hand in several forms
of the novel: psychological such as MR. MEESON'S WILL, historical such as
25
During his career, he wrote over 40 books, many of which have been made
into films including CLEOPATRA.
Between 1912 and 1917 he traveled extensively as a member of the
Dominions Royal Commission. Haggard was an expert on agricultural and
social conditions in England and on colonial migration. In 1912 he was
knighted for his government services and was later appointed Knight
Commander of the British Empire. Haggard died in London, on May 14, 1925.
B. Synopsis of the Story
This begins with an unnamed European doctor visiting a tomb at
Aydos, with a band of Arabs led by Ali. Ali had told the doctor about the tomb
(which he had robbed), and that were was a coffin yet untouched. They
discover the coffin, and observe that the body looks as though it has moved
after being placed in the coffin. The doctor partially unwrapped it, and this
reinforces his impression. He discovers the papyrus of which rest of the story
is the translation - completed subsequently in London by a qualified
archaeologist.
Harmachis, son of Amenemhat, hereditary high priest of Temple of
Sethi was bom at Abouthis, later Abydos (where Osiris was buried), on the
same day as Cleopatra, in reign of Pharaoh Ptolemy Auletes (the Piper). His
(unnamed) mother, who died the same day, prophesised that Harmachis would
become pharaoh, and sweep the Macedeonian line from the throne.
the oath that cannot be broken that they will not reveal what has been
prophesized. However, Atoua, who had been nurse to his mother and now
assumed that role for her son, has difficulty keeping quiet. She tells her
daughter, whose husband tells a friend - who is a spy of pharaoh’s.
Greek guards are sent to kill Harmachis, lest the prophecy be fulfilled.
Their boat runs aground, and before they come ashore a local farmer and
overseer of canals runs to the Temple of Sethi to warn them. Amanemhat is
away, visiting the Valley of the Kings. The overseer sees a child, of
approximately the same age as Harmachis, asking whose it is. It is Atoua’s
grandson. The overseer simply says to her, “woman, thou knowest thy duty,
do it!”, and Atoua swaps children. The guards kill her grandson. The parents
return and are not very please, but Amenemhat, who now also returns,
arranges for them to be seized in the night and convey to the secret chambers
of the temple, and they are never heard from again.
It is now put about that Harmachis is the grandson of Atoua, adopted
by Amenemhat in place of his own son. He is taught the usual priestly
knowledge - though he does also go out and kill a lion at at 17, against the
wishes of his father. His father who now tells him that he is indeed his own
son, and that it is foreseen that he will pharaoh - but not yet will the plan be
put into effect, since he cannot be trusted yet (though Ptolemy is just recently
deceased). Amenemhat and Harmachis are the only descendants of the pre -
27
Ochus the Persian), and throughout Egypt (or Khem as it is generally called)
people were already swearing allegiance to him who would be revealed.
Harmachis prays to Isis, for he is to be dedicated to the service if her in
particular, and a lotus blossom floats into his hand. He takes this as an omen.
Harmachis is sent to his uncle Sepa, high priest of the Temple of Ra at
On (Helipolis, or Annu el Ra), for further education. On the way, he stopped
at Memfi, where he say Apis, the Ptah in the form of a bull, who bowed down
to him in front of a select group of high priests and nobles.
He spends 5 years at On, studying religion, astronomy, magic, dreams,
Greek and Latin languages, history, politics, etc. Cleopatra is now queen.
Harmachis now travels from Annu to Abouthis. After three month initiation
into the mysteries of the gods he is ordained (if such is the term) as a priest of
Isis. Because he is to be high priest of Isis - and is pretender to the throne
(Amenemhat has always given his place up), he is permitted to commune with
Isis, being left in the holy of holies overnight (the priest of Isis who initiates
him says that he himself has not undergone this test, and that during his
lifetime only three have dare it - only one survived the night).
Harmachis sees Isis in Amenti (the underworld). She tells him that if
he succeeds he will sit upon the throne of Egypt and restore her ancient
worship in its purity (for the Macedonians were somewhat lax), but that if he
fails then Isis would become but a memory in Egypt. She won’t be drawn on
his heart’s purity. She does say that if he should fail heavy indeed shall be his
punishment, both in the flesh and in Amenti - though not eternally.
He is now crowned pharaoh in a secret ceremony in the Temple of
Sethi at Abouthis, with 37 nobles - some from every nome, and all the High
Priests in attendance. He travels to Alexandria to carry out the plan - of which
he knows little as yet.
He meets Sepa, who has gone on before to make preparation, and
Charmion, his 20-year-old niece, who is serving woman to Cleopatra, and
despite her relative youth principal architect of the conspiracy. Harmachis
observes Cleopatra in a procession, and he attracts her notice by defeating a
Nubian guard in a fight, after the guard hits a woman in the street (while
clearing the route for the queen). It is arranged through Charmion that
Harmachis, in the guise of an astrologer, will have an audience.
Harmachis does the usual rod into snake trick (which as Cleopatra
said, any roadside conjurer could do - though I doubt they could now), but
then makes it multiple until the room is seething with snakes. He then reads
the meaning of a dream Cleopatra has had (about Julius Caesar), then calls up
Caesar’s spirit. He is hired on the spot as court astrologer and magician - in -
chief.
Arrangements are made for risings through Egypt, the signal being the
death of Cleopatra, whom Harmachis is to dispatch, using his role as
astrologer to get close to her. Unfortunately, he doesn’t particularly like the
29
fallen in love with her cousin, though Harmachis is oblivious to this. He is
jealous of Cleopatra - whom she already hates as the hereditary foe of their
family - as she sees that Harmachis is falling pray to her attractions.
Atoua arrives from Abouthis with a message form Amenemhat,
warning that he has foreseen a great danger overhanging Harmachis, and that
if he holds fast to his duty he will prosper. The night of the assassination
arrives. Rebels, led by Sepa, await outside the palace, Paulus, the Roman
captain of the gate, has been bribed to leave them open. All is ready, and it just
awaits the signal - Harmachis stabbing Cleopatra. He enters the waiting the
waiting room. Charmion, who is indispensable to Cleopatra, goes to seek
permission for Harmachis to enter. She is an unusually long time, but finally
returns to bid Harmachis enter the Queen’s chamber.
The ostensible reason for visiting Cleopatra was because she had asked
him to prepare some astrological predictions. He showed her the results, and
the idea was that he would stab her as she read. But she only pretends to read,
and it is obvious that she has something on her mind. She plays with him, as a
cat would a mouse, and in the end makes him admit that he loves her, and to
drink a toast - which is of course drugged. He awakes next morning in his
own chamber in the palace, to see the corpse of Paulus on the floor, with
Harmachis’ own dagger - that which he was to stab Cleopatra - in his heart.
There is a note attached, saying something like “thus die all traitors”.
Harmachis is a prisoner in his own rooms. Cleopatra visits him
regularly, deliberately entwining him into her snare. As he is told later by
Charmion, she was afraid to have him killed, because of the strength of the
party attached to him, so preferred to shame him and win him over.
The conspirators have all be captured — thanks to a list of them which
Harmachis had in his robe. But Cleopatra promises to spare them — though
again the reason is for fear of the strength of the party. Most end up in the
desert mines. Sepa has disappeared.
Meanwhile, Quintus Dellius, an envoy of Antony, arrives. He delivers
a blunt summons to Cleopatra to come to Cilicia to answer charges to
conspiring with enemies of Rome. Cleopatra tells Harmachis that she has no
choice by to submit, because the treasury is empty and they cannot afford to
wage war on Antony. She insinuates that if they had the money they could
defy Antony, and the rest of the Romans.
Cleopatra knows that Harmachis, as High Priest of Isis, has the secret
of the fabled secret treasury of the Pharaohs. He warns her that this can only
be touched if the need of Egypt justifies it, for to touch the treasure for
improper or insufficient reason would incur the curse of Pharaoh Menka-ra, eh
who laid it up.
Cleopatra, Harmachis, and a small following, sail to the pyramids. The
others wait at the Nile, while the first two, with a single eunuch, approach the
pyramids. They enter the third pyramids through a secret doorway, whose clue
31
opened by those knowing the location of the hidden locks. Finally they reach a
pit, which they must be lowered into. The eunuch stays behind - because it is
not lawful that he should enter there. The chamber at the bottom of the pit is
the burial chamber of Menka-ra. There is an inscription left by a pharaoh
hundreds of years earlier, saying that he had entered the tomb, but decided that
his need was not sufficient to risk incurring the curse. Indeed, Harmachis tells
Cleopatra that three pharaohs, to his knowledge (according to the secret
archives of the High Priests), had sought the treasure, but taken it not.
They open the sarcophagus, and there lies the body of Menka-ra,
already buried 3.000 years at this time. There is an inscription which related
how, being rich beyond is needs, he had thought to lay aside treasure against
the future need of Egypt. To this end he had purchased from throughout the
known world the most valuable emeralds - being the most portable treasure.
But he warned that if anyone other than the Pharaoh took the treasure, or even
if a pharaoh took it but without sufficient need, then they were accursed.
Cleopatra is somewhat frightened by the curse, but at the mention of
emeralds her mind was made up. The jewels are hidden in Menka-ra body.
They unwrap it, and Cleopatra plunges her knife into his chest. At this point
they thought they heard a scream from the galleries above them, but proceed
regardless. The body contains 148 large and flawless emeralds, and two huge
pearls. They quickly gather these up and leave the tomb, having put Menka -
The eunuch is missing. They find his body further down the passage.
He has evidently died of fright, and there is a huge bat hanging from his chin.
Cleopatra and Harmachis flee past him, and out into the outer world. They
return to Alexandria.
Harmachis now expects Cleopatra to publicly reject the summons of
Antony, and to declare that she was to marry Harmachis. To his horror, she
announces that she will travel to Cicilia to meet Antony, and says nothing
about marriage. He subsequently learns that Charmion has persuaded her to
this course of action, since she had intended doing as she promised
Harmachis. But Charmion was too jealous to have welcomed Cleopatra
marrying Harmachis, even though he would not marry her, to whom she was
merely a friend.
At a private audience after the Court, Harmachis tries to rebuke
Cleopatra, who then summons guards to arrest him. Although weaponless,
Harmachis kills three of the four guards, and is this overpowered by Brennus,
the Captain of the Guard, who hits him on the head. Charmion pleads for him
to be spared, a does Brennus, who is impressed by his killing his men.
Harmachis is seriously ill, but is nursed by Charmion. He is now told
that he will accompany Cleopatra to Tarsus, to see Antony. They make the
journey in a large fleet of vessels. Cleopatra entertains on a lavish scale, in a
palace set aside for her use. When Antony made some reference to the cost,
Cleopatra dissolved one of the two pearl’s from Menka-ra treasure in s goblet
33
banquets and announce the hours - being an astrologer - is moved to
embellish his announcement: “The hour falls - the hour of the coming of the
curse of Menka-ra” Entertaining enemies of Egypt would hardly qualify as a
worthy use of the secret treasure. Harmachis has - unwittingly - been implicit
in the theft.
Charmion now warns Harmachis that Cleopatra has decided to have
him strangled - indeed he has taken to Tarsus to be quietly murdered (and
because it wasn’t safe to leave him in Egypt). She arranges for him to escape
to Egypt in the guise of a Syrian merchant. But before he goes she confesses
that she herself had betrayed the conspiracy through jealousy, and so betrayed
the cause to which she had been brought up, and broken the oath that cannot
be broken. She asks him to kill her, which he declines to do on the grounds
that there might still be a chance of vengeance against Cleopatra, and that she
would be need at court for this purpose, and because he too had broken his
oath - by not killing Cleopatra, and by revealing to her the secret of the
treasure of Menka - ra.
Harmachis passes the palace guards in disguise, though Brennus
recognizes him and allows him to pass because he is fond of him - indeed, he
had earlier suggested to Harmachis that he accompany him back to Rome,
where he would like to see him marry his niece, and settle down.
The ship carrying Harmachis to Alexandria is caught in a storm. The
sailors think Harmachis is a wizard, since he does not fear the storm, and
drown). Sure enough, he climbs onto some driftwood and watches from
relative safety while ship sinks.
He is washed ashore on Cyprus, where he assumes the identity of
Olympus, an Egyptian traveler (since he saw the mountain shortly before the
ship sank). His leg is badly broken, and he lives with the simple fisherman for
some six months. But they fear him somewhat - as all do know - because of
his aspect of detached calm.
Harmachis feels that he is being drawn back to Egypt, so leaves
Cyprus in secret, taking passage as a sailor. He makes his way to Abouthis.
The Temple of Sethi is disserted, weeds grow on the pavements. He enters the
house of the High Priest, where is father, Amenemhat, is seated. He is blind,
but knows that Harmachis has come - as he summoned him using the powers
which remained to him as high priest.
Amenemhat tells Harmachis that Cleopatra has scattered the priests of
Sethi, and forbidden the holding of services at the temple. He tells him that
Sepa had died at the hands of the tortures, and that the vengeance of the gods
had fallen upon him (Harmachis) because of his weakness. He dies, but before
doing so calls upon Harmachis to revenge himself and the conspirators on
Cleopatra, and that he has hidden the majority of his wealth as High Priest to
aid him in this - the rest of the money having been seized by Cleopatra when
she closed the temple.
Atoua, now 86 years old now arrives, the sole attendant on the High
35
he has murdered Amenemhat, but she is soon undeceived. Harmachis decides
upon desperate measures, so uses the “word of fear” to summon Isis from the
underworld. She appears in the Temple, but forebears to condemn him for
betraying her trust. He asks her to kill him, but as she said, if he was tired on
shame, humiliation and fears of this world, how would he endure the torments
of the next. She however tells him that he will no longer see her, though she
would be always present. She told him that there was the possibility of
atonement, but warned him that the way would be hard. Isis also tells him to
await the signal to slay Cleopatra.
After the funeral rites of Amenemhat were concluded - which
Harmachis attended in secret, lest he be seized by the priests and condemned
to what Atoua called the “death by the waxen cloth”, Harmachis and Atoua
leave for Thebes (Tape). They take up residence in the Valley of the Kings, in
the tomb of Rameses III, where they live for 8 years. Harmachis spends his
time meditating, and also acquires some fame as a physician and astrologer -
under the name Olympus, for he dared not use his real name.
Cleopatra herself heard of the fame of the hermit, and sought counsel.
This Harmachis readily gave, always counselling her, and Antony, to their
loss. He then sees a vision of his father Amenemhat, who tells him “Arise, my
son! The hour of vengeance is at hand!” The next day a messenger arrives
from Cleopatra, asking in no uncertain terms for him to come. Harmachis, and
Harmachis, in the guise of the astrologer Olympus, finds himself in a
similar position to when he first arrived in Alexandria 9 years ago - though
even Charmion does not recognize him until he reveals himself to her. She is
still the principle attendant on Cleopatra, and has patiently awaited his
coming.
Antony and Cleopatra are besieged by Octavianus. The Egyptians are
not overly keen to help Cleopatra, who they disliked as a Greek, and who had
allied herself with the the Romans. Under pretence of seeking troops from the
nomes, Olympus secretly worked to have them fall away from Cleopatra
(which he could do easily enough once he had revealed his status as a high
priest - though to none did he reveal his name).
Antony stabs himself, after failing to persuade his servant to kill him.
He makes a poor job of it, and Harmachis reveals himself to Antony before he
expires.
Cleopatra asks Olympus / Harmachis to prepare a strong poison for her
use - after trying out various poisons on half a dozen servants. As they await
the arrival of the troops of Octavianus, which will be the signal for Cleopatra
to take poison, she tells Olympus / Harmachis about the plot of 9 years ago.
Harmachis uses his powers to summon what appears to be his spirit to
frighten Cleopatra. The serving woman Iras, a Greek, takes some of the poison
to show Cleopatra that it will work - it finishes her quickly. But Harmachis /
Olympus waters down Cleopatra’s dose, so that she is paralysed. He then
37
“the curse of Menka-ra hath fallen”, and summons the spirits of the dead to
carry Cleopatra’s spirit away. A huge bat, just like that from the pyramid, also
comes - the spirit of Menka - ra. There is not an asp in sight.
Charmion and Harmachis, the only one is now alive in the chamber,
lay out Cleopatra on her couch. Charmion asks Harmachis if they follow by
the same road - pointing to the poison - but he replies that he “flies to a
heavier death”. Charmion takes the (undiluted) poison.
He leaves the tomb where Cleopatra has been living, and finds Atoua.
Once she knows that vengeance is, complete she dies, having as she said only
lived that it might be accomplished - she must have been 95.
Harmachis now travels swiftly to Abouthis, on a boat he had made
ready, arriving in time for the annual gathering of all the High Priests from
across Egypt. The worship in the Temple of Sethi has been restored -
Charmion had persuaded Cleopatra to relent, though she did not restore the
treasure she had taken.
Harmachis asks to be lead before the Council of High Priests, which
they grant since he says he has news from Alexandria. He tells them Cleopatra
is dead - at which news they are pleased -- and says that it is at his hands. He
reveals himself to be Harmachis. Some five of the High Priests present where
present 11 years earlier when he was secretly crowned pharaoh. HE tells them
all that has happened, and asks that they confirm the doom which has fallen
upon him. They do so, after having first asked, “mindest thou of the doom of
Charmion’s role, and that he had been tricked by Cleoratra, which might have
made a difference. He is lead away.
The story ends with him writing his memoirs as he waits in the prison
cell atop a pylon of the temple - of which was hereditary high priest. He has
waited some months, presumably so that the tomb may be made ready for him
(it is in fact that of his father Amenemhat, as we learnt in the prologue). The
manuscript ends as though he is interrupted by the entry of the priests come to
carry him away to the tomb.
C. Analysis
In analyzing the data, I will present in the following :
1. Data number : 01/019-020/1 /II/S-0-P
The Analysis of Second Person Personal Address : You/S-You/O-You/P
39
TO WHOM
The spy was talking to young Harmachis and Atoua.
WHEN
He was talking to Harmachis after Harmachis’s men killed the lion
WHERE
He was talking to Harmachis at the edge of the canal.
WHAT
He was talking about Harmachis bravery but rather fool too.
HOW
The Spy was talking softly with flat feeling.
C. Finding
Based on social stratification, ‘you’ was uttered by different level of
interlocutors, having distant relation and in an informal situation. The
speech event happened at the edge of canal, talking about the young
Harmachis’s bravery and the emotion was neutral.
2. Data number : 02/039/1/VI/S-O-P
The Analysis of Second Person Personal Address : Ye/S-You/O-You/P
A. Data Presentation
A change came over the dream. Still the same fair city, but other men - meet with greed and evil on their faces-who hatted the bonds of righteous doing, and set their hearts on sin.
“Ye know not the what Ye asked,” he cried “but as Ye will, so it be it! For if I die, by me, after much travail, shall Ye once again find a path to the kingdom of God!”
Even as he spoke, a form, foul and hideous to be hold...
B. Data Analysis
WHO
Based on social stratification and age, the speech was uttered by a
stranger, Harmachis called him the Glorious figure
TO WHOM
The man was talking to many people in crowd
WHEN
He was talking to them in one evening
WHERE
The glorious figure was talking to the people at the banks of Sihov
WHAT
The Glorious Figure was talking about calling to prayer
HOW
He was talking calmly, no anger, in contrast the people were shouting
loudly.
C. Finding
Based on social stratification and age, Ye was uttered by the same level of
interlocutors, having close relation and in a informal situation. The speech
41
the people for praying and the emotion was changing from anger to
neutral.
3. Data number : 03/048/1 /VII/S-0-P
The Analysis of Second Person Personal Address : You/S-You/O-You/P
A. Data Presentation
He paused, and my uncle Sepa, rising from his chair, spoke “We have made examination of the records and there is none, O Amenemhat. He is the Royal blood, his descent is true.
“Is there any among you went on my father” who can deny that this royal Harmachis, by sanction of the every Gods, has been gathered to Isis, been shown the way of the Osivis, been admitted to be the hereditary High
Amenemhat was talking to all audience (the old priest, uncle Sepa, prince
of Memphis, etc).
WHEN
He was talking to the audience at night when Harmachis was just baptized.
WHERE
WHAT
He was talking about possibilities of anyone who wanted to deny or
against the existence of Prince Harmachis
HOW
He was talking to the audience with the flat feeling, with a slight sense of
warning.
C. Finding
Based on social stratification, ‘you’ was uttered by different level of
interlocutors, having distant relation and in a formal situation. The speech
event happened in the Great Temple of Abouthis, talking about denial of
Harmachis’s crown, and the emotion was neutral.
4. Data number : 04/067/2/III/S-0-P
The Analysis of Second Person Personal Address . Thou/S-Thee/O-Thy/P
A. Data Presentation
Her breath come quick, she raised her arms as though to ward away a blow, then with a stifled moan sat up and opened in windows of her eyes...
“Caesarion?”she said, “where is my son Caesarion? Was it then a dream? I dreamed that Julius-Juiius who is dead- came to me, a bloody bog a wrapped about his face... then I dreamed I died-died in blood and agony... Ah! Who is that man?”
“Peace, madam! Peace!” said Charmion. “It is but the magician Harmachis, whom thou didst bid me bring to thee at this hour."
B. Data Analysis
WHO
Based on social stratification and age, the speech was uttered by
Charmion, Cleopatra’s maid.
TO WHOM
Charmion was talking to Cleopatra, the Egypt’s Queen.
WHEN
She was talking to Cleopatra in one night when she awoke from a
nightmare.
WHERE
She was talking to Cleopatra in the Queen’s room.
WHAT
Charmion was talking to Cleopatra, was explaining that Harmachis was
the man whose magic came to Cleopatra’s dream.
HOW
Charmion was talking to Cleopatra with the feeling of peace and respect.
C. Finding
Based on social stratification, the speech was uttered by the different level
of interlocutors, having distant relation and in an informal situation. The
speech event happened in Cleopatra’s room, talking about Harmachis’s
whose magic interfered Cleopatra’s dream, and the emotion was slowly 43
