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Errors in direct-indirect speech made by the second year Senior High School students of A1 program of SMAK PETRA III Surabaya - Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya Repository

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I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of t h e S t u d y

Language i s n o t a knowledge, b u t

i t

i s a s e t o f s k i l l s , t h e r e f o r e l e a r n i n g a l a n g u a g e means l e a r n i n g t h e s e s k i l l s . They a r e l i s t e n i n g , s p e a k i n g , r e a d i n g and w r i t i n g . A l l t h e s e l a n g u a g e s k i l l s a r e g i v e n t o SMA s t u d e n t s i n I n d o n e s i a t o be a c h i e v e d when t h e y a r e t a u g h t E n g l i s h

a t

s c h o o l and t h i s i s b a s e d on 1 9 8 4 E n g l i s h c u r r i c u l u m .

I n o r d e r t o g e t a l l t h o s e l a n g u a g e s k i l l s , grammar as one o f t h e l s n g u a g e components s h o u l d be a c h i e v e d by

s t u d e n t s . T h i s i s i n l i n e w i t h what P a u l s t o n s a y s i n h i s book t h a t grammar p e r m e a t e s a l l l a n g u a g e s k i l l s .

S i n c e gramnar i s c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e b a s i c e l e n e n t o f a c h i e v i n g t h o s e l a n g u a g e s k i l l s , E n g l i s h t e a c h e r s emphasize o n t h e t e a c h i n g o f grammar more t h a n t h e t e a c h i n g o f o t h e r components s u c h as s o u n d s and

v o c a b u l a r i e s . t h e f a c t i s t h a t many s t u d e n t s w i t h t h e t h r e e y e a r s e x p e r i e n c e o f i n s t r u c t i o n i n E n g l i s h a t

C h r i s t i n a E. P a u l s t o n

,

T e a c h i n g E n a l i s h as a Second T e c h n i a u e s and P r o c e d u r e s , Cambridge,

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t h e h c v e c o n s i d e r a b l e d i f f i c u l t y i n t h e E n g l i s h g r a n m a r . Most o f them s t i l l show p o o r r e s u l t s o n

t h e i r E n g l i s h t e s t s . T h i s c a n b e s e e n from t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e i r E n g l i s h f i n a l t e s t s on

It i s t r u e t h a t t h e s y s t e m o f E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e s y s t e m o f I n d o n e s i a n l a n g u a g e ,

t h e r e f o r e t h e e x i s t i n g d i f f e r e n c e s a r e o b v i o u s l y a f o r I n d o n e s i a n s t u d e n t s .

S i n c e t h e i t e m s t a u g h t a t t h e SMA c o v e r a r a n g e , t h e w r i t e r t h e n c h o o s e s t h e D i r e c t - I n d i r e c t S p e e c h a s t h e f o c u s o f h e r s t u d y .

The D i r e c t - I n d i r e c t S p e e c h i s f r e q u e n t l y u s e d i n c o n v e r s a t i o n s a n d i n And t h e w r i t e r h a s c h o s e n

t o p i c b e c a u s e l e a r n i n g D i r e c t - I n d i r e c t S p e e c h n e e d s t h e s t u d e n t s ' m a s t e r y o f v a r i o u s k i n d s o f t e n s e s ,

t o - i n f i n i t i v e s , noun c l a u s e s a n d o r d e r . E e c a u s e i n l e a r n i n g t h e D i r e c t - S p e e c h , t h e w r i t e r t h r o u g h t h i s s t u d y , i s

b e a b l e t o t h e o f e r r o r s t h e .

s t u d e n t s make i n u s i n g D i r e c t - I n d i r e c t S p e e c h , a n d from o n e p o i n t , t h a t i s t h e D i r e c t - I n d i r e c t S p e e c h ,

c a n many o f E n g l i s h

s u c h as v a r i o u s k i n d s o f t e n s e s , p r o n o u n s , word o r d e r , i c f i n i t i v e s a n d noun c l a u s e s .

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h e r p r a c t i c e - t e a c h i n g i n t h e w r i t e r o b s e r v e s t h a t

many s t u d e n t s s t i l l make m i s t a k e s i n d o i n g w r i t t e n

e x e r c i s e s on D i r e c t - I n d i r e c t Speech a l t h o u g h t h e D i r e c t -

I n d i r e c t Speech h a s b e e n g i v e n and e x p l a i n e d t o them.

A l l t h e s e e r r o r s a n d many o t h e r s have made t h e w r i t e r c u r i o u s t o what t h e t r o u b l e s o m e e l e m e n t

o f D i r e c t - I n d i r e c t Speech a r e a n d why s t u d e n t s make s u c h

e r r o r s .

1 . 2 The S t a t e m e n t o f t h e Problem

With r e f e r e n c e t o t h e background o f t h e s t u d y , t h e

m a j o r problem o f t h i s s t u d y i s t y p e s o f D i r e c t -

I n d i r e c t Speech p a t t e r n s a r e most f r e q u e n t l y r n i s c o n s t r u c t e d

by t h e Second Year S e n i o r High S c h o o l s t u d e n t s of

program o f SMAK P e t r a

T h a t m a j o r problem c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o t h e

sub- problems namely, Do t h e e r r o r s t h e s t u d e n t s make i n

t r a n s f o r m i n g d i r e c t i n t o i n d i r e c t s p e e c h m o s t l y b e l o n g t o :

c o n j u n c t i o n s ,

p r o n o u n s ,

v e r b s ,

( 4 )

a d v e r b s o f o r

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The O b j e c t i v e s

T h i s t h e s i s i s meant t o d e s c r i b e t h e e l e m e n t s o f D i r e c t - I n d i r e c t S p e e c h h a v e b e e n m o s t l y

x i s c o n s t r u c t e d by t h e S e c o n d Y e a r S e n i o r H i g h S c h o o l s t u d e n t s o f p r o g r a m o f S u r a b a y a .

I n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e t h a t m a j o r p r o b l e m , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o a c h i e v e t h e f o l l o w i n g s u b - o b j e c t i v e s

t o d e s c r i b e w h e t h e r e r r o r s t h e s t u d e n t s make in

t r a n s f o r m i n g d i r e c t s p e e c h i n t o i n d i r e c t s p e e c h a r e i n t h e form o f :

c o n j u n c t i o n s p r o n o u n s

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v e r b s

( 4 )

a d v e r b s o f

( 5 )

o r d e r

T h e s e o f e r r o r s w i l l t h e n b e r a n k e d t h e i r f r e q u e n c y o f a c c u r e n c e s .

The o f t h e

The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y a r e e x p e c t e d t o g i v e t h e o f E n g l i s h i n g e n e r a l ,

i t c a n b e u s e d a n t o the t o r a y more a t t e n t i o n t o t h e e r r o r s a n d o t h e r e r r o r

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and L i m i t a t i o n o f t h e S t u d s

The Second Year S e n i o r High S c h o o l s t u d e n t s o f program o f SMAK P e t r a S u r a b a y a a r e g o i n g t o be u s e d

a s t h e s u b j e c t s of s u b j e c t s

a r e g i v e n by t h e s c h o o l , and t h e w r i t e r u s e s t e s t o f D i r e c t - I n d i r e c t Speech which c o v e r s t a t e m e n t s ,

i m p e r a t i v e s a n d i n t e r r o g a t i v e s , e i t h e r q u e s t i o n s o r i n f o r m a t i o n q u e s t i o n s ; p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e forms.

Due t o t h e l i m i t e d t i m e , t h e w r i t e r d e a l s o n l y w i t h f i v e t e n s e s i n D i r e c t - I n d i r e c t Speech namely, s i m p l e

p r e s e n t , s i m p l e p a s t , p r e s e n t p r o g r e s s i v e , p r e s e n t p e r f e c t s i m p l e f u t u r e .

1 . 6

D e f i n i t i o n of t h e Terms

T h e r e a r e some t e r m s u s e d i n t h i s t h e s i s . To c l a r i f y t h e meaning o f t h e t e r m s , t h e g i v e s t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p l a n a t i o n .

1. E r r o r s

A c c o r d i n g t o C o r d e r , e r r o r r e f e r s t o t h e s y s t e m a t i c d e v i a t i o n due t o t h e s t i l l d e v e l o p i n g knowledge of t h e t a r g e t l a n g u a g e .

2 S.P. C o r d e r , The of E r r o r s

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2. E r r o r A n a l y s i s

E r r o r a n a l y s i s i s a p r o c e s s b a s e d o n a n a l y s i s o f t h e e r r o r s made by t h e S e c o n d Year S e n i o r High S c h o o l s t u d e n t s o f program o f

SMAK

P e t r a S u r a b a y a w i t h o n e c l e a r s i g n i f i c a n c e ; e v o l v i n g a s u i t a b l e and e f f e c t i v e t e a c h i n g - l e a r n i n g s t r a t e g y .

D i r e c t s p e e c h i s a s e n t e n c e a s p e a k e r s a y s o r i g i n a l l y ; t h e r e f o r e i n d i r e c t s p e e c h we t h e

o r i g i n a l u t t e r a n c e . The u t t e r a n c e t h u s r e p e a t e d i s p u t i n q u o t a t i o n marks.

The i n d i r e c t s p e e c h i s a s e n t e n c e t o we g i v e e x a c t o f a r e m a r k o r s p e e c h ; w i t h o u t u s i n g

.

s p e a k e r ' s e x a c t words. I n d i r e c t s p e e c h c a n a l s o b e

c a l l e d r e p o r t e d s p e e c h s i n c e i t r e p o r t t h e s p e e c h . S u b i e c t i v e T e s t

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