AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF MEDICAL TERMS IN A MEDICAL TEXTBOOK ENTITLED “INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY” BY LAURALEE SHERWOOD.

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Yashi Tantias Eristianingrum, 2014

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF MEDICAL TERMS IN A MEDICAL TEXTBOOK ENTITLED ಯINTRODUCTION TO HUMAN PHYSIOLOGYರ BY LAURALEE SHERWOOD

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF MEDICAL TERMS IN A MEDICAL TEXTBOOK ENTITLED ಯINTRODUCTION TO HUMAN

PHYSIOLOGYರ BY LAURALEE SHERWOOD

A RESEARCH PAPER

Submitted to the Department of English Education of FPBS of UPI in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

By:

Yashi Tantias Eristianingrum NIM 1002692

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INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION 2014

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION

PROCEDURES OF MEDICAL TERMS IN

A MEDICAL TEXTBOOK ENTITLED

͞

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN

PHYSIOLOGY

͟

BY LAURALEE

SHERWOOD

Oleh

Yashi Tantias Eristianingrum

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Oktober 2014

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Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.

YASHI TANTIAS ERISTIANINGRUM

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF MEDICAL TERMS IN A MEDICAL TEXTBOOK ENTITLED ಯINTRODUCTION TO HUMAN

PHYSIOLOGYರ BY LAURALEE SHERWOOD

Approved by:

Supervisor

Dr. Hobir Abdullah, M.Pd. NIP. 195202091977021001

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ABSTRACT

This study analyzed translation procedures of medical terms in a medical textbook entitled “Introduction to Human Physiology” by Lauralee Sherwood. The specific purposes of this study were to find out noun phrase structures in medical terms, translation procedures used in translating medical terms in noun phrase structures, and the appropriateness of medical terms translation in this medical textbook. This research employed a qualitative case study in which several steps were conducted. First, all medical terms were collected and categorized into noun phrase structures. Second, the translation of medical terms in noun phrase structures was analyzed in terms of its translation procedures by using Newmark’s theory. Third, the appropriateness of medical terms translation was obtained by questionnaire and interview. The first result showed that there were 18 types of noun phrase structures appeared in 500 medical terms. Out of 18 types of noun phrase structures, there were four dominant noun phrase structures appeared namely 168 items of Noun (33,6%), 92 items of Adjective+Noun (18,4%), 74 items of Noun+Noun (14,8%), and 66 items of Adjective Phrase+Noun (13,2%). The second result showed that there were only seven translation procedures used in translating medical terms in noun phrase structures namely Couplet, Triplet, Naturalization, Transposition, Transference, Literal, and Quadruplet. Out of seven procedures, there were four most dominant translation procedures used in translating medical terms in noun phrase structures namely Couplet (46,4%), Triplet (19,4%), Naturalization (17,8%), and Transposition (7,6%). Moreover, the third result showed that the quality of medical terms translation was “Excellent” and the medical terms translation was appropriate to the target readers. It can be concluded that the medical terms in this medical textbook were well structured. The translator of this medical textbook applied the appropriate translation procedures in translating medical terms in noun phrase structures from source language into the target language. The appropriate use of translation procedures in translating medical terms in noun phrase structures led to the excellent quality of medical terms translation in which the medical terms translation was appropriate and acceptable to the target readers. It also indicated that the translator of

“Introduction to Human Physiology” medical textbook succeeded transferring the

meaning of terms from source language (SL) into target language (TL) accurately, clearly, and naturally because he tended to avoid using Literal in order not to produce doubtful translation.

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ABSTRAK

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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF MEDICAL TERMS IN A MEDICAL TEXTBOOK

ENTITLED ಯINTRODUCTION TO HUMAN PHYSIOLOGYರ BY LAURALEE SHERWOOD Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE OF APPROVAL ... i

STATEMENT ... ii

ABSTRACT ... iii

PREFACE ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

LIST OF TABLES ... ix

LIST OF CHART ... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background ... 1

1.2 Statements of the problems ... 3

1.3 Purposes of the study ... 3

1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study ... 4

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 4

1.6 Clarification of terms ... 5

1.7 Organization of the Paper... 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 2.1 Translation... 6

2.2 The Translation Procedures... 8

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2.4 The Criteria of Good Translation ... 17

2.4 Review of Related Previous Study ... 21

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design and Methodology ... 22

3.2 Research Methods ... 24

3.2.1 Tecnique of Collecting Data ... 24

3.2.1.1 Medical Textbook ... 24

3.2.1.2 Questionnaires ... 26

3.2.1.3 Interview ... 27

3.2.2 Technique of Analyzing Data ... 28

CHAPTER IV DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis of Medical Terms in Noun Phrase ... 32

4.2 Data Presentation and Analysis of Translation Procedures in Medical Terms 38 4.2.1 Couplet ... 43

4.2.2 Triplet ... 49

4.2.3 Naturalization ... 57

4.2.4 Transposition ... 58

4.3 The Appropriateness of Medical Terms ... 61

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 66

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REFERENCE ... 70 APPENDICES

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides a brief description a whole contents of the research including background, the statement of the problems, purposes of the study, scope of the study, the significant of the study, the clarification terms, and the organization of the paper.

1.1. Background

In this world of science and technology, “there is knowledge explosion every day” (Kaur, 2005). This knowledge which is generally written in English

needs to be transmitted in various languages so that people who do not know how to speak and write the original language can get the necessary knowledge (Ibid, 2005). One of the sources of knowledge are written in English in the form of texts is textbook.

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The content of textbook as informative text gives explanation and information about the knowledge related to the particular subject to its readers. The explanation and information in the textbook can usually be supported by special terms related to the particular subject in the textbook. Moreover, the term itself ಯis a word or phrase used as the name of something, especially one connected with a particular subject or used in particular type of languageರ (Hornby, 1998, p. 127).

In order to understand the terms are written in English in the textbook,

people need translation which “typically has been used to transfer written or spoken SL texts to equivalent written or spoken TL texts” (Ordudari, 2007). In

general, the purpose of translation is “to reproduce in the receptor language (target

language) the closest natural equivalent of the message of the source language”

(Nida and Taber, 1982, p. 12) in the form of “various kinds of texts—including

religious, literary, scientific, and philosophical texts thus making them available

to wider readers” (Ordudari, 2007).

Translating special terms of particular subject in textbook is not easy because it is related to the appropriate equivalence in which “the translator has to

deal with nominal or adjectival phrases” (Vinay & Daberlnet as cited in Leonardi,

2000). Therefore, the meaning of the terms in source language has to be accurately, clearly, and naturally conveyed into the target language thus the target readers can easily understand about the meaning of the terms. Because of those

reasons, “translating special terms needs more effort and consideration in order to

avoid inappropriateness” (Suteja, 2012, p. 4). Furthermore, translating special

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misinterpreted terms.

Many researchers have conducted some studies related to the translation analysis of terms in particular subject are written in English in the textbook, for instances, philosophical terms, political terms, marketing term, biological terms, and etc. Even though those researchers have proven that most of special terms translation above are appropriately rendered into target language, however, a study of translation analysis of medical terms in a medical textbook has not been mostly conducted.

The medical terms are observed because ಯone of the most difficult hurdles to be conquered is the handling of Greek and Latin terms (medical terms)ರ (Albin, 1999) along with ಯthe rapid development of media and communication technologies has decisively contributed to the popularization of medical terms, which today form an integral part of everyday languageರ (Herget & Alegre, 2009). As that ಯthe medical terms as an integral part of everyday languageರ (Ibid, 2009), the translation of medical terms should be appropriately rendered into the target language in terms of its accuracy, clarity, and naturalness in order to avoid misinterpretation and inappropriateness that can lead to the negative implications of the use of misinterpreted medical terms. In order to fill the gap of translation analysis of medical terms, this study aims to find out the translation procedures used in translating medical terms in noun phrase structures and whether the translation of medical terms in noun phrase structures is appropriate or not.

1.2. Research Questions

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in translating medical terms in noun phrase structures and the appropriateness of medical terms in noun phrase structures in ಯIntroduction to Human Physiologyರ by Lauralee Sherwood. The problems are formulated in the following questions:

1. What are the types of noun phrase structures found in medical terms? 2. What kind of translation procedures used in translating medical terms in

noun phrase structures?

3. Is the translation of medical terms in noun phrase structures appropriate?

1.3. Purposes of the Study

Based on the background of study above, the general purpose of this study is analyzing the translation of medical terms in a medical textbook ಯIntroduction to Physiologyರ by Lauralee Sherwood. Furthermore the descriptions of specific purposes of the study are as follows:

1. To find out the types of noun phrase structures in medical terms.

2. To find out the translation procedures used in translating medical terms in noun phrase structures.

3. To find out whether the translation of medical terms in noun phrase structures is appropriate or not.

1.4. Scope of the Study

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structures is appropriate or not.

1.5. Significance of the Study

There are some contributions that this study may offer. Theoretically, this study provides some useful information that can enrich and broaden the understanding about the types of noun phrase structures, translation procedures and the knowledge of medical science especially in medical terms. Practically, this study provides additional informative input for further researchers who intend to carry on research in the same field with certain interest, English students who want to become an English-Indonesian translator, and English-Indonesian translators who want to translate special terms in particular subject in order to avoid misinterpreted and inappropriate translation of medical terms.

1.6. Clarification of the Main Terms

Translation involves the transfer of „meaning‟ contained in one set of

language signs into another set of language signs through competent use of the dictionary and grammar, the process involves a whole set of extra-linguistic criteria also (Bassnett, 1990, p. 22). Translation procedures are used to translate sentences and smaller units of language within a text.ರ (Newmark, 1988, p. 81).

Medical means relating to illness and injuries and their treatment or prevention.ರ (Collins, 2005, p. 963). Terms is a word or phrase used as the name of something, especially one connected with a particular subject or used in particular type of language.ರ (Hornby, 1998, p. 127)

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1.7. Organization of the Paper

There are five chapters in this research paper. Chapter I is Introduction: this chapters contains introduction which covers background, research questions, the purposes of the study, significance of the study, the scope of the study, clarification of terms, and organization of the paper. Chapter II is Literature Review: this chapter contains theoretical foundation which serves a set of the relevant theories as a basis for investigating the research problem, they are; the translation, translation procedures, noun phrase in English grammar, and criteria of good translation. Chapter III is Research Methodology: this chapter includes the methodological of the study, which discusses research design of the study, the source of the data, data collection, and data analysis. Chapter IV is Findings and Discussion: this chapter reports the research findings, including the analysis of the

data and also contains the researcher‟s interpretation of the result of the research.

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ENTITLED INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY BY LAURALEE SHERWOOD Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The previous chapter explains the theoretical foundation of literature review of the study. This chapter provides the methodology used in conducting this study. It contains the research method and design, technique of collecting data, and technique of analyzing data.

3.1. Research Design and Methodology

This study employed a qualitative case study. A case study typically consists of a description of an entity and the entity’s action (Murray, 2003, p. 33). He (Ibid, 2003) also states that:

Frequently, case studies also offer explanations of why the entity acts as it does. Entities that are the focus of case studies can be of various sorts, such as individuals, groups, organizations, or events. (Murray, 2003, p. 33)

A case study was chosen because this study investigated an individual who is the translator of this medical textbook. This study was aimed to gain a description toward the translator’s action (translation process) in translating the medical terms from source language into the target language.

A case study is a systematic inquiry to an event or a set of related events which aims to describe and explain the phenomenon of interest (Bromley, 1990, p. 302 as cited in Zucker, 2009). A case study was conducted because this study was aimed to make a description and explanation in analyzing the result of medical terms translation done by the translator of this medical textbook.

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and Biklen (1982, p. 58) state a case study is a detailed examination of one setting or one single subject, or one single depository of documents, or one particular event . Moreover, the case study design must have five components: the research question(s), its proportions, it unit(s) analysis, a determination of how the data are linked to the proportions and criteria to interpret the findings (Yin, 1994, p. 20). The purpose of using qualitative case study in this study was in order to find out, discover, analyze, identify, gain a vivid description of how the translator of this medical textbook translated the medical terms in noun phrase structures into the target language by using translation procedures and whether the translation of medical terms in this medical textbook is appropriate or not.

This study used qualitative methodology. Qualitative research is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter (Denzin & Lincoln, 1994, p. 2 as cited in Murray, 2003, p. 1). Moreover, they (Ibid, 1994) state as follows:

Qualitative research involves the studied use and collection of a variety of empirical materials—case study, personal experience, introspective, life story, interview, observational, historical, interactional, and visual texts— that describe routine and problematic moments and meanings in people’s lives. (Denzin & Lincoln, 1994, p. 2 as cited in Murray, 2003, p. 1-2)

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language in a medical textbook. Moreover, investigating materials referred to translation quality of medical terms in a medical textbook that had been translated by translator.

Qualitative methodology is as a research procedure that produces qualitative data in the form of written or spoken words from people and behavior that can be observed (Bogdan & Taylor, 1975, p. 5 as cited in Moleong, 2011, p. 4). This study applied qualitative methodology because this study required a qualitative data in the form of written words obtained from medical terms that had been translated by translator of a medical textbook. The qualitative data was chosen because it was considered as a relevant and appropriate data used in conducting this study since the data of this study were in the form of words rather than numbers as Bodgan & Biklen (1982, p. 28) state the data collected is in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. This statement is line with Miles & Huberman (1994, p. 1):

Qualitative data is in the form of words rather than numbers; they are attractive and source of well-grounded, rich descriptions and explanations of processes occurring in local contexts. With qualitative data one can preserve chronological flow, assess local causality, and derive fruitful explanations. (Miles & Huberman, 1994, p. 1).

Moreover, qualitative is descriptive (Moleong, 2000, p. 6). This qualitative study was a descriptive study in which the data obtained were in the form of description. As the aims of this study were to find out the noun phrase structures in medical terms, translation procedures used in translating medical terms in noun phrase structures, and whether the translation of medical terms in noun phrase structures is appropriate or not, the result of data obtained were in the form of description from those three research questions.

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There were two methods in conducting this study. The methods were in terms of technique of collecting data and technique of analyzing data. Technique of collecting data and technique of analyzing data were further described as follows:

3.2.1. Technique of Collecting Data

This study was an analysis of the translation procedures used by an English-Indonesian translator in translating medical terms in noun phrase structures. The data were collected by discovering medical terms in a medical textbook as the source of the data then categorizing them into noun phrase structures and finding out translation procedures used by an English-Indonesian translator of this medical textbook in translating medical terms in noun phrases form.

Furthermore, in order to collect the data of translation quality of medical terms, the researcher provided questionnaire for the participant as reviewer in reviewing translation quality of medical terms. Then, in order to determine whether the translation of medical terms in this medical textbook was appropriate or not, the researcher did the interview with the participant as reviewer. Moreover, the technique of collecting data from the medical textbook as source of data, questionnaire, and interview are further explained as follow:

3.2.1.1. Medical Textbook

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classifications of data namely:

(1) person which is the data source that present the data as an oral answer through interview or written answer through questionnaire, (2) place which is the data source that present a display of silent and move condition, (3) paper which is the data source that present symbols like alphabet, number, or others. (Arikunto, 2013, p. 172)

The type of data source of paper was a document in the form of textbook. The textbook used in this study was a medical textbook entitled Introduction to Human Physiology and its translation Pengantar Fisiologi Manusia by Indonesian version of these medical textbooks were chosen as the source of data of this study because it contained many medical terms related to the topic of this study.

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3.2.1.2. Questionnaires

In order to check the appropriateness of medical terms translation in this medical textbook as well as answer the third research question which was to find out the appropriateness of medical terms in this medical textbook, the researcher conducted two steps in collecting the data. The first step was through questionnaire and the second step was through interview.

The researcher provided questionnaire for the participant as a reviewer in order to review the translation of medical terms. The questionnaire contained 125 (25% out of 500 medical terms) well-selected medical terms in English and its translation in Indonesian taken from 6 chapters of this medical textbook. The questionnaire was given to one participant as a reviewer who is a medical student from Trisakti University in semester 7 who has sufficient knowledge of medical terms.

In reviewing the translation quality of the medical terms, the questionnaire provided three qualifications of a good translation proposed by Larson (1984). The qualifications are “accuracy, clarity, and naturalness” (Ibid, 1984, p. 485-487). In clarifying the accuracy, clarity, and naturalness of the translation, there are several indicators for criteria of a good translation proposed by Barnwell (1996, p. 54 as cited in Suteja, 2012, p. 29), such as bad, fair, good, and excellent.

3.2.1.3. Interview

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condition and thought toward the satisfaction and appropriateness of medical terms translation (Arikunto, 2013, p. 198).

Moreover, the interview is used to gather descriptive data in the subject’s own words so that the researcher can develop insights on how subjects interpret some pieces of the world (Bodgan & Biklen, 1982, p. 135). In order to gather a descriptive data of the appropriateness of medical terms translation in this medical textbook, the researcher asked five questions to the reviewer as interviewee related to the satisfaction and appropriateness toward the translation of medical terms.

3.2.2. Technique of Analyzing Data

Data analysis is the process of systematically searching and arranging the interview transcripts, filed notes, and other materials that you accumulate to increase your own understanding of them and to enable you to present what you have discovered to others (Bodgan & Biklen, 1982, p. 145). After collecting data, the researcher implemented three steps to simplify the analysis of the data obtained including discovering medical terms in noun phrase structures, identifying translation procedures, and finding out whether the translation of medical terms in noun phrase structures is appropriate or not. These three steps are presented more clearly as follows:

 Step 1: Discovering medical terms and categorizing medical terms into noun phrase structures

1. Reading closely to both English and Indonesian version of medical textbook, Introduction to Human Physiology and Pengantar Fisiologi Manusia by Lauralee Sherwood repeatedly.

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textbook (chapter 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12).

3. Categorizing all collected medical terms into the type of noun phrase structures in the table below:

Table 3.1 Framework of Headline’s Analysis Based on Noun Phrase Structures of Medical Terms

CHAPTER...

No Medical Terms in English Types of Noun Phrase Noun Phrase Structures

1

2

3

4. Calculating the quantity and the percentage of each noun phrase structures appeared in medical terms by using this formula:

P: Percentage

f: The quantity frequency of noun phrase structures

N: The quantity of overall number of noun phrase structures

After calculating the quantity and the percentage of each noun phrase structures, the overall data were presented in the table below:

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Phrase Structures

5. Describing and interpreting each noun phrase structures applied in medical terms based on the data obtained from the table.

 Step 2: Identifying the translation procedures.

6. Categorizing all the noun phrase structures of medical terms on its translation procedures applied by an English-Indonesian translator of this medical textbook by using Newmark’s theory in the table below:

Table 3.3 Framework of Headline’s based on Analysis the Translation Procedures Used in Translating Medical Terms of (Noun/Determiner+Noun/...)

No Source Language Target Language Translation Procedures

1

2

3

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P: Percentage

f: The frequency of translation procedures N: The overall number of translation procedures

After calculating the percentage of translation procedures used, the data percentage was juxtaposed in the table below:

Table 3.4 Framework of Headline’s Analysis Based on the Use of Translation Procedures of Medical Terms in Noun Phrase Structures

No

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in pie chart.

9. Describing and interpreting the data of the most translation procedures used in translating medical terms in noun phrase structures supported by theories from some proper reference books, dictionaries, articles, journals taken from the internet. each criterion as in the table below:

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terms in noun phrase structures based on the data obtained from the table and bar chart.

13.Conducting an interview with the reviewer and asking five questions related to the appropriateness of medical terms translation.

14.Writing an interview transcript