KONSEP TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI (KTI)

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KONSEP TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI (KTI)

By : Solikin WS.

Solikin2004@yahoo.com

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Diktat dpt di Unduh

www.iqrosol.wordpress.com

W-Blog :

www.solikinws.wordpress.com

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Tugas-1

Kirim Identitas diri via email ke solikin4@yahoo.com

Npm, nm, jur, almt, hp

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Tugas-2

Kirim e-Card via email ke solikin4@yahoo.com

Kartu Lebaran

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COMPONENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)

1.

Hardware (H/W)

2.

Software (S/W)

3.

Brainware (B/W)

4.

Databases

5.

Telecommunication and The Internet

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COMPONENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)

1.

T-echnoware (H/W, S/W, Network)

2.

I-nfoware (Data dan Informasi)

3.

O-rganware (Prosedur & Organisasi)

4.

H-umanware (User/Brainware)

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HARDWARE (H/W)

What is a Computer System?

The Evolution of Computer H/W

Types of Computers

The Microprocessor and Primary Storage

Input/Output Devices

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What is a Computer System?

Computer H/W is composed of the following components :

CPU ( Central Processing Unit )

Input Device

Output Device

Primary Storage

Secondary Storage and

Communication Devices

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What is a Computer System?

CU ALU

PRIMARY STORAGE

INPUT DEVICE

OUTPUT DEVICE

SECONDARY STORAGE

COMMUNICATI ON DEVICE

bus bus

External Network CPU

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The Framework of the Computer

The INPUT DEVICES accept data and instructions and convert them to a form that the computer can understand

The OUTPUT DEVICE present data in a form people can understand

The PRIMARY STORAGE (internal storage) temporarily stores data and program instructions during processing

The SECONDARY STORAGE (external) stores data and program for future use

Finally, the COMMUNICATION DEVICE provide for the flow of data from external computer networks (e.g. internet,

intranet) to the CPU and from CPU to computer network

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Kerangka Kerja Komputer

Alat Masukan (INPUT DEVICES) merupakan alat untuk

menerima data dan instruksi sekaligus mengkonversinya ke dalam bentuk yang dapat dimengerti oleh komputer

Alat Keluaran (OUTPUT DEVICE) merupakan alat untuk menampilkan data yang dapat dimengerti oleh user

Alat Penyimpanan Utama (PRIMARY STORAGE / internal

storage) merupakan alat untuk menyimpan data tapi bersifat sementara (temporary) dan instruksi program selama proses

Alat Penyimpanan Sekunder (The SECONDARY STORAGE / external storage) merupakan alat untuk menyimpan data dan program secara permanen / tetap (fixed) yang dapat di akses di kemudian hari.

Alat Komunikasi (the COMMUNICATION DEVICE) merupakan alat untuk mengalirkan data dari jaringan komputer eksternal (e.g. internet, intranet) ke CPU dan sebaliknya.

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Representing Data, Pictures, Time and Size in a Computer

1.

Representing Data

2.

Representing Picture

3.

Representing Time and Size of Bytes

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1. Representing Data

Binary Digit (bit) : 0 or 1 (“on” or “off”)

Bit represent specific characters : LETTERS, NUMBERS, and SPECIAL SYMBOLS is known as a BYTE.

1 byte = 8 bits or 2⁸ = 256 unique character

Coding :

ASCII (American National Standard code for Information Interchange)

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code), by IBM

Table : EBCDIC and ASCII

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KODE YG MEWAKILI DATA

Komputer Generasi-1 : 1 byte = 4 bit Menggunakan Sistem Penkodean -> BCD

Komputer Generasi-2 : 1 byte = 6 bit Menggunakan Sistem Penkodean -> SBCDIC

Komputer Generasi Skr : 1 byte = 8 bit, 16, 32, 64,128 byte

Menggunakan Sistem Penkodean :-> EBCDIC,

ASCII-7/8

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KODE YG MEWAKILI DATA

1. BCD

2. SBCDIC

3. EBCDIC

4. ASCII-7

5. ASCII-8

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KODE BCD

BCD (Binary Code Decimal)

BCD = Binary Code Decimal

1 byte = 4 bit, 24 kombinasi = 16 kombinasi kode

dari kombinasi hy 10 yg dipake

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15 14 13 12 11 10

1 0

0 1 9

0 0

0 1 8

1 1

1 0 7

0 1

1 0 6

1 0

1 0 5

0 0

1 0 4

1 1

0 0 3

0 1

0 0 2

1 0

0 0 1

0 0

0 0 0

KODE BCD DESIMAL

Kode

BCD

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KODE SBCDIC

SBCDIC = Standard Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

1 byte = 6 bit, 26 kombinasi = 64 kombinasi kode

10 angka

26 huruf besar

28 simbol khusus

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Kode SBCDIC di bagi 2 Zone

Zone Alphabet (AB)

Zone Numerik (8 4 2 1)

Alphabet numeric

A|B 8|4|2|1

AB

00 : angka (0-9)

11 : huruf (A-I)

10 : huruf (J-R)

01 : huruf (S-Z)

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Kode

SBCDIC

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KODE EBCDIC

EBCDIC = Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

1 byte = 8 bit

Kombinasi 28 = 256 kombinasi

Di bagi dlm beberapa Zone yaitu sbb :

High-Order Bits dan

Low-Order Bits

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Zone EBCDIC

1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8

1-4 : High-Order Bits (Zone Bits)

5-8 : Low-Order Bits (Numeric Bits)

Ketentuan :

Zone Bits 1,2 :

11 : huruf besar (capital) dan numeric

10 : huruf kecil

01 : karakter khusus

00 : tdk ada karakter yg diwakili

Zone Bits 3,4 :

00 : A - I

01 : J – R

10 : S - Z

11 : numeric 0-9

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KODE EBCDIC

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Contoh

Char BDC SBCDIC EBCDIC

A - 110001 1100 0001

6 0110 000110 1111 0110

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ASCII Table

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Extended ASCII Codes

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2. Representing Picture

Representing pictures by a GRID

The Computer measures the color (or light level) of each cell of the grid.

The unit measurement of this is called a PIXEL

e.g. : pixel representation of the letter “A”

Pixel Diagram

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

Input Code

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3. Representing Time and Size of Bytes

Representing Time :

Millisecond = 1/1000 seconds

Microsecond = 1/1,000,000 seconds

Nanosecond = 1/1,000,000,000 seconds

Picosecond = 1/1,000,000,000,000 seconds Size is measured by the number of bytes,

common measures are:

Kilobyte (KB) = 1000 bytes (actually 1024)

Megabyte (MG)= 1000 kilobytes = 10⁶ bytes

Gigabyte (GB) = 10⁹ bytes

Terabyte (TB) = 10¹² bytes

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The Evolution of Computer Hardware (2)

2000 picosecs 800 picosecs

500 nanosecs 10 microsecs

100 millisecs Cyle Times

64 MB 16 MB

4 MB 64 KB

2 KB Primary Storage

ULSI LSI and VLSI

IC Transistor

Vacuum tubes Circuitry

4^th(1988) 4^th(early)

3rd 2nd

1st Feature

Generation

Turban,IT For Management, 2^nd, 199,699

IC = Integrated Circuit

SLI = Small Scale Integration MSI = Medium Scale Integration LSI = Large Scale Integration

VLSI= Very Large Scale Integration ULSI = Ultra Large Scale Integration

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The Evolution of Computer

Hardware(3)

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The Evolution of Computer Hardware(4)

Fifth-Generation Computers

First generatioan : based on Von Neumann Architecture -> processed information

sequentially, one instruction a time.

Fifth-Generation : uses massively parallel processing -> process multiple instructions simultaneously (trillion point operations per second-a teraflop).

Afloating point operation (flop) is a basic

computer arithmetic operation (addition,

substraction, include decimal point)

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The Evolution of Computer Hardware(5)

Future-Generation Computers

Two major innovations are in experimental stages:

DNA Computres : process in parallel and are potentially twice as fast as today’s fastest

supercomputers. DNA Computers have storage densities of one bit second per cubic nanometer, a trillion times less space.

Optical Computers : uses “optoelectronic”,

process information several hundred times faster

than current computers.

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The Evolution of Computer Hardware(6)

Types of Computers

Supercomputers

Mainframes

Minicomputers

Workstation

Microcomputers

Desktop personal computer (laptop computers, notebooks)

Palmtop computers

PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

Smart Cards

Network Computer and Terminals

Network Computers

Windows-Based Terminals(WBTS