i
EDMODO MEDIATED ENGLISH SPEAKING MATERIALS FOR NURSING STUDENTS NOVICE LEVEL
A Thesis Presented to
The Graduate Program in English Language Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement
for the Degree of Magister Humaniora (M.Hum)
in
English Language Studies
by
Matius Hebi Anjarmoko Student Number: 116332036
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to The Almighty God for always providing me with strength, guidance and blessings during the completion of my study.
My gratitude also goes to Drs. F.X. Mukarto, M.S., Ph.D. as my thesis sponsor for his patience and wisdom in showing me the way to finish my thesis. Pak. Mukarto as a gentle and caring person tried his best to help me during my study.
My deepest thank also goes to Dr. Ir. Gatot Hari Priowirjanto and SEAMOLEC’s team for the funding and chance through the scholarship. I thank them for their dedication in giving us another paradigm in using technology for educational purposes.
I am deeply grateful to Dr. J. Bismoko and Dr. B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A., for sharing their knowledge when I was in their classes and experiencing their profesional competence.
The most special gratitude goes to my most special girl in life, Siska Estri Pangestika, S.Pd.SD. She is the one behind all my thesis completion. She is the one who always provides love and support for me. Thanks for all her prayers. Love you so much.
Next, my gratitude goes to Mas Putut, Mbak Pipit, Pak. Koko, and my colleagues at KinderStation Primary for always reminding me when to get married.
I owe a very important debt to Om Bambang Dwi Purnomo, M.B.A. for his time and words that gave me positive energy.
Last but not least. I would like to offer my special thanks to my family. My mother, sister, brother. Thanks also to my niece and nephew for fullfilling my day with smile.Thank you for all your countless support and prayers.
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... v
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 40
A. Research Method ... 40
B. Research Design ... 41
C. Research Setting and Participants ... 45
D. Technique of Data Collection ... 45
E. Data Analysis Technique ... 47
CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 49
A. Research Finding ... 49
1. Needs Analysis ... 49
2. Design ... 52
3. Development ... 56
a. Preliminary Field Testing ... 56
b. Main Field Testing ... 61
4. Implementation ... 63
5. Evaluation ... 65
B. Discsussion ... 65
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... 69
A. Conclusion ... 69
B. Discussion ... 73
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 76
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1.: PAP Conversion Table ... 48
Table 4.1: Topic, Basic Competence, and Learning Indicator ... 51
Table 4.2: Result of Spark: First Meeting (Start) ... 61
Table 4.3: Expert’s Respondent Description ... 62
Table 4.4: Result of Spark: Personal Information (Start) ... 62
Table 4.5: Result of Spark: Introducing Others (Start) ... 63
Table 4.6: Students’ Response Distribution of the Closed-Ended Questionnaire 64 Table 4.7: Result of Pre-Test ... 67
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Dick and Carey System Approach Model ... ... 11
Figure 1.2: Morrison, Ross, and Kemp Model ... ... 13
Figure 2.1: ADDIE Model ... ... 18
Figure 2.4: CALL Principles ... 37
Figure 3.1: Writer’s Design Model ... 43
Figure 4.1: Start First Meeting ... 58
Figure 4.2: Ignite Introducing Others ... 58
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LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1. Needs Analysis Questionnaire
Appendix 2. Expert Validation Questionnaire Appendix 3. Syllabus
xii ABSTRACT
Anjarmoko, Matius Hebi. 2017. EDMODO Mediated English Speaking Materials for Nursing students Novice Level. Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.
Profession of nurse nowadays is required to be a professional nurse who has the competence to give good medical service to patients. This medical service includes the competence to communicate with patients with different background and nations in English. This competence needs to be taught to nursing students despite many obstacle faces by the students in terms of time and exercise in learning English. In order to accommodate the goal to be a professional nurse the writer is interested in designing online English speaking materials through EDMODO. There are two research question presented. The first question is How is EDMODO Mediated English Speaking Materials for Nursing students Novice Level designed and the second what are the students’ perceptions towards the designed EDMODO Mediated English Speaking Materials Novice Level.
The two questions were answered using ADDIE model in justification to R&D and Mixed method research. ADDIE model consists of 5 cycles namely: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. ADDIE model was combined with R&D model Borg and Gall (1983). The combinantion results in writer’s design model. The model then works as the umbrella in the designing process. Meanwhile mixed method research combines quantitative and qualitative data taken from questionnaire given to the nursing students novice level.
The process of designing is done using ADDIE which is in justification to R&D model which then transformed into EDMODO as the Online Learning Management System. Need analysis reveals that students wants to have more English speaking exercises that they can do at home or during their free time.Nursing students realies that to be able to speak in English is important for their career as nurses. The materials given to the student are communicative speaking which allow them to learn based on the real situation they will face later on as nurses. Students’ access to internet through mobile phones becomes the answers to provide online learning through EDMODO. The design consists of several cycles namely: Insert, Ignite, Start, and Go. The writer makes 3 topics which include videos on each topic. The topics were Spark: First Meeting, Spark: Personal Information, and Spark: Introducing Others. Insert serves as the first cycle in the design, here the students are asked to watch videos on related topics and asnwer questions based on the videos they watch. Ignite serves as the guided exercise for the students. They have to do phrases matching activities. The next cycle, Start, serves as semi-guided exercise. Students are asked to supply replies related to the expressions presented based on each topic. In Go cycle, the students have to create their own dialogs and create videos which then they have to upload to Youtube. Once the students upload their videos, they embed link of their Youtube video link to their EDMODO course.
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xiv ABSTRAK
Anjarmoko, Matius Hebi. 2017. EDMODO Mediated English Speaking Materials for Nursing students Novice Level. Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.
Profesi perawat saat ini dituntut untuk dapat menjadi perawat yang profesional yang mampu memberikan pelayanan kesehatan terbaik bagi pasien. Pelayanan medis yang dimaksud termasuk pelayanan dalam hal berkomunikasi dengan pasien dengan berbagai latar belakang dan dari manca negara dalam bahasa Inggris. Kemampuan ini perlu untuk diajarkan kepada siswa keperawatan meskipun banyak faktor yang menghambat proses belajar termasuk waktu dan latihan yang didapat siswa. Oleh karena itu, penulis tertarik untuk membuat desain materi Speaking yang dapat diakses secara online melalui EDMODO. Terdapat dua pertanyaan diajukan dalam penelitian ini. Bagaimana desain materi speaking untuk siswa keperawatan level 1 melalui EDMODO dibuat dan yang kedua adalah Pendapat siswa keperawatan level 1 mengenai desain materi speaking melalui EDMODO.
Kedua pertanyaan tersebut dijawab dengan menggunakan model ADDIE. Model ADDIE terdiri dari 5 tahapan, yaitu: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. Model ADDIE lalu dikombinasikan dengan model R&D oleh Borg and Gall (1983). Kombinasi dari kedua model di atas menjadi dasar dari proses membuat desain melalui EDMODO. Selain diatas, Mixed method juga digunakan untuk mendapatkan data baik secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif dari kuesioner yang diberikan kepada siswa Akademi Keperawatan Notokusumo Yogyakarta level 1.
Dalam proses penyusunan desain materi melalui EDMODO sebagai Sistem Manajemen Pembelajaran Daring, penulis menggunakan model ADDIE yang dikombinasikan dengan model R&D. Pada tahapan Analisa kebutuhan, penulis menemukan bahwa siswa menginginkan latihan berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris lebih banyak yang bisa mereka gunakan di rumah atau di saat waktu senggang mereka. Siswa keperawatan menyadari pentingnya kemampuan untuk berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris demi karir mereka pada masa yang akan datang. Materi yang disediakan pada penelitian ini merupakan materi komunikatif dimana siswa diberikan materi yang sesuai dengan topik yang nantinya akan mereka hadapi. Kemampuan dan ketersediaan siswa dalam mengakses internet melalui telepon genggam mereka menjadi jawaban akan pembelajaran daring melalui EDMODO. Desain materi terdiri dari beberapa tahapan yaitu, Insert, Ignite, Start, dan GO. Penulis membuat desain materi dalam tiga topik yang disertai video dalam tiap topiknya. Ketiga topik tersebut adalah Spark: First Meeting, Spark: Personal Information, dan Spark: Introducing Others. Insert merupakan tahapan pertama pada desain materi, pada tahapan ini siswa diminta untuk menonton video yang disediakan sesuai topik yang sedang dipelajari. Pada tahapan ini pula, siswa diberikan pertanyaan berdasarkan video yang mereka tonton. Tahapan Ignite menuntun siswa untuk mengenali frasa-frasa yang digunakan dalam topik yang sedang dipelajari melalui kegiatan mencocokkan. Tahapan selanjutnya yaitu Start adalah tahapan dimana siswa dipandu untuk menjawab pertanyaan berkaitan dengan topik yang dipelajari. Tahapan akhir, yaitu Go memberi kesempatan pada siswa untuk membuat dialog mereka sendiri berdasar perintah yang disediakan. Setelah membuat dialog, siswa diajak untuk membuat video yang nantinya harus mereka upload pada Youtube. Setelah proses upload selesai, siswa diminta untuk menyediakan link video Youtube mereka pada kelas EDMODO.
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
In this study, I would like to investigate the implementation of my designed online English materials through EDMODO. The study focuses in the designing of the materials in order to provide materials which then can contribute to the nursing students novice level’s English improvement. Moreover, the study will investigate students’ perception toward the designed materials whether it gives positive contribution to the students in terms of improvement in their English speaking skill. This chapter provides seven sections; they are background to the research, problem identification, problem limitation, statement of the research question, product specification, research objective, and research benefit.
A. Background
Speaking skill is chosen to make sure that students are able to communicate in their daily practices and to prepare them for the global era. This is also to answer the challenges for better qualified graduates who are able to compete with other graduate nurses around the globe. Speaking in English as part of global communication skill needs to be well taught to students to help them with the current development in technology and learning as well.
With the current development of globalization, nursing academies worldwide are to keep up with the latest methods in nursing which later on require them to be able to implement their English skill for their daily services including how to give good services in English and also to explain to patients about their medications. As front line guard in hospital, nurses are the one who becomes the face of hospital and their services means that they are the quality control of hospital’s services. For that reason, nurses are also required to have up to date
2 make sure that they get the best treatment in the hospital. Global expansion in many areas also shows that more foreigners coming to Indonesia which later on opening wide possibilities of medical services. In the end, English has become of one the subjects taught in Nursing Academy in order to make sure that they have competitive graduates.
The fact that English is one of the subjects taught in Nursing Academy has led the students to a different level. Students are now to prepare themselves with the necessary communication skills that they need. In the working world too, students will need to perform this skill to ease them in their daily work and also to allow them to access information they need to give the best services to their patients. Nowadays, nurses are required to perform English skill since they will have patients from other countries. Their other competences are also needed to be improved by exchanging information with other nurses or hospital globally. In the end, it is hoped that the students will have the ability to use English to support their future career in the working world.
3 The history of computer being used for language teaching started back in 1960’s, from
that moment there are many researches under Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Computer Assisted Language Learning is “The search for and study of applications
of the computer in language teaching and learning” (Levy, 1997:1). The development of
technology, especially computer leads to the creation of CALL. CALL provides lecturers with a framework on how to use technology in the classroom. It guides lecturers to make use of computer as the product of technology to support their teaching process and to maximize the result. CALL also gives teachers who plan to utilize computers in their teaching activities with a set of parameters so that the goals of learning activities can be achieved. Nowadays, the popularity of computer has decreased over time with the presence of mobile phones. Mobile phones which are cheaper and more compact compared to personal computers have gained its popularity in society. Nevertheless, mobile phones which act like personal computer require CALL when it comes to the use in teaching and learning activities.
The development of technology and the invention of various communication tools have shaped the way we live and think. Nowadays, people are presented with many gadgets which offer many features to do many things we couldn’t do in the past. The vast development of
technology surely affects many aspects in life especially the way we learn something. It also affects the development of mobile technology. At present, mobile technology is surprisingly increase and mobile users are given many advantages from it. One of the area infected by the development of mobile technology is the area of education. In the field of education, the phenomenon has been a great help for lecturers since they can have more resources for their teaching activities. Teachers can present their materials in such a way that will promote students’ learning motivation. Teachers can also manage the learning activities to adjust students’ learning needs and also time. Mobile technology provides teachers with endless
4 teachers to download many learning materials over the internet to support and to vary their teaching techniques so that it will be beneficial for the development of their students.
Mobile technology combines with internet are also able to provide teachers with the ability to present their own materials online, even their recorded-teaching activities, so that students will be able to learn outside the classroom. By doing this, teachers open the possibilities of helping the students more compared to classical activities. Internet is able to give solution to the boundary of time and space since it can be accessed at any time on anyplace. Through internet, teachers are given a medium to interact with their students outside the class. This is very helpful when it comes to deal with students who are less motivated or have low self-confidence. Teachers are able to provide their materials and learning activities online and students can ask for feedbacks and comments during the activities.
The use of internet in the teaching and learning process is done through mobile phones as its media. Mobile phones are included into computer area since today’s mobile phone technologies already begins to take place of old personal computers. In fact, mobile phones are small personal computers equipped with computer ability since it serves as computers with more compact size. Mobile phones serve as the tool to run the internet and to present the learning activities.
5 always come with the disadvantages since technologies especially mobile technology offers wide possibilities of development and usage in life. The use for online teaching activities is one of the advantages of mobile phones. Teachers can present their teaching materials online and they can teach or guide students through online class but it also means that teachers cannot fully control students’ real actions.
The presence of Internet nowadays is in line with the presence of mobile phone. Mobile phone as a communication gadget which serve as a tool to communicate has become a new ‘close friend’ for students. As technology is growing rapidly, mobile phone has turned
its purpose not only as a tool for communication but also a tool to socialize. Mobile phone as a tool to interact with other people globally through social media is quite common in society. As we know of, social media is part of students’ lives; their daily lives are connected to their social media as a place to express their feelings and ideas. Other purposes of the growing technology of mobile phone are somehow gain less attention compared to its social function. One of the purposes is for online learning. There are many developers that make use of the growing technology of mobile phone to do self-development through learning, games, and many more.
6 learning progresses through continuous exercises and practices. Learning applications which are connected to internet also can be a place to share learning problems face by the students and also a place to have learning consultations for students who do not have a chance to share in class. Mobile learning application for mobile phone are always be updated and the numbers are growing every day. One of the learning applications is EDMODO.
EDMODO is a internet-based platform that provides a safe and easy way for your class to connect and collaborate, share content, and access homework, grades and school notices. It is founded to support learning activities and to support students who wish to learn other skills. EDMODO’s look resembles Facebook but in a safe and controlled environment appropriate for school. The resemblance is intended to help students accustomed to the flow of the application and to make them easier to control and use the application. EDMODO also provides features for lecturers and students to interact in safe way so that the goal of learning will be achieved. It is also an LMS which provides monitoring to students’ learning progress and activities. Monitoring is part of EDMODO to help teachers observe their students and their learning achievements. EDMODO also help teachers in terms of regular achievement through notifications and recorded scores after doing the learning activities. Overall, EDMODO is a LMS to study and work with.
B. Problem Identification
Nursing students encounters difficulties in understanding and using English in context. They have difficulties in expressing their ideas and thoughts which lead them to have a mindset that English is difficult to learn. This situation is also being strengthened with the fact that English language is not used in daily practices. Their daily language is Bahasa Indonesia which makes them unable to have regular practices in using English language.
7 teaching and learning processes, outside the class they tend to use Bahasa Indonesia. This kind of situation is hard to deal especially when they are supposed to accomplish the goal of the class which is to communicate in English. Communicating in English has become a basic requirement for many working places since it offers a bigger chance for them to face the global. For that reason, English becomes very important to be taught in classrooms to prepare its students to face the working world and that also what Nursing Academy is aiming for, to prepare its students to face the working world requires its students to be able to communicate in English.
In order to help the students to understand English in class, students need to have more exercise so that they can practice and share their understanding. With the traditional classroom, this can only be done during the school hour. With the limited time in the class, lecturers and students sometimes only have little time to do more practices. The limitation of time and exercise causes the students to have limited activities in developing their skills. The time needed to do the exercises sometimes exceeds the given time since the students are packed with different tasks and assignment.
C. Problem Limitation
The study deals with the designing of EDMODO Mediated English Speaking Materials for Nursing students Novice Level. The study includes the designing of the materials for the novice level and the exercises for the students. The exercises are the focus of the study since the students are going to learn and practice their English skill through the exercises.
D. Research Questions
8 1. How is EDMODO Mediated English Speaking Materials for Nursing Novice Level
designed?
2. What are the students’ perceptions towards the designed EDMODO Mediated English Speaking Materials for Nursing students Novice Level?
E. Research Objective
The objective of the researcher is to help the students of Nursing Academy novice level practice speaking skill that they learn in class as part of their skill development. The process is done by promoting the use of computer through EDMODO in the process of teaching and learning of English. The study provides a design on the learning materials for the nursing students and shows their perceptions towards the designed materials for the improvement of the nursing students’ English speaking skill.
F. Product Specification
The product of the research helps the students of Nursing Academy novice level to have better understanding on their English and to help them improve their speaking skill which can be used to support their profession. The product is designed to help the nursing students novice level to have more exercises which they can access without the limitation or time and space. The designed product is in justification with the syllabus so that in the end the students will have the same competence with those who are learning English in class. The target of the product is the students of Nursing Academy grade 1 or novice level.
G. Research Benefits
The study will be beneficial to the improvement of human’s life quality especially to both theoretical and practical part.
10 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter discusses the theories underlying the study. In this chapter, the writer serves two main points in the study, namely Theoretical Description and Theoretical Framework. Theoretical description describes the instructional design, nursing students, Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL), and EDMODO. The theoretical framework in the study deals with the designing of online English learning materials.
A. Theoretical Review
Theoretical description gives the description on the instructional design, nursing students novice level, Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL), Speaking, and EDMODO. The description becomes the basis in the study.
1. Instructional Design
Instructional design provides the blue print in the designing process. The aim of instructional design is to guide material developer to design their materials so that it will be acceptable and functional. Gustafson and Branch (1997) states that the aim of instructional model is to collaborate designers, technicians, and clients in managing and organizing steps for educational purposes. Instructional design makes sure that the design that we plan to execute works and suitable for our targets. It works like a blue print for the design we have.
In instructional design we have the term model. Model is the term used in instructional design to refer to the real product of the instructional design. The product shows us the steps we have to go in the instructional design so that it will create a good design at the end. Model is much influenced by the instructional situation “The application and value of a model is
11 a. Dick and Carey System Approach Model
This model provides designers with a linear design which means that the designer have to follow the line to make sure that their design is in proper cycle. Dick and Carey model directs designers to break down their instructions to more detail in order to reach the objectives of the program. Brandt (2001) states that “Designer must end up with a product containing accomplished objectives and measurable outcomes” this is to make
sure that our design is acceptable and is able to be implemented. There are 9 cycles in Dick and Carey model, the cycles are:
1. Identify Instructional Goals - Describe what the learners are expected to perform at the end of the instruction. Instructional goals are normally broad statements of what you are trying to accomplish. They should describe what the learners should perform, not what you are going to do.
2. Conduct Instructional Analysis - Identify the exact performance gap between the present performance and the desired performance. This informs you what the learners need to learn in order to perform. Next, identify the steps the learner must be able to perform in order to accomplish the tasks that lead to the desired performance.
12 to the skills and topics that will be taught. The information should have enough detail to allow you to identify the correct starting point of the instruction so that they do not waste time reviewing material they already know and does not omit content they need to know. The goal is to start the learning process at a level they already understand so you can scaffold the instruction by providing a structure that they can build upon. 4. Write Performance Objectives - Performance Objectives consist of a description of
the task or skills to be learned, the standards or criteria, and the conditions that the task must be performed.
5. Develop Assessment Instruments - Tests and evaluations are created that will: 1) ensure the learners meet the necessary prerequisites for performing the new skills, 2) identify the learner's progress in meeting the performance objectives during the learning process, and 3) evaluate the learning process itself to ensure it is structurally sound.
6. Develop Instructional Strategy - Create a blueprint of the learning activities that will transfer, develop, and reinforce the skills and knowledge formulated in the performance objectives. Sequence the items in the blueprint in the order that will provide the best learning environment.
7. Develop and Select Instructional Materials - Using the blueprint created in the previous step, fully develop the instructional content and activities. To save time, reuse existing material whenever possible.
13 9. Design and Conduct Summative Evaluation - Judge the worthiness of the entire program with the focus being on the outcome: Did it work as intended? Continue the evaluation after each class or training activity to determine if it can be approved. 10.Revise Instruction: Use the data from the two types of evaluations to examine the
validity of the instructional material and revise as needed.
b. Morrison, Ross & Kemp Model (Kemp Model)
Kemp Model serves designer with a model with allow them to focus working on each element. This model serves flexibility for designer to start from any element. “The purpose is having flexibility is to ensure that the goals of learning objectives are not compromised (Morrison, Ross & Kemp, 2004). The oval shape of the model enables designers to have revisions on each element so that they will have strong basis for each element. There are nine elements in Kemp model, they are:
14 should the learner be able to perform, or what skills should the learner be able to demonstrate?
2. Second element is phase is on the learning styles and needs of students, as well as the germane cognitive load related to topics, tasks, and procedures.
3. Third element is similar to the third stage of the model proposed by Dick and Carey, as well as the analysis stage in the ADDIE model. It is a very important element, because it helps the designer to begin thinking about the overall content of the course in relation to the characteristics of the learner.
4. Fourth element, content and task analysis is the phase that most specifically focuses on the whole learner, and determines the depth of understanding of new material that the learner should be able to demonstrate. Bloom’s taxonomy is a good resource for
helping ascertain the level that a learner can be expected to process new information. 5. Five (determining objectives for learners) is similar to the first stage in the Dick and
Carey model, which deals with examining the course ILOs. In this phase, the designer analyzes the broad learning objectives of the course, and translates them into more specific and defined goals.
6. Sixth element is the design of activities that will assist in course facilitation.
7. Seventh phase, the designer decides what instructional resources are necessary to allow teachers to effectively teach, and students to effectively learn.
15 9. Final component, which deals with formative and summative evaluations and assessment modes, is similar to at least two other models (Spector, Merrill, Van Morrienboer & Driscoll, 2008)
c. ADDIE Model
ADDIE model starts its model from the learning outcome. It means that every step in ADDIE is influenced by the goal of the learning. ADDIE model is dynamic, it means that the end product of the model resembles the previous cycle. In ADDIE, formative evaluation helps designers to move to its previous cycle so that at the end it will provide an effective design. ADDIE model employs 5 cycles
1. Analysis
During analysis, the designer identifies the learning problem, the goals and objectives, the audience’s needs, existing knowledge, and any other relevant characteristics.
Analysis also considers the learning environment, any constraints, the delivery options, and the timeline for the project.
2. Design
A systematic process of specifying learning objectives. Detailed storyboards and prototypes are often made, and the look and feel, graphic design, user-interface and content is determined here.
3. Development
The actual creation (production) of the content and learning materials based on the Design phase.
4. Implementation
16 5. Evaluation
This phase consists of (1) formative and (2) summative evaluation. Formative evaluation is present in each stage of the ADDIE process. Summative evaluation consists of tests designed for criterion-related referenced items and providing opportunities for feedback from the users. Revisions are made as necessary.
In this study, the writer made use of ADDIE model as the basis for developing the design materials.
2. ADDIE Design Model
ADDIE or Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation serves as the instructional model in the study. “ADDIE Model” is a colloquial term used to describe a systematic approach to instructional development. The term is virtually synonymous with instructional systems development (ISD)” (Kovalchick and Dawson, 2003, p.1). The model is used to ensure that the design fulfill the requirement of a good and systematic design to help the students of vocational school to develop their English. ADDIE works as the umbrella for the design and provides guidelines for the writer in the designing process. ADDIE guides the writer through 5 phases:
a. Analysis
The first phase in ADDIE is analysis. In this phase, the writer analyzes the characteristics needed in their research. The writer identifies the learning problems, the goals and objectives, the needs of the learners, their existing knowledge. The result gathered from the analysis phase gives the writer a blue print of the design.
b. Design
17 c. Development
The development phase is the designing phase of the materials. The writer produces their materials, the content of the design and the exercises.
d. Implementation
In the phase of implementation, the writer implements their design to their learners. The data gathered from this phase is very useful for the writer to reshape their design so that the design will be useful for the development of the students.
e. Evaluation
Evaluation phase is divided into formative and summative evaluation. Formative evaluation is the evaluation done during the process of design to make sure that every phase is valid because in ADDIE the evaluation can be implemented on every phase as seen of figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1: ADDIE Model, Diagram by: Steven J. McGriff, Instructional Systems, College of Education, Penn State University
3. Nursing Academy Novice Level
18 Nursing is a profession in which someone takes care patients with care and performs professional method in giving the service to patients. Henderson defines nursing as
"The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery or to peaceful death, that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge" (Henderson, 1966)
It is clear that nursing a profession which deals with sick people and to execute method of caring to help both sick people and people who are near the end of their lives.
One of those competences needed to have by the nursing students is the ability to communicate in English. Nursing Academy realizes that the world today is in open mode in which many people come and go from one country to another and that people will need medical treatment as they are human beings. In order to provide the best service and treatment, Nursing Academy needs to supply their students with the ability to use English so that they can communicate with foreign patients and in the end they can provide quality caring for the patients. Mastering English also will allow their students to be able to access information they need and to keep up to date with the nursing world. This is also to provide up to date service for the patients.
Nursing students needs to learn English as part of their communication skill. English as a world’s language is needed whenever the students wish to communicate with foreign
patients, doctors, or colleagues. Being able to communicate in English is critical since medical papers are often presented in English and it has become a common phenomenon where English becomes part of their lives. Every nursing students owns mobile phone and has the access to internet and they often face English while they surf the internet. That is why to be able to communicate both oral and written in English is important for them.
19 medical area has developed. In order to face the global challenges, they demand their students to have not only nursing skill but also other skill; one of them is English, to master.
Novice level is the term used in the research to indicate the level of students taking part in the study. Novice level is the first level or entry level students who are in the learning process. In medical term, novice level refers to the students who have little understanding on the medical skills they are learning.
“This would be a nursing student in his or her first year of clinical education; behavior in the clinical setting is very limited and inflexible. Novices have a very limited ability to predict what might happen in a particular patient situation. Signs and symptoms, such as change in mental status, can only be recognized after a novice nurse has had experience with patients with similar symptoms” (Banner, 1982).
The above statement shows that medical students who are trying to grasp the essence of medical studies and have no experience in medical practices can be included into novice level. Novice level or the beginner level indicates that they do not have sufficient knowledge on the subjects they are learning and they are shaping their way to master the skills needed as nursing students. While in medical studies shows that novice level is the beginner level, In this study, novice level also means that the learners or students are in their beginner level. Even though students of nursing academy are equipped with English skill starting from their elementary school level, in this study, they are considered as beginner level in English for nursing students. Students who receive English subject in nursing academy are in their second semester since English subject is taught during even semester level. This is a great chance for teachers to help shape students’ skill since they are beginners. Teachers can
provide materials and activities which help the students to have more exposure on English materials especially speaking skill.
4. Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL)
20 CALL as the search for and study of applications of the computer in language teaching and learning. Technology has become part of human’s life. It penetrates almost on every part of human activities, including the educational area. “Recently, though, computers have become so widespred in schools and homes and their uses have expanded so dramatically that the majority of language lecturers must now begin to think about the implications of computers for language learning” (Warschauer, 1996, p.1). The use of computer in classroom also
becomes one of the concerns for many teachers since it is “hypothetically, a theory of CALL could assist lecturers in making decisions about ways to prepare language learners for the high-technology future they face” (Egbert and Hanson-Smith, 1999, p.1). The above quotation supports the idea that the development of technology, in this case computer, is developing rapidly and influence many aspects in life. Lecturers nowadays turn their attention to computer to support their teaching activities since computer serves many advantages. The advantages of computers by Kenning (Kenning, 1983, p.2-3) are as follows: 1) Computer gives individual attention to learners
Using computer, students are given a chance to have their own attention towards learning activities. Typically, a computer will be used by one student and this will make sure that students will have more attention and exposure towards the activities they do.
2) It guides the learners toward the correct answers and generally adapts the material to his or her performance.
Computer program provides programs which allow teachers to create automatic answers. Computer also provide program to help present materials and questions based on the students performance and competence.
3) It offers privacy, which relieves learners from the fear of being ridiculed for the mistakes by their classmates.
21 they keep the record of students’ progress in the system. This allows students to have better self confidence in completing tasks since the students will not feel inferior to other students who achieve higher score or perform better. As we know of, students tend to compare their results with other students which most likely make students who have less score or performance to feel less than their classmates. When students are given tasks with the help of computer, they feel secure inside their save area.
4) Computer is patient and will tirelessly go over the same points for as long as is necessary Computer programs or software used in learning activities always have the same amount of attention and provide the same quality for the students. Programs or software are digitally designed to help students do activities over and over without having problems compared to teachers.
5) Computer is consistent, unbiased, and has no “Off days”
Computers and its programs are consistent because works using mathematical formulas. The formulas are constructed into so called computer language which work based the data input made by programmer. In other words, computers work as intended by the programmer. Computers also can work full day not like humans who are limited to strength.
6) For lecturers, computer offers the opportunity to make better use of their time and expertise.
Through computer, lecturer can create learning environment and activities as they like. They can also present their materials more attractive to promote students learning. Teaching using computer also enables teachers to save time and resources needed to teach compared to classroom activities.
22 class will find it helpful and less time consuming. Computer helps by cutting the time needed for teachers’ to explain the materials and also present exercises to their students. Computer
too can provide two-way communication for teachers and students so that it will be more advantageous for both sides. Communication is established through network where both students and teachers can send message to each other. The communication in computer then can be used to support class activities by sending feedbacks and comments.
5. Speaking
Speaking is way to serve meaning in oral communication. It is the social interaction performed by human in society. Speaking is defined as an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing, receiving and processing information. Its form and meaning are dependent on the context in which it occurs, the participants, and the purposes of speaking (Burns & Joyce, 1997).
In real life situation, oral communication is needed to express ideas whenever we do something. It is the way to show what we want to others in order for them to accomplish what we want. Chaney describes speaking as the process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of contexts (Chaney, 1998, p. 13). It is clear that in the end our communication will influence the result that we expect.
23 Learning speaking for ESL students is a matter of complex things to do since it is not their first language. ESL students think that speaking in English is hard because they often make mistakes in pronouncing which influence their self-confident. Other problem that they face is the matter of fluency. ESL students often want to express their feelings and ideas but they tend to feel uncomfortable with their fluency aspect. As Scarcella & Oxford, 1994:165 and Florez, 1998, identify the problems are as follows:
The conflict between fluency and accuracy: Though a student may gain confidence in using the new language by being let uncorrected, his language will continue to be inaccurate/ incorrect.
Lack of confidence: Apparently, some students feel uncomfortable in their first hesitant attempts at speech in the second language.
Pronunciation: The most prominent problems are: phonetic confusion, interference from the written form, interference from the mother language and failure to use the weak forms.
English as Second Language (ESL) learners often face the problems stated above, this happens because English is not their mother language. As English for ESL students is their second language, they require English to be performed in communicative way. By having communicative English, students will have more chance to overcome the problems occur during communication.
24
1. Produce differences among English phonemes and allophonic variants. 2. Produce chunks of language of different lengths.
3. Produce English stress patterns, words in stressed and unstressed positions, rhythmic structure, and intonation contours.
4. Produce reduced forms of words and phrases.
5. Use an adequate number of lexical units (words) to accomplish pragmatic purposes.
6. Produce fluent speech at different rates of delivery.
7. Monitor one’s own oral production and use various strategic devices – pauses, fillers, self-corrections, backtracking – to enhance the clarity of the message. 8. Use grammatical word classes (nouns, verbs etc.) systems (tense, agreement,
pluralisation), word order, patterns, rules, and elliptical forms.
9. Produce speech in natural constituents: in appropriate phrases, pause groups, breathe groups, and sentence constituents.
10.Express a particular meaning in different grammatical forms. 11.Use cohesive devices in spoken discourse.
Macroskills
1. Appropriately accomplish communicative functions according to situations, participants, and goals.
2. Use appropriate styles, registers, implicature, redundancies, pragmatic conventions, conversation rules, floor keeping and yielding, interrupting, and other sociolinguistic features in face-to-face conversations.
3. Convey links and connections between events and communicate such relations as focal and peripheral ideas, events and feeling, new information and given information, generalization and exemplification.
25 5. Develop and use a battery of speaking strategies, such as emphasizing key
words,
rephrasing, providing a context for interpreting the meaning of words, appealing for help, and accurately assessing how well your interlocutor is understanding you. Moreover, macro-skill deals with body language, facial expressions, pragmatics, and many more to make their messages get to their intended hearer.
Students of Nursing Academy are group of ESL students. They learn English to support their competence as nurse and to be able to communicate to others in English. As ESL students, nursing academy students have Bahasa Indonesia as their first language and this language serve as the primary language used in classes. Even though nursing students have more exposure to English nowadays through their mobile phones and internet does not mean that they use English as their second language. English taught in class is more on giving materials with little exposure on students’ performance. Their English is based on communicative aspects which enable them to use English suiting their needs in the future. Communicative aspect means that nursing students need to be able to perform speaking based on what they are going to face later on. Giving the students topics dealing with medical focus will allow them to enrich and to get them used to the expressions needed later on.
6. EDMODO
26 Facebook. Features in EDMODO are provided to help new students in using and knowing the
function of those features.
EDMODO is an educational website that takes the ideas of a social network and refines them and makes it appropriate for a classroom. Using EDMODO, students and lecturers can reach out to one another and connect by sharing ideas, problems, and helpful tips. A teacher can assign and grade work on EDMODO; students can get help from the entire class on EDMODO. It is a safe environment. There is no bullying or inappropriate content, because the teacher can see everything that is posted on EDMODO. Also parents can join the class to bring a level of transparency that is difficult to achieve without technology. All in all EDMODO is a great companion to just about any class. (EDMODO user guide)
EDMODO is a safe LMS to use since it gives teacher the access to the class and also to parents who are willing to observe their children progresses. EDMODO provides two pages, teachers and parents. Both of them have the same function to monitor students’ progresses
and activities. Monitoring is needed in EDMODO to control students’ achievements and also interactions. As an online LMS, EDMODO needs to make sure that every member uses the application to develop their skills. EDMODO also provides notification to help control the activities. Every time the students do activities or post something, EDMODO will send notification which is recorded into the administrator’s email. This observation function is helpful to make sure those students get positive improvement based on the class they take.
27 activities at home or during their free time. This also helps teachers to minimize reasons from students who say that they do not have time to do the assignment and to reduce papers. EDMODO is flexible since the activities is time-based, meaning that the assignments can be scheduled by the teachers and teachers can also provide notification when to do the assignments or join the activities. Using EDMODO also means that teachers can help reduce the use of papers. By reducing papers, teachers can use the resources for other activities.
EDMODO has gradebook which will reduce the amount of time needed by teachers to input students’ grade. This is very helpful for teachers who have many students and limited
time. In every assignments or quizzes, EDMODO give an option for teachers whether the activities will be recorded into students’ gradebook or not. Gradebook also can be optimized to control students’ progress because it records grades which are planned to be recorded into
gradebook. In the end, teachers can download students’ gradebook into Excel Worksheet
which then can be imported into teachers’ offline folders.
Award is given to student through badges. This is to give support and compliment to learners when they succeed in doing the activities provided by their lecturers or educators. Giving rewards to students will improve their learning motivation. Badges are given to students based on the criteria of achievements. Teachers can give badges to their students who have successfully done the activities given. Rewards are part of learning and it is common in any mobile applications especially games. It is enabled to support users’ attention
and also to make sure that users’ want to use the application. In LMS, rewards in form of
28 Using EDMODO, lecturers and educators will feel like in the real class since it provides features like Note, Assignment, Quiz, Polls, Library, and third-party applications. Those features are all easy to navigate features which help both teachers and students to use.
In note feature, lecturers and educators can post their ideas, reminders or announcement to bridge communication their learners. This Note feature is quite similar to Facebook posting feature. Teachers or students who want to post something into EDMODO
can just click the button to share. Note feature can also be optimized to give rewards, as a two-way communication, and also to ask for information regarding the activities the students are doing. As badges are form of rewarding technique provided by EDMODO, teachers can make use of Note feature to give compliments to their students’ achievement and also to give
support to students who are struggling. A Two-way communication can also be established using EDMODO. In Note feature, teachers can give comments to their students and also give criticisms based on students’ performance. Students can also reply their thoughts or
29 Assignment feature gives lecturers and educators flexibility in helping their learners with various exercises. Teachers who plan to give assignment to their classes can use this feature to make sure that every assignment is well noted by the students. Assignment feature can also be used as brainstorm activities. Teachers can embed Youtube link into the assignment which later on can be played by students using their mobile phones. This feature is equipped with time schedule to make sure that students are given notification whenever the assignment due-date is coming. Being able to scheduled assignments are helpful to make sure that all students are ready for the assignments. This feature is linked to notification function which will give alert to students about the upcoming assignments. Using this feature, lecturers and educators can compile the assignment into one place for the grading. The compilation is done automatically into students’ gradebook as long as the grading system is enabled.
Quiz provides many exercise activities for lecturers and educators. This is the feature that becomes the core of the system. Through quiz, lecturers and educators can create exercises that they want to help student development. Quiz provides many exercise forms like multiple choice, fill in the blanks, matching, short answers, and true false. Those forms of exercise give chances for teachers to combine the quiz so that it does not look monotonous. Teachers can also just load their previously made quiz to the class so save time. This enables teachers to use the quiz repeatedly. Quiz is open to be set into different quiz options like time limitation, show the results, and random question. The exercises that both lecturers and educators create will automatically be saved into the memory so that they can use the exercise for different classes.
30 Doing this, teachers can ask the students on certain questions which later on teachers can put students’ answers into considerations of a good class. Poll features also works as
communication questionnaire to make sure that the class stay in the corridor and to acquire more ideas on the class that the teachers’ are working with. This Poll feature works as a part
of the teachers and student development.
Library feature as we know of can be used to store ideas or learners’ ideas. Library
works by keeping teachers’ materials into EDMODO’s storage unit. This feature can also work as backup storage. Backup storage means that teachers can safely make their materials and store it in EDMODO. This feature helps limiting teachers’ time in providing materials to students or new students later on since teachers can just attach the materials into the class they wish to. This feature can also be used by students. Library can be used by students whenever they want to submit their tasks. Students can also utilize this feature to store their materials or tasks from their external storage devices and send them to their teachers. Students can also make use of this feature to put their recorded ideas or comments to their classes, all they have to do is just provide the attachment to the class they are joining in.
Lecturers and educators can utilize their EDMODO class using the application manager. This application manager allows lecturers and educators to find other applications that can support their class and they can also find many references for their classroom activities. This application manager is helpful in terms of teaching and learning development. Teachers and students can enjoy other application provided by EDMODO to support and work like supplementary activities and materials.
31 B. Theoretical Framework
In the study, the writer makes use of ADDIE. ADDIE as stated in the previous chapter is an instructional design model that guides the designing process to create a good design. The theoretical framework is a mixture of all the theories presented previously in this research and it serves as the basis of the designing process so that the nursing students novice level will have the advantages of using the design.
English taught in nursing academy is part of a goal to prepare their students to be competitive graduates. As we know of that nursing graduates are prepared to be a professional nurse, it means that they must have the skills needed by the working world. One of the skills they need to have is communicating in English particularly speaking skill. To be able to perform English speaking skill is essential to nursing students for the reason of global challenges. Nursing students as the face of nursing academy have to perform well in the working world later on and by having the ability to speak in English will help them to compete with other nurses. Nowadays, many hospitals are planning to go international and to receive foreign patient and this require professionals who have the ability to speak in English and also to correspond in English. It sounds easy to teach students speaking skill, but in reality, as English is their second, maybe third language, both teachers and students need to work together to achieve the intended goal.
32 problems in teaching and learning English speaking skill. One of the problems is the media of teaching and learning.
The media used in the teaching and learning process is still relying on handouts and lecturers. In class, lecturers as the source of information use handouts to help the students learn English. Students depend their English skill on their lecturer and lecturer acts as the source of information. The result is that sometimes students have it hard to understand the explanation and how to implement the materials. Students also have limited experience in performing speaking skill. The teaching and learning process which only happens in class causes the students to have only limited time to consult their problems and to finish their works. They also have to do other tasks from their other lecturers. This problem is actually can be solved with the presence of technology in class especially technology. Technology in form of using internet and computers or mobile phones allows teachers to deal with the problems stated above through online class. Online class can provide freedom for teachers and students to work together and to cooperatively establish class outside the academy. Online class knows no boundary of time and space and it can be optimized to give extra exposure for students learning English speaking skill.
33 both parties in class. They can sit together to learn like in real class but in online class the place occurs in different location. In LMS class, lecturers are able to interact, communicate, provide materials, or assign quiz to students anytime and anywhere. This is really helpful to maximize the learning activities done in real life. The use of technology in class also helps the students to have more motivation on the learning process since the materials and activities presented in online class can be more interactive and flexible in terms of time. Both students and teachers can work together through online class whenever they are available or based on the time agreed by both parties. Students can also help other students through forum and receive feedback from others. This is also important in promoting peer-to-peer learning activities and independency. Students who are already understand the materials given by their teachers can help other students who are still trying to understand the materials. By doing so, students can exercise themselves more and understand more.
EDMODO as one of the Learning Management Systems (LMS) can be implemented in class. This product of technology enables lecturers to have a class on the internet to help their students. EDMODO provides lecturers with features that are useful to improve students’ skill. Lecturers will have assignment feature, video embedded feature, chat feature, and many more. Those features are there to supply the needs of a good teaching and learning activities. Teachers who use EDMODO are given chances to create a creative class. EDMODO also open to optimization in which teachers can make use of the existing feature to function differently with explanation off course. EDMODO which is easy to operate and friendly use creates more chances for the improvements of students’ speaking skill. Through EDMODO,
lecturers will have more time to help improve students’ English and students will have more chances to practice their English.
34 suits the learners’ need. ADDIE consists of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation,
and Evaluation. Analysis as the first step is to make sure that the learners’ needs, goals,
problems, and learners’ existing knowledge are considered as main input in the designing process. All the data gathered in this step will function as the ground basis for the following works. Then it moves to Design. The data is then being formulated into a map which tells the objectives of the design. This works as the principles in the following step. Development implies the process in which the design shows its form. The objectives take role as the guidance in making the materials, the features, the exercises, and many others. Here is the step of creating and producing the look and the content of the design. After developing the materials, the process moves to the implementation. Implementing the design is to gather data needed as part of the examination step. After being implemented, the design is being judged whether it suits the learners and answers the problems in the analysis step. The evaluation works as the final step to supply data for revision.
Theoretical review presents the making of the design in justification to the theories underlying the research. Theoretical review is important to serve as the main guidance for a research (Cresswell, 2003). The design is then formulated using theories presented to provide intended learning outcome. Concerning the development of speaking skill materials, macro and micro skill in speaking are needed to present well-developed materials which are able to help students producing good speaking production. Both skills are important to produce not only linguistically good but also functionally. In this study, the writer focuses on the macro skill of speaking as promoted by the Academy. The students has to be able to use speak based on the situation or discourse of the conversation. Their speaking skill is practiced through real life situation for their better speaking development.
35 will give improvement on students’ speaking skill. Microskill of speaking deal with the
content of speaking, while macroskill deal with the surface area of spoken form. Theoretically, there are some explanations on Micro and Macroskill of speaking present in this chapter, those explanations become the basis in designing the materials and need to be presented in EDMODO. Since the design is presented to EMODO, the writer needs to make sure that EDMODO fulfill those requirements of Micro and Macroskill of speaking skill.
CALL as the learning environment needs to be clearly proposed. Learning environment plays great part in learning since it influence the result of the learning. Internet and computer as the medium in learning is flexible in terms of time and place. Students learning using internet and computer will likely to experience different learning atmosphere compared to classroom activity. The online learning environment enables them to promote their autonomy and communication. The use of EDMODO feature helps the students to communicate both with their friends and the lecturer. The autonomy side is promoted where the students do and practiced on their own motivation.
The use of CALL in speaking is based on the eight principle of CALL, Learners have opportunities to interact socially and negotiate meaning, Learners interact in the target language with an authentic audience, Learners are involved in authentic tasks, Learners are exposed to and encouraged to produce varied and creative language, Learners have enough time and feedback, Learners are guided to attend mindfully to the learning process, Learners work in an atmosphere with an ideal stress/anxiety level, and, Learner autonomy is supported, which becomes the underlying principles in using CALL to promote speaking skill.
36 observable. In reality, the use of the features is revealed during the implementation of the designed speaking materials through EDMODO. The implementation of EMDODO to CALL can be seen below.
EDMODO Features Principles of CALL
Note Learners have opportunities to interact socially and negotiate meaning, Learners are exposed to and encouraged to produce varied and creative language, and Learners have enough time and feedback
Assignment Learners are involved in authentic tasks, Learners are exposed to and encouraged to produce varied and creative language Learners are guided to attend mindfully to the learning process, and, Learner autonomy is supported
Quiz Learners work in an atmosphere with an ideal stress/anxiety level and Learning Autonomy Polls Learners have opportunities to interact socially and
negotiate meaning, Learners have enough time and feedback, and Learner autonomy is supported
Library Learner autonomy is supported
Badge Learners are exposed to and encouraged to produce varied and creative language
Figure 2.2: CALL Principles
The implementation of designed materials is revealed through the learning outcome. Learning outcome is the final product or evident of the designed materials. Through learning outcome, teachers can make sure that their learning process meets its goals. The learning outcome can be seen through assessment. The assessment is done by seeing the result made by students doing the quiz and assignment.
37 English, in fact EDMODO supplies features that enable teachers to give regular exercises for their students. However, due to that limitation of EDMODO, the writer tries to optimize the use of those features to teach speaking. The optimization of the features is done to meet the parameters of Micro and Macroskill of speaking.
Assignment feature enables teachers to give task or materials to their students. This feature provides Load Assignment button, this button leads to library page which allow teachers to take their previously recorded assignment. Load Assignment button is provided with dating system and also time. Dating system here means that teachers can plan their assignment due date and also when to send the assignment. This helps teachers a lot in terms of flexibility of assignment because teachers can have their assignment to be done by their students as scheduled. The assignment feature can also be locked after its due date and recorded into students’ gradebook. This feature provides many benefits since it gives
opportunity for teachers to link their materials and also video for more learning experience. It also has library link and google drive. Those two links can be used to supply either assignment or materials. The materials given using this feature include videos and some comprehensive questions about the videos to determine language difference and level of formality.
