bab 2 sifat operasi hitung bilangan

(1)

Ukhcv"Qrgtcuk"

Jkvwpi"Dkncpicp

Fk"ugdwcj"vqmq"vgtfcrcv"52"fwu"ok0

Vkcr"fwu"dgtkuk"62"ok0

Dgtcrc"dwpimwu"ok"{cpi"cfc"fk"vqmq"vgtugdwvA

3

Dcd

ß" Ogpiiwpcmcp"ukhcv"qrgtcuk"jkvwpi"dkncpicp0

ß" Ogncmwmcp"rgpcmuktcp"fcp"rgodwncvcp0

ß" Ogogecjmcp"ocucncj"{cpi"ognkdcvmcp"wcpi0 Mcow"cmcp"dgnclct

(2)

Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6 4

Ogpigpcn"Ukhcv"Qrgtcuk"Jkvwpi"Dkncpicp

Fk"mgncu"5."mcow"ogorgnclctk"ukhcv"qrgtcuk"jkvwpi"dkncpicp0"Crc"uclc"ukhcv" qrgtcuk"jkvwpi"dkncpicpA"Eqdc"kpicv"mgodcnk0"Ugmctcpi."c{q"rcjcok"ukhcv"qrgtcuk" jkvwpi"dkncpicp"dgtkmwv0

30" Ukhcv"Rgtvwmctcp"*Mqowvcvkh+

Ukhcv" rgtvwmctcp" fkugdwv" lwic" mqowvcvkh0" Ukhcv" kpk" jcp{c" dgtncmw" rcfc" rgplwoncjcp" fcp" rgtmcnkcp0" Ogpicrc" fgokmkcpA" Ugmctcpi." eqdc" mcow" rgtjcvkmcp"wtckcp"dgtkmwv"kpk0

c0" Ukhcv"Rgtvwmctcp"fcnco"Rgplwoncjcp C{q"rgtjcvkmcp"rgtuqcncp"dgtkmwv0

Cfk"ogoknkmk"9"dcnqp0"Dcnqp/dcnqp"vgtugdwv"fkrgicpi"qngj"mgfwc"vcpicpp{c0" Fk"vcpicp"mktk"5"dcnqp0"Fk"vcpicp"mcpcp"6"dcnqp0"Cfk"ogpwmctmcp"rqukuk"dcnqp0" Ugmctcpi."vcpicp"mktk"ogogicpi"6"dcnqp0"Vcpicp"mcpcp"ogogicpi"5"dcnqp0" Crcmcj"lwoncjp{c"ocukj"vgvcr"ucoc"fgpicp"rqukuk"ugowncA

C0

ugmctcpi"vwmct

C

D

5""-""6""?""6""-""5

6""-""5""?""9 5""-""6""?""9

Dkncpicp"rgtvcoc

(3)

Dkncpicp"rgtvcoc"fk"ugdgncj"mktk"fkvwmct"ogplcfk"dkncpicp"mgfwc"fk"ugdgncj" mcpcp0" Ycncwrwp" fkvwmct." jcuknp{c" vgvcr" ucoc0" Fgpicp" fgokmkcp." rcfc" rgplwoncjcp"dgtncmw"ukhcv"mqowvcvkh0

Eqdc"mgtlcmcp"fk"dwmw"vwicuow0

C0" C{q" iwpcmcp" ukhcv" mqowvcvkh0" Ectcp{c." kukncj" mqvcm" mquqpi" fgpicp" icodct"{cpi"vgrcv0

30

-Ncvkjcp

Ncvkjcp

?

-40

- ?

-50

- ?

-60

(4)

-Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6 6

70

- ?

-D0" C{q"iwpcmcp"ukhcv"mqowvcvkh"wpvwm"ogpikukp{c0

30" 52"-"67"?"67"-"” 40" 58"-"”""?"89"-"58 50" :;"-"332"?"”"-":; 60" ”"-"37;"?"37;"-"89 70" 467"-"53;"?"53;"-"” 80" 578"-"772"?"772"-"” 90" 852"-"993"?"”"-"852 :0" ::4"-"”"?"872"-"::4 ;0" ”"-":56"?":56"-"999 320" ;;;"-"778"?"”"-"”

Eqdc"mcow"ugnkfkmk"icodct"dgtkmwv0

Vwicu

d0" Ukhcv"Rgtvwmctcp"fcnco"Rgtmcnkcp Eqdc"mcow"rgtjcvkmcp"eqpvqj"dgtkmwv0

Ucpvk"ogodgnk"5"rcm"dwmw0"Vkcr"rcm"dgtkuk"7"dwmw0"Dgtcrc"dwmw""{cpi"fkdgnk" UcpvkA"Mgowfkcp."Fqpk"lwic"ogodgnk"7"rcm"dwmw0"Vkcr"rcmp{c"dgtkuk"5"dwmw0"Dgtcrc" dwmw"{cpi"fkdgnk"FqpkA"Crcmcj"dcp{cm"dwmw"Ucpvk"ucoc"fgpicp"FqpkA

Eqdc"mcow"rknkj"mcvc"{cpi"vgrcv"wpvwm"ogpikukp{c."ucoc"fgpicp"cvcw"vkfcm"ucoc" fgpicp0"Ogpicrc"mcow"ogplcycd"fgokmkcpA"Mgowmcmcp"rgpfcrcvow0

(5)

5""î""7""?""7""î""5

7""î""5""?""37 5""î""7""?""37

Dkncpicp"rgtvcoc

Dkncpicp"mgfwc Lcfk.

Lcycd

Dwmw"{cpi"fkdgnk"Ucpvk

7"-"7"-"7"?"5"î"7

5"î"7"?"37"*dcp{cm"dwmw"{cpi"fkdgnk"Ucpvk"cfc"37+"

Dwmw"{cpi"fkdgnk"Fqpk

5"-"5"-"5"-"5"-"5"?"7"î"5

7"î"5"?"37"*dcp{cm"dwmw"{cpi"fkdgnk"Fqpk"cfc"37+"

Dwmw"Ucpvk"lwoncjp{c"ucoc"fgpicp"dwmw"Fqpk0"Dgfcp{c."rcm"dwmw"Ucpvk" cfc"5"kukp{c"7"dwmw0"Ugfcpimcp."rcm"Fqpk"cfc"7"fcp"kukp{c"5"dwmw0"Lcfk."fcrcv" fkvwnkumcp<

(6)

C0" C{q"iwpcmcp"ukhcv"mqowvcvkh"rcfc"rgtmcnkcp"wpvwm"ogpiicodctmcp"dgpfc" dgtkmwv0

30

Ncvkjcp

?

" 4"î"8" ?" 8"î"4

40"

?

" 4"î"5" ?" 000"î"000

50"

?

" 4"î";" ?" 000"î"000

60" "

?

(7)

?

" 000"î"000" ?" 000"î"000

D0" C{q"mgtlcmcpncj"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"kpk0

30" 47"î"5" ?" 5"î"”

40" 52"î"32" ?" 32"î"”

50" 72"î"”" ?" 47"î"72

60" ”"î"6" ?" 6"î"347

70" ”"î"72"" ?" :"î"”

80" 6:"î"47" ?" ”"î"6:

90" 74"î"83" ?" 83"î"”

:0" 92"î"”"" ?" 84"î"92

;0" 37"î"94" ?" ”"î"37

320" ”"î";3" ?""”"î"47 70

40" Ukhcv"Rgpignqorqmcp"*Cuqukcvkh+"

(8)

Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6 :

- - ?

-*"7" -" 5"+" -" 4" ?" :" -" 4" ?" 32

7" " -" *"5" -" 4"+" ?" 7" -" 7" ?" 32

Dgtfcuctmcp" wtckcp" fk" cvcu." vcorcm" dcjyc" mgfwc" oceco" rgplwoncjcp" ogpijcuknmcp"jcukn"{cpi"ucoc0"

*"7" -" 5"+" -" 4" ?" 7" -" *"5" -" 4"+

Rgtdgfccp"ectc"rgplwoncjcp"vgtugdwv""cfcncj"rcfc"rgplwoncjcp"{cpi"cfc"fk" fcnco"vcpfc"mwtwpi0"Rgtnw"mcow"kpicv."dkncpicp"{cpi"cfc"fk"fcnco"mwtwpi"jctwu" fklwoncjmcp"vgtngdkj"fcjwnw0"Dgtctvk."ukhcv"cuqukcvkh"dgtncmw"rcfc"rgplwoncjcp0

- ?

-Ncvkjcp

Ncvkjcp

C{q"mgtlcmcp"rgplwoncjcp"dgtkmwv"fgpicp"ukhcv"cuqukcvkh0

30" *35"-"36+"-"37"?"35"-"*"”"-""37+" ?"”

40" *67"-"79+"-"83"?"67""-"*"79"-"”"+" ?"”

50" *"7:"-"85+"-"99"?"”"-"*"85""-""99+" ?"” c0" Ukhcv"Rgpignqorqmcp"rcfc"Rgplwoncjcp

(9)

60" *":6"-"37"+"-"87"?":6"-"*"37"-"”+" ?"”

70" *";;"-"324+"-"”"?";;"-"*324"-"77+" ?"”

80" *"334"-"”+"-"6:"?"334"-"*"89"-"6:+" ?"”

90" *"”"-"435+"-"86"?";9"-"*"435"-"86+" ?"”

:0" *"446"-"324"+"-":9"?""”"-"*324""-":9+" ?"”

;0" *"576"-"33;+"-"4:"?""576"-"*”"-"4:+"?"”

320" *66:"-"578+"-";2"?"66:"-"*"”"-";2+" ?"”

Crcmcj" ukhcv" rgpignqorqmcp" dgtncmw" rcfc" qrgtcuk" rgpiwtcpicpA" Wpvwm" ogpigvcjwk"lcycdcpp{c."eqdc"mcow"ugnkfkmk"qrgtcuk"rgpiwtcpicp"dgtkmwv0 *72"⁄"45+"⁄"32"?"000

72"⁄"*45"⁄"32+"?"000

Crcmcj"jcukn"rgpiwtcpicpp{c"ucocA Crc"mgukorwncpowA

Vwicu

d0" Ukhcv"Rgpignqorqmcp"rcfc"Rgtmcnkcp

Eqdc"mcow"ugnkfkmk."crcmcj"ukhcv"rgpignqorqmcp"dgtncmw"rcfc"rgtmcnkcp0" Rgtjcvkmcp"fwc"ectc"rgp{gnguckcp"rgtmcnkcp"ugectc"rgpignqorqmcp"dgtkmwv"kpk0

Dgtcrcmcj""6"î"34"î";"?"A

Cfc"fwc"ectc"wpvwm"ogp{gnguckmcpp{c0

C

*6"î"34+"î";"?"6:"î";"?"654"

D

6"î"*34"î";+"?"6"î"32:"?"654

Crcmcj"jcuknp{c"ucocA

Vgtp{cvc."jcuknp{c"ucoc0"Lcfk."rcfc"rgtmcnkcp"dgtncmw"ukhcv"rgpignqorqmcp" *cuqukcvkh+0"

Crcmcj" ukhcv" rgpignqorqmcp" dgtncmw" rcfc" qrgtcuk" rgodcikcpA" Wpvwm" ogpigvcjwk"lcycdcpp{c."eqdc"mcow"ugnkfkmk"qrgtcuk"rgodcikcp"dgtkmwv0 *72"<"32+"<"7"?"7"<"7"?"”

72"<"*32"<"7+"?"72"<"4"?"”

Crcmcj"jcukn"rgodcikcpp{c"ucocA Crc"mgukorwncpowA

Vwicu

(10)

Ncvkjcp

C{q"iwpcmcp"ukhcv"rgpignqorqmcp"wpvwm"ogp{gnguckmcpp{c0

30" *33"î"5+"î"6""?"”"î"6" ?"”

40" 36"î"*37"î"4+"?"36"î"”"?"”

50" 43"î"*33"î"5+"?"43"î"”"?"”

60" 3;"î"*32"î"3+"?"3;"î"”"?"”

70" 44"î"*5"î"37+"?"44"î"”"?"”

80" 39"î"*7"î"47+"?"39"î"”"?"”

90" *4"î"32+"î"32"?"”"î"32"?"”

:0" *6"î"33+"î"34"?"”"î"34"?"”

;0" *39"î"3;+"î"6"?"”"î"6" ?"”

320" *3:"î"42+"î"7"?"”"î"7" ?"”

50" Ukhcv"Rgp{gdctcp"*Fkuvtkdwvkh+

Cict"mcow"ogpigvcjwk"ukhcv"rgp{gdctcp."c{q"egtocvk"wtckcp"dgtkmwv0

c0" Ukhcv"Rgp{gdctcp"rcfc"Rgtmcnkcp"fgpicp"Rgplwoncjcp

Fk"mgncu"5."mcow"uwfcj"ogorgnclctk"qrgtcuk"jkvwpi"ecorwtcp0"Okucnp{c." rgplwoncjcp"fgpicp"rgtmcnkcp."rgplwoncjcp"fgpicp"rgodcikcp0"Ugmctcpi." qrgtcuk"vgtugdwv"cmcp"fkwncpik"ncik0"Rgtjcvkmcp"eqpvqj"dgtkmwv0

Eqpvqj<

(11)

Ocukpi/ocukpi"lgpku"dwcj"cfc"32"fwu."vkcr"fwu"lgtwm"cfc"8"lgtwm"fcp"vkcr" fwu"crgn"cfc"9"crgn0"Dcp{cmp{c"dwcj"fcrcv"fkjkvwpi"fgpicp"ectc<

" 32"î"*8"-"9+"?"000

Ectc"ogp{gnguckmcpp{c"fcrcv"ogpiiwpcmcp" ukhcv"rgp{gdctcp."{ckvw<

32"î"*8"-"9+" ?"*32"î"8+" -" *32"î"9+

" " ?" 82" -" 92

" " ?"352

Lcfk."ugnwtwjp{c"cfc"352"dwcj0

Cmw"fcrcv"

ogp{gnguckmcpp{c" fgpicp"ectc"ncpiuwpi< 32"î"*8-9+"?"32"î"35 " """""" ?"352

Ncvkjcp

C{q"iwpcmcp"ukhcv"rgp{gdctcp"wpvwm"ogp{gnguckmcpp{c0

30" 47"î"*6"-"8+" ?" *47"î"6+"-"*47"î"”+

40" 55"î"*7-"5+" ?" *55"î"”+"-"*55"î"”+

50" 64"î"*33"-";+" ?" *64"î"”+"-"*64"î"”+

60" 3;"î"*32"-":+"" ?" *3;"î"”+"-"*3;"î"”+

(12)

d0" Ukhcv"Rgp{gdctcp"rcfc"Rgtmcnkcp"fgpicp"Rgpiwtcpicp

Dcickocpcmcj" ukhcv" rgp{gdctcp" rcfc" rgtmcnkcp" fgpicp" rgpiwtcpicpA" Wpvwm"ogocjcokp{c."rgtjcvkmcp"wtckcp"dgtkmwv0

Eqpvqj<

Vgtfcrcv"32"fwu"lgtwm"fcp"32"fwu"crgn0"Vkcr"fwu"lgtwm"dgtkuk"8"dwcj"lgtwm" fcp"vkcr"fwu"crgn"dgtkuk"9"dwcj"crgn0"Dgtcrc"ugnkukj"dwcj"lgtwm"fgpicp"dwcj" crgnA"Rgtjcvkmcpncj"ectc"ogp{gnguckmcpp{c0

Ocukpi/ocukpi"lgpku"dwcj"cfc"32"fwu."vkcr"fwu"lgtwm"cfc"8"lgtwm"fcp"vkcr" fwu"crgn"cfc"9"crgn0"Ugnkukjp{c"fcrcv"fkjkvwpi"fgpicp"ectc<

(13)

Ectc"ogp{gnguckmcpp{c"fcrcv"ogpiiwpcmcp" ukhcv"rgp{gdctcp."{ckvw<

32"î"*9"⁄"8+" ?"*32"î"9+"⁄"*32"î"8+

" " ?"92"⁄"82

" " ?"32

Lcfk."ugnkukj"dwcj"lgtwm"fgpicp"dwcj"crgn"cfcncj" 32"dwcj0

Cmw"fcrcv"

ogp{gnguckmcpp{c" fgpicp"ectc"ncpiuwpi< 32"î"*9"⁄"8+"?"32"î"3 " """"""""" ?"32

Ncvkjcp

C{q"iwpcmcp"ukhcv"rgp{gdctcp"wpvwm"ogp{gnguckmcpp{c0

30" 47"î"*"7"⁄"6+" ?"*47"î"7+"⁄"*47"î"”+

40" 43"î"*"8"⁄"4+" ?"*43"î"”+"⁄"*43"î"”+

50" 58"î"*"9"⁄"7+" ?"*58"î"”+"⁄"*58"î"”+

60" 7;"î"*"87"⁄"77+" ?"*7;"î"”+"⁄"*7;"î"”+

70" ::"î"*"92"⁄"88+" ?"*”"î"”+"⁄"*”"î"”+

60" Ukhcv"Rgplwoncjcp"fcp"Rgpiwtcpicp"Dkncpicp"fgpicp"Dkncpicp" Pqn

Lkmc"uwcvw"dkncpicp"fklwoncjmcp"cvcw"fkmwtcpimcp"fgpicp"dkncpicp"pqn." jcuknp{c"vgvcr"dkncpicp"kvw"ugpfktk0"Rgtjcvkmcp"eqpvqj"dgtkmwv0

Eqpvqj 3"-"2"" ?"3 45"-"2" ?"45 44;"⁄"2" ?"44;

(14)

Ncvkjcp

C{q"mgtlcmcp"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"kpk0

30" 47"-"2" ?"”" 80" 37"⁄"2" ?"”

40" 76"-"2" ?"”" 90" 89"⁄"2" ?"”

50" 332"-"2" ?"”" :0" 433"⁄"2" ?"”

60" 447"-"2" ?"”" ;0" 544"⁄"2" ?"”

70" 567"-"2" ?"”" 320" 667"⁄"2" ?"”

70" Ukhcv"Rgtmcnkcp"fgpicp"Dkncpicp"Pqn

Lkmc"uwcvw"dkncpicp"fkmcnkmcp"fgpicp"dkncpicp"pqn."jcuknp{c"cmcp"ogplcfk" pqn0"Rgtjcvkmcpncj"eqpvqj"dgtkmwv0

Eqpvqj 7"î"2" ?"2

79"î"2" ?"2

324"î"2" ?"2

778"î"2" ?"2"

Lkmc"uwcvw"dkncpicp"fkmcnkmcp"fgpicp"pqn"*2+." jcuknp{c"cfcncj"pqn"*2+0

Ncvkjcp

30" 57"î"2" ?"”" 80" 634"î"2" ?"”

40" 85"î"2" ?"”" 90" 678"î"2" ?"”

50" 334"î"2" ?"”" :0" 763"î"2" ?"”

60" 457"î"2" ?"”" ;0" 889"î"2""?"”

70" 588"î"2" ?"”" 320" 943"î"2" ?"”

(15)

/" Uwcvw"dkncpicp"fkdcik"qngj"pqn."jcuknp{c"vkfcm"fkfghkpkukmcp0 " Eqpvqj<

" 42"<"2"⇒ vkfcm"fkfghkpkukmcp

80" Ukhcv"Rgtmcnkcp"fgpicp"Dkncpicp"Ucvw

Okucnmcp."mcow"ogoknkmk"8"fwu"mwg0"Vkcr"fwu"dgtkuk"3"mwg0"Dgtcrc"lwoncj" mwg"ugnwtwjp{cA

Cfc"8"fwu"dgtkuk"3"mwg0"Ctvkp{c.

8"î"3"?"8

Lcfk."dcp{cm"mwg"cfc"80

Ugmctcpi."dgtcrc"dcp{cm"mwg"lkmc"jcp{c"vgtfcrcv"3"fwu"{cpi"dgtkuk"8"mwg0

Cfc"3"fwu"dgtkuk"8"mwg0"Ctvkp{c.

3"î"8"?"8

Dkncpicp"8"fk"cvcu"fkmcnkmcp"vgtjcfcr"dkncpicp"3."jcuknp{c"vgvcr"80"Lcfk.

Ugmctcpi."eqdc"mcow"mgtlcmcp"ncvkjcp"dgtkmwv0

Uwcvw"dkncpicp"lkmc"fkmcnkmcp"fgpicp"dkncpicp"3." jcuknp{c"vgvcr"dkncpicp"kvw"ugpfktk0

Ncvkjcp

(16)

90" Ukhcv"Rgodcikcp"fgpicp"Dkncpicp"Ucvw

Ugvkcr" dkncpicp" {cpi" fkdcik" qngj" dkncpicp" 3." jcuknp{c" dkncpicp" kvw" ugpfktk0

Eqpvqj< 6"<"3"?"6 3;:"<"3"?"3;:

Ncvkjcp

30" 72"<"3" ?"”" 60" 765"<"3"?"”

40" 344"<3"?"”" 70" 556"<"3"?"”" " " 50" 485"<"3"?"”

Ugvgncj"kvw."iwpcmcpncj"mcnmwncvqt"wpvwm"ogpigegm"wncpi0

Ectcp{c<"vgmcp" " " 000"

Dkncpicp"30222"ucorck"720222

Mcow"vgncj"ogpigpcn"dkncpicp"ucorck";;0"Ugmctcpi."mcow"cmcp"ogpigpcn" dkncpicp"30222"ucorck"720222"fcp"wtwvcpp{c0

30" Ogpigpcn"Dkncpicp"30222"ucorck"fgpicp"720222

c0" Ogodcec"Ncodcpi"Dkncpicp

Dcecncj"dkncpicp"{cpi"fkvwplwmmcp"qngj"icodct"dgtkmwv"kpk0

D0

ugtkdw "fwc"tkdw

30222

40222

< 3 ?

(17)

Rgpqpvqp"ugrcm"dqnc" cfc"vkic"rwnwj"tkdw

vkic"tkdw gorcv"tkdw"fwc"

tcvwu

d0" Ogpwnku"Ncodcpi"Dkncpicp

Cmw"dkuc."c{q" rgtjcvkmcp"wtckcp"fk" dcycj"kpk0

Dcickocpc"{c"ectc" ogpwnkumcp"dkncpicp" ugtkdw

Dkncpicp"ugtkdw"fkvwnku<

30222

Ogpwnkumcp"cpimc"ugtkdw"jctwu"ogocmck"vkvkm" ugvgncj" cpimc" mgvkic" fkjkvwpi" fctk" ugdgncj" mcpcp0

(18)

Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6 3:

30" Dcickocpc"ogpwnkumcp"dkncpicp"ugtkdw"ugtcvwuA

Ectcp{c<

ugtkdw"ugtcvwu"?"ugtkdw"-"ugtcvwu

" " ?"30222"-"322"?"30322

40" Dcickocpc"ogpwnkumcp"dkncpicp"ugtkdw"ugtcvwu"ugrwnwjA

Ectcp{c<

ugtkdw"ugtcvwu"ugrwnwj"?"ugtkdw"-"ugtcvwu"-"ugrwnwj

" ?"30222"-"322"-"32"?"30332

50" Dcickocpc"ogpwnkumcp"dkncpicp"ugtkdw"ugtcvwu"ugdgncuA

Ectcp{c<

ugtkdw"ugtcvwu"ugdgncu"?"ugtkdw"-"ugtcvwu"-"ugrwnwj"-"ucvw

" " " " ?"30222"-"322"-"32"-"3?"30333

60" Dgtfcuctmcp"wtckcp"fk"cvcu."ocmc"mcow"fcrcv"ogpwnkumcp"dkncpicp"ugtkdw" ugtcvwu"gorcv"rwnwj"nkoc"ugdcick"dgtkmwv0

ugtkdw"ugtcvwu"gorcv"rwnwj"nkoc" ?"30222"-"322"-"62"-"7

" ?"30367

70" Dcickocpcmcj"ogpwnkumcp"ncodcpi"dkncpicp"ugrwnwj"tkdw"gpco"tcvwu"fwc" rwnwj"nkocA

Ectcp{c<

"ugrwnwj"tkdw"gpco"tcvwu"fwc"rwnwj"nkoc" ?"320222"-"822"-"42"-"7

" ?"320847

80" Dcickocpcmcj"ogpwnkumcp"ncodcpi"dkncpicp"vkic"rwnwj"fwc"tkdw"fwc"tcvwu" vkic"rwnwj"gorcvA

" Ectcp{c<

vkic"rwnwj"fwc"tkdw"fwc"tcvwu"vkic"rwnwj"gorcv" ?"520222"-"40222"-"422" -"52"-"6" " """"""" ?"540456

Ncvkjcp

C0" C{q"vwnku"ncodcpi"dkncpicp"dgtkmwv0

30" Vkic"dgncu"tkdw"fwc"tcvwu"?"350422

40" Fwc"rwnwj"nkoc"tkdw"gorcv"tcvwu"fwc"rwnwj"fwc"?"”0

50" Vkic"rwnwj"vkic"tkdw"nkoc"tcvwu"vwlwj"rwnwj"gpco"?"”0

60" Gorcv"rwnwj"tkdw"fwc"tcvwu"nkoc"rwnwj"nkoc"?"”0

(19)

40" Pknck"Vgorcv"

Rgtjcvkmcp"dkncpicp"dgtkmwv0

450789

Dcickocpcmcj"pknck"vgorcv"dkncpicp"vgtugdwvA"Mcow"fcrcv"ogpiiwpcmcp" wdkp"wpvwm"ogpigvcjwk"pknck"vgorcvp{c0

D0" Eqdc"dcec"ncodcpi"dkncpicp"dgtkmwv0

30" 30224"?"”0" 80"" 320522"?"”0"

40" 40756"?"”0" 90" 350789"?"”0"

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" Lcfk."vcmuktcp"fctk"rgplwoncjcp"734"-"5;5" cfcncj";220

50567" 50222

60798" 70222

40" Dwncvmcp" dkncpicp" dgtkmwv" mg" fcnco" tkdwcp" vgtfgmcv."mgowfkcp"vcmuktncj"jcukn"rgplwoncjcp" 50567"-"607980

" 50222"-"70222"?":0222

" Lcfk."vcmuktcp"fctk"rgplwoncjcp"50567"-"60798" cfcncj":02220

50" Dwncvmcp" dkncpicp" dgtkmwv" mg" fcnco" tcvwucp"vgtfgmcv."mgowfkcp"vcmuktncj"jcukn" rgpiwtcpicp":27"⁄"9360

" :22"⁄"922"?"322

" Lcfk."vcmuktcp"fctk"rgplwoncjcp":27"⁄"936" cfcncj"3220

:27" :22

(45)

Ncvkjcp

30" Dwncvmcpncj" dkncpicp" dgtkmwv" mg" fcnco" tcvwucp" vgtfgmcv." mgowfkcp" vcmuktncj<

" c+" 697"-"5;:"≈"”0" f+" ;45"-":39"≈"”0 " d+" 947"/"749"≈"”0" g+" 3072;"/"9:8"≈"”0 " e+" 72:"/"59:"≈"”0

40" Dwncvmcpncj"dkncpicp"dgtkmwv"mg"fcnco"tkdwcp"vgtfgmcv."mgowfkcp"vcmuktncj< " c+" 5048:"-"60837"≈"”0" f+" :0789"/"60987"≈"”0

" d+" 809:3"-"70::;"≈"”0" g+" ;0335"/"709:8"≈"”0 " e+" 90376"-"30546"≈"”0

50" Vcmuktncj"jcukn"qrgtcuk"jkvwpi"dgtkmwv"fgpicp"ogncmwmcp"rgodwncvcp"mgfcnco" tcvwucp"vgtfgmcv0

" c+" 735"-"576"-"326"≈"”0" f+" 30465"/"587"/"98;"≈"”0 " d+" 964"-"823"/"4:9"≈"”0" g+" 403:8"/";24"-"59:"≈"”0 " e+" :39"-"7:3"/"4;;"≈"”0

60" Rcm"\cmctkc"dgvgtpcm"kvkm"fcp"c{co0"Dcp{cm"c{cop{c"cfcncj"45;."ugfcpimcp" dcp{cm"kvkmp{c"\cmctkc"7890"Vcmuktncj"dcp{cm"vgtpcm"oknkm"Rcm"\cmctkc"fcnco" tcvwucp0

70" Fcnco" uwcvw" rgtvcpfkpicp" ugrcm" dqnc" fkjcfktk" qngj" fwc" mwdw" rgpqpvqp0" Mwdw"rgtvcoc"cfc"5078:"qtcpi."ugfcpimcp"mwdw"mgfwc"cfc"4034;"qtcpi0" Vcmuktncj"lwoncj"rgpqpvqp"vgtugdwv"fcnco"tkdwcp0

Rgtocucncjcp"{cpi"Ognkdcvmcp"Wcpi

Fcnco"mgjkfwrcp"ugjctk/jctk."wcpi"fkiwpcmcp"wpvwm"dgtdcick"mgrgtnwcp0" Okucnp{c."wpvwm"ogodc{ct"dkc{c"ugmqncjow."ogodgnk"rgtngpimcrcp"ugmqncj." fcp"ugdcickp{c0"Qngj"mctgpc"kvw."c{q"mkvc"dgnclct"vgpvcpi"wcpi0

30" Ogpigpcn"Wcpi"Ucorck"Tcvwu"Tkdwcp

c0" Ucvwcp"Pknck"Wcpi

Wcpi/wcpi"fk"dcycj"kpk"ogtwrcmcp"ucvwcp"wcpi"{cpi"dgtgfct"fk"ocu{ctcmcv0" Dkcucp{c"wcpi"kpk"fkdwcv"fcnco"dgpvwm"wcpi"nqico"cvcw"wcpi"mgtvcu0

I0

(46)

d0" Jwdwpicp"Cpvctucvwcp"Pknck"Wcpi

C{q"rgtjcvkmcp"eqpvqj"jwdwpicp"cpvctucvwcp"pknck"wcpi"dgtkmwv"kpk#

?

-" 322"twrkcj" ?" 72"twrkcj" -" 72"twrkcj

" " ?"" *4"î"72+"twrkcj

" Ugtcvwu"twrkcj"ugpknck"fgpicp"fwc"wcpi"nkoc"rwnwj"twrkcjcp0

40

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-Ugtkdw"Twrkcj Nkoc"Tkdw"Twrkcj

Nkoc"Rwnwj"Tkdw"Twrkcj "Ugtcvwu"Tkdw"Twrkcj Ugrwnwj"Tkdw"Twrkcj "Fwc"Rwnwj"Tkdw"Twrkcj

" 30222"twrkcj" ?" 722"twrkcj" -" 722"twrkcj"

" " " " " ?"*4"î"722+"twrkcj

(47)

Fcrcvmcj" mcow" ogpgpvwmcp" jwdwpicp" wcpi" ugtkdwcp" fgpicp" wcpi" ugtcvwucpA"Eqdcncj"mgtlcmcp"dgtucoc"vgocpow0

50

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-" 420222"twrkcj" ?" 320222"twrkcj" -" 320222"twrkcj" " " " " " ?"*4"î"320222+

Fwc" rwnwj" tkdw" twrkcj" ugpknck" fgpicp" fwc" wcpi" ugrwnwj" tkdw" twrkcjcp0" Fcrcvmcj"mcow"ogpgpvwmcp"jwdwpicp"wcpi"fwc"rwnwj"tkdw"twrkcjcp"fgpicp" wcpi"nkoc"tkdw"twrkcjcpA"Eqdcncj"mgtlcmcp"dgtucoc"vgocpow0

Ncvkjcp

C{q"mgtlcmcp"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"kpk0 30" 7222"twrkcj"?"*”"î"422+"twrkcj 40" 420222"twrkcj"?"*”"î"3222+"twrkcj 50"" 30222"twrkcj"?"*"”"î"72+"twrkcj

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70" 420222"twrkcj"-"420222"twrkcj"-"420222"twrkcj"-"420222"twrkcj"-"420222" twrkcj"?"*7"î"420222+"twrkcj"?"”"twrkcj"

40" Ectc"Ogpwnkumcp"Wcpi"Twrkcj

Dcickocpcmcj"ectc"ogpwnkumcp"wcpi"fgpicp"cvwtcp"dcmwA"Rgtjcvkmcpncj" eqpvqj"ectc"ogpwnkumcp"wcpi"dgtkmwv"kpk#

Ugtcvwu"twrkcj"fkvwnku" Tr322.22

Ugtkdw"fwc"tcvwu"twrkcj"fkvwnku" Tr30422.22

Fwc"rwnwj"tkdw"twrkcj"fkvwnku" Tr420222.22

ß" Ugdgnwo"ogpwnkumcp"pknck"wcpi."vwnkuncj"jwtwh"Tr"ngdkj"fcjwnw0

ß" Mgowfkcp."vwnkumcp"cpimc"pknck"wcpi"vcprc"cfc"urcuk"fgpicp"jwtwh"Tr0 ß" Ugncplwvp{c."vwnkumcp"mqoc"{cpi"fkkmwvk"fgpicp"fwc"cpimc"pqn"ugdcick"

vcodcjcp"fk"dgncmcpi"pknck"wcpi"*".22+0

(48)

Dgtucoc"vgocpow."ncmwmcpncj"rgplwcncp"dctcpi"dgtwrc< ß" Dwmw

ß" Rgpukn ß" Rgpijcrwu

Dgtkncj"mwkvcpuk"mgrcfc"vgocpow"{cpi"ogodgnk"dctcpiow0

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Cmvkxkvcu"Ocvgocvkmc

Ncvkjcp

C0" Vwnkuncj"pknck"ocvc"wcpi"dgtkmwv0 30" Nkoc"tcvwu"twrkcj"fkvwnku"”0

40" Gpco"tkdw"vwlwj"tcvwu"twrkcj"fkvwnku"”0 50" Fwc"rwnwj"gpco"tkdw"twrkcj"fkvwnku"”0 60" Nkoc"rwnwj"vwlwj"tkdw"twrkcj"fkvwnku"”0 70" Ugtcvwu"nkoc"rwnwj"tkdw"twrkcj""fkvwnku"”0

D0" Vwplwmmcp"ocpc"rgpwnkucp"pknck"wcpi"{cpi"ucncj"dgtkmwv"kpk0 30" Tr"722.22" 80" Tr;0222" " "

40" Tr50672.22" 90" Tr"340;22.22" " " 50" Tr"40722.22" :0" Tr:20:22.22" "

60" Tr370422.22" ;0" Tr4220222.22" " " 70" Tr420522.22" 320" Tr4720222.22

E0" Vwnku"jwtwh"{cpi"fkegvcm"vgdcn"fcnco"dgpvwm"pknck"wcpi0

30" Fkpc"ogodgnk"ugdwcj"rwnrgp"ugjctic"fwc"tkdw"nkoc"tcvwu"twrkcj0 40" Rcm"Jcucp"ogplwcn"ugdwcj"vcu"ugjctic"nkoc"rwnwj"nkoc"tkdw"twrkcj0 50" Nkpc"ogorgtqngj"iclk"fctk"rgtwucjccpp{c"ugdguct"ugodkncp"tcvwu"tkdw"

twrkcj0

60" Rcm"Ycpfk"ogoknkmk"wcpi"ugdcp{cm"nkoc"tcvwu"tkdw"twrkcj0

(49)

80" Rgtocucncjcp"{cpi"Ognkdcvmcp"Wcpi

Rcfc"jctk"okpiiw."Tkpk"rgtik"dgtucoc"mcmcmp{c"dgtlwcncp"fk"Rcuct"Okpiiw0" Tkpk" dgtjcukn" ogplwcn" ugrqvqpi" dclw" ugjctic" Tr770222.22" fcp" ugdwcj" vqrk" ugjctic"Tr370722.220"Ugogpvctc"kvw."mcmcmp{c"dgtjcukn"ogplwcn"ugdwcj"vcu" ugjctic"Tr920522.22"fcp"ugrcucpi"ugrcvw"ugjctic"Tr3420222.220"Dgtcrcmcj" lwoncj"wcpi"{cpi"ogtgmc"fcrcvmcpA

Lcycd

" Dctcpi"{cpi"vgtlwcn" Jctic

" dclw" Tr""770222.22

" vqrk" Tr""370722.22

" vcu" Tr""920522.22

" ugrcvw" Tr3420222.22

" Lwoncj" Tr4820:22.22

Lwoncj"wcpi"{cpi"ogtgmc"fcrcvmcp"cfcncj<

Tr770222.22"-"Tr370722.22"-""Tr920522.22"-"Tr3420222.22"?"Tr4820:22.22

Lcfk."lwoncj"wcpi"{cpi"ogtgmc"fcrcvmcp"cfcncj"Tr4820:22.220

Ncvkjcp

30" Fkmc" ogoknkmk" wcpi" ugdguct" Tr320222.220" Kc" ogpcdwpi" fk" Dw" Iwtw" ugdguct"Tr40722.22"fcp"ogodc{ct"ctkucp"mgncu"Tr50222.220"Dgtcrc" ukuc"wcpi"FkmcA

40" Dw" Hgpvk" ogodgnk" okp{cm" iqtgpi" ugjctic" Tr350222.22." iwnc" rcukt" ugjctic"Tr470222.22"fcp"ucvw"fwu"ok"ugjctic"Tr670222.220"Dgtcrcmcj" lwoncj"dgncplccp"Dw"HgpvkA

50" Ugqtcpi" rgfcicpi" dclw" ugjctic" Tr520222.22=" egncpc" ugjctic" Tr650222.22=" fcp" ugrcvw" ugjctic" Tr3420222.220" Dgtcrc" wcpi" {cpi" fkfcrcvmcp"qngj"rgfcicpi"vgtugdwvA

60" Dw" Gtpk" ogp{gycmcp" yclcp" ugjctic" Tr4:0222.22=" mqorqt" ugjctic" Tr980222.22=" fcp" rkucw" ugjctic" Tr80722.220" Dgtcrc" wcpi" {cpi" fkfcrcvmcp" Dw" Gtpk" lkmc" kc" ogp{gycmcp" 4" yclcp." 3" mqorqt." fcp" 6" rkucwA

(50)

Tcpimwocp

30" Ukhcv"rgtvwmctcp"fcnco"rgplwoncjcp<"c"-"d"?"d"-"c 40" Ukhcv"rgtvwmctcp"fcnco"rgtmcnkcp"<"c"î"d"?"d"î"c

50" Ukhcv"rgpignqorqmmcp"*cuqukcvkh+"fcnco"rgplwoncjcp"<"*c"-"d+"-"e"?"c"-"*d"-"e+ 60" Ukhcv"rgpignqorqmmcp"*cuqukcvkh+"fcnco"rgtmcnkcp"<"*c"î"d+"î"e"?"c"î"*d"î"e+ 70" Ukhcv"rgp{gdctcp<"c"î"*d"-"e+"?"*c"î"d+"-"*c"î"e+

(51)

Octk"Ogpiwncpi"Dcd"3

C0" Kukncj"vkvkm/vkvkm"rcfc"uqcn"dgtkmwv"fgpicp"ukpimcv0 30" Iwpcmcp"ukhcv"rgtvwmctcp<"62"-"336"?"”"-"”"?"0000

40" Iwpcmcp"ukhcv"rgpignqorqmmcp"<"*30453"-"40564+"-"443"?"”"-"*"”"-"”+"?"0000

50" Iwpcmcp"ukhcv"rgp{gdctcp<"43"î"*34"-"7+"?"*"”"î"”"+"-"*"”"î"”"+"?"0000

D0" Dgtkncj"vcpfc"*Z+"rcfc"lcycdcp"{cpi"dgpct0 30" 4:"<"6"î"7"?"”0

c0" 52" d0" 55" e0" 57"

40" 4"î"*58"-"334+"?"”0

c0" 3:6"" d0" 482" e0" 4;8

50" 78903460"Pknck"vgorcv"fctk"9"cfcncj"”0

c0" ucvwcp" " d0" tkdwcp" e0" tcvwu"tkdwcp

60" Rgodwncvcp"dkncpicp"45089:"mg"fcnco"tkdwcp"vgtfgmcv"cfcncj"”0 c0" 440222" d0" 450222" e0" 460222

70" Vcmuktcp"vgtdckm"fctk"34"-"4:"?"”0

c0" 57" " " d0" 62" e0" 64

80" Ectc"rgpwnkucp"wcpi"{cpi"dgpct"cfcncj"”0

c0" Tr80922.22" d0" Tr"80922.22" e0" Tr080922.22

90" Tr90222.22"-"Tr80772.22"?"”0

c0" Tr350772.22" d0" Tr360722.22" e0" Tr350272.22

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534 5;: 674 43; 637 745

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40" Dgtcrcmcj"jcukn"vcmuktcp"fctk"rgplwoncjcp"dgtkmwv<

c0" 56"-"4;"≈"0000" d0" 65"-"55"≈"0000" e0" 456"-"567"≈"0000" "

50" Jkvwpincj"fgpicp"ectc"dgtuwuwp"rgpfgm"fcp"ectc"dgtuwuwp"rcplcpi0

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(52)

70" Kukncj"vkvkm/vkvkm"fkdcycj"kpk"fgpicp"vcpfc"›>›"cvcw"›@ﬁ0

c0" 9:0764"”"9:0765"

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30" Dw"Octpk"dgtdgncplc"mg"rcuct0"Kc"ogodgnk"iwnc"Tr370922.22="okp{cm"iqtgpi" Tr360722.22="vgorg"Tr50872.220"Vcmuktncj"dgtcrc"jctic"ugnwtwj"dgncplccp" Dw"Octpk0

40" Rcm"Fctocp"ogoknkmk"7"rgvcm"mqnco"kmcp0"Vkcr"mqnco"dgtkuk"62"kmcp"ocu" fcp"42"kmcp"owlckt0"Cfc"dgtcrc"lwoncj"kmcp"Rcm"Fctocp"ugowcp{cA

50" Tgpc"ogoknkmk"82"rwnrgp0"Kc"kpikp"ogodcikmcpp{c"mgrcfc"34"qtcpi"vgocp" ugmgncup{c"fgpicp"ucoc"dcp{cm0"Dgtcrc"dcp{cm"rwnrgp"{cpi"fkvgtkoc" qngj"ocukpi/ocukpi"vgocp"TgpcA

60"

" Fk"uwcvw"vqmq"fklwcn""rcmgv"crgn"dgtkuk"42"ugjctic"Tr720222.22"fcp""rcmgv" crgn"dgtkuk"52"dwcj"ugjctic"Tr820222.220"Crgn"ocpcmcj"{cpi"ngdkj"owtcj" fcp"rcmgv"crgn"ocpcmcj"{cpi"ngdkj"dcp{cmA

70" Dwcvncj"vkic"dwcj"egtkvc"fctk"qrgtcuk"jkvwpi"dgtkmwv<