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2.1.1 Composition of Concrete ... 4
2.1.2 Water-Cement Ratio ... 6
2.1.3 Properties of Hardened Concrete ... 7
2.2 Steel Reinforcement ... 10
2.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams ... 11
2.3.1 Flexure in Beams ... 12
2.3.2 Shear in Beams ... 13
2.3.3 Design of Reinforcement ... 14
2.4 Factored Loads and Safety Factors ... 39
2.5 Cross Section and Dimensions ... 40
2.6 Java Language ... 41
2.6.1 Java is object-oriented ... 41
2.6.2 Java Code ... 42
2.6.3 Event-Driven Programming ... 46
2.6.4 Java Foundation Classes ... 47
2.7 Flash CS3 ... 49
2.7.1 Actionscript ... 49
2.7.2 Timeline ... 50
2.8 Multimedia ... 51
2.8.1 Benefit of Multimedia ... 51
2.8.2 Developing a Project ... 52
v
2.9.1 Testing Objectives ... 54
2.9.2 Functional/ Black-Box Testing ... 55
2.10 Use-case Diagram ... 58
2.10.1 Scenario ... 59
2.10.2 Actor ... 59
2.10.3 Associations ... 60
2.10.4 Includes ... 60
2.10.5 Generalization ... 60
2.10.6 Extends ... 61
3 Analysis and Design ... 62
3.1 Design Flowchart for Reinforcements ... 62
3.1.1 Balanced Moment ... 62
3.1.2 Single Reinforcement ... 63
3.1.3 Double Reinforcement ... 64
3.1.4 Shear Reinforcement ... 66
3.2 Analysis Flowchart for Reinforcements ... 67
3.2.1 Singly Reinforced Concrete ... 67
3.2.2 Doubly Reinforced Concrete ... 68
3.2.3 Application Outline ... 69
3.2.4 Story Board ... 70
5.1 Testing Multimedia ... 95
5.2 Survey ... 97
6 Conclusion ... 99
6.1 Conclusion ... 99
6.2 Conjecture ... 99
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Abstract
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Abstrak
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Fioni H.D. Maranatha Christian University
Chapter 1
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
For every student majoring in Civil Engineering, the complex calculation of
equations will always be a part of their learning process. More specifically in the
class subject Beton 1, many flowcharts, complicated formulas, and strict
national standards are used to calculate and design reinforcement bars in
concrete beams. Of course learning how to use the previously mentioned tools
and how to solve designing situations can be done manually through
meticulous and strict observations of lectures and simulations, but it would be
easier if there is a program to demonstrate and explain the end result. Manual
learning is doable; however complex solutions, processes, and equations can
leave students perplexed and at a complete loss causing them to only focus on
how to solve the given problem. From past experiences, when students are
only focused on how to calculate, important theories are disregarded and
solutions are formed through mindless computations.
After learning the theories involved in calculating reinforcements in concrete
beams, the knowledge obtained can be put into practice. The designing and
analyzing of reinforcements in beams can be well understood if there was a
step by step procedure or example that can be demonstrated to the student.
The development of technology can help in presenting theses steps through
multimedia.
1.2 Purpose and Reasoning
The purpose of this project is to enlighten students on how to calculate
reinforcement bars in beams. The program created will hopefully help students
understand the step by step procedure in designing and analyzing
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Fioni H.D. Maranatha Christian University
1.3 Scope of Research
The topics that will be presented in this report are the following:
1. Background description of the characteristics of concrete
2. Background description of the characteristics of steel
3. Definition of beams
4. Types of forces applied to beams in structures
5. Relationship of concrete and steel in structural beams
6. Flowchart of designing longitudinal and shear reinforcements in doubly
reinforced beams
7. Flowchart of analyzing longitudinal reinforcements in singly and doubly
reinforced beams.
8. Flash Actionscript 3.
9. Flow of program through timeline and storyboard.
10. Using the multimedia
The topics that will not be covered in this report are the following:
1. Reinforcement for torsion in beams.
1.4 Source
Resources of this research are from textbooks, ACI 318-83, and notes taken
from lectures. The internet provides with various design ideas of animation and
presentation. The validation of the steps in the flowchart formed is tested
through solved cases of reinforcement design and analysis.
1.5 Script Arrangement
This report is divided into three parts: beginning, content, and the ending. The
beginning consists of the following:
a. Title page
b. Legalization page
c. Preface
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Fioni H.D. Maranatha Christian University
e. Statement of Originality
f. Abstract
g. Table of Contents
h. Appendixes
The content of this report consists of 5 chapters:
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 will cover the introduction of the manuscript, purpose and
reasoning, scope of research, and the arrangement of the writing.
Chapter 2 THEORIES
Chapter 2 will explain basic theories of concrete and it applications, designing
procedures, and analysis of computation based on the ACI code. This chapter
will also explain what a multimedia is, what programming language is used,
the use of multimedia, and other basic theories to support this project.
Chapter 3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Chapter 3 is where the program is analyzed and designed.
Chapter 4 IMPLEMENTATION
Chapter 4 will describe the implementation and use of the user interface.
Chapter 5 EVALUATION
Chapter 5 will present test results of the multimedia and the results of the
questionnaire.
The last part of this report is the Conclusion.
Chapter 6 CONCLUSION
This chapter consist of conclusions and any critics useful for future
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Fioni H.D. Maranatha Christian University
Chapter 6
6
Conclusion
6.1 Conclusion
1. The purpose of this project was to enlighten students on how to calculate
reinforcement bars in beams. From various opinions obtained, this was
successful. However, further development is needed.
2. Calculating and analyzing reinforcement bars in beams is simplified by the use
of flowcharts.
3. The purpose of a story board is to ―sketch‖ out roughly what the flow of
animation would be like and what the display should look like. However,
sometimes during execution, a more practical and efficient flow is discovered
and is used rather than follow the storyboard exactly.
4. Even though this program is to help students understand the process of design
and analysis of reinforcements in concrete beams, basic knowledge of the
mechanics and behaviors of concrete is required to support decision making.
6.2 Conjecture
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Fioni H.D. Maranatha Christian University
7
Bibliography
Agarwal, B. B., Tayal, S. P., & Gupta, M. (2010). Software Engineering & Testing. Boston: Jones And Bartlett Publishers.
Gunter, S. K. (2007). Teach Yourself Visually Flash CS3 Professional. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing, Inc. Moock, C. (2007). Essential ActionScript 3.0. Sebastopol: O'Reilly Media, Inc.
Nawy, E. G. (2003). Reinforced Concrete a Fundamental Approach (5th Edition ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
Park, R., & Paulay, T. (1975). Reinforced Conrete Structures. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Peck, D. D. (1998). Multimedia: A Hands-On Introduction. Albany: Delmar Publishers.
Webster, S., Yard, T., & McSharry, S. (2008). Foundation ActionScript 3.0 with Flash CS3 and Flex. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
Wight, J. K., & MacGregor, J. G. (2005). Reinforced Concrete (4th Edition ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
