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Journal of Education for Business
ISSN: 0883-2323 (Print) 1940-3356 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vjeb20
Ranking Business and Economics Journals in South
America Using the Scientific Electronic Library
Online (SciELO)
Jennifer K. Alexander , Lorena Pradenas , Víctor Parada & Robert F. Scherer
To cite this article: Jennifer K. Alexander , Lorena Pradenas , Víctor Parada & Robert F. Scherer (2012) Ranking Business and Economics Journals in South America Using the Scientific
Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Journal of Education for Business, 87:3, 152-158, DOI: 10.1080/08832323.2011.582896
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2011.582896
Published online: 01 Feb 2012.
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ISSN: 0883-2323 print / 1940-3356 online DOI: 10.1080/08832323.2011.582896
Ranking Business and Economics Journals in South
America Using the Scientific Electronic Library
Online (SciELO)
Jennifer K. Alexander
Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Lorena Pradenas
Universidad de Concepci´on, Concepci´on, Chile
V´ıctor Parada
Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Robert F. Scherer
Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Access to published research for knowledge creation and education in the administrative science disciplines in South America has been enhanced since the introduction of the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). Although SciELO has been available as an online journal indexing and publication service since 1998, there have been no bibliometric investigations conducted to identify the quality of journals available through the database. The authors used 4 common ranking measures and an overall index to evaluate the quality of SciELO journals. Age and discipline of the journal seem to be important factors to support impact and ranking. Implications of the findings for business school faculty, administrators, and researchers are discussed.
Keywords: business research, journal ranking, SciELO, South America
A spate of articles in the academic literature attests to the im-portance of quality rankings for academic journals. Journal articles establish the forum for communicating the latest sci-entific research and they are the most immediate and viable means for vetting new ideas in a field and informing one’s teaching (Clark, 1997). Academic journals are, thus, an es-sential resource for knowledge generation and dissemination. In university settings, academic publication is considered the gold standard for determining the strength of a scholar’s per-formance ( ¨Ozbilgin, 2009). Foundations evaluate the quality of a scholar’s publications when reviewing proposals for re-search grant funding. In circumstances of tenure and career advancement, journal rankings provide critical information
Correspondence should be addressed to Robert F. Scherer, Cleve-land State University, Ahuja College of Business, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA. E-mail: r.scherer@csuohio.edu
for evaluating the strength of a faculty member’s contribu-tions (Serneko, 2009).
Given the reliance on journal quality for knowledge generation and career advancement, considerable attention has been directed to the impact of journals published in the United States and Northern Europe (Meneghini, Packer, & Nassi-Cal`o, 2008). However, remarkably little analysis has been directed to journals that represent scholarship outside of the developed world. This difference can be attributed to an unfortunate reality: Knowledge is a commodity that has flowed from the industrialized world to the developing world such that the United States, the European Union, and Japan account for 78.3% of the world’s scientific research (European Commission, 2003; Salager-Meyer, 2008). The reasons for this disparity in scientific output can be attributed to a number of mutually reinforcing barriers for scholarship offered by developing nations. They are most notably, language and resources.
SCIELO JOURNAL RANKINGS 153
The lingua francafor scholarly publication is English. Researchers from developing nations have been required to develop the language skills necessary to publish their re-search in English and preferably in Thomson Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) quality journals or risk falling on the periphery of research in their fields. A variety of studies reveal that scientific publications among a nation’s science community are highly correlated with proficiency in English (Man, Weinkauf, Tsang, & Sin, 2004; Meneghini et al., 2008; Vasconcelos, Sorenson, & Leta, 2007; Victora & Moreira, 2006). Additionally, scholars in the developing world experience considerable difficulty securing access to up-to-date information necessary to generate research. Jour-nals are costly and there are vast differences in access to printed materials as well as Internet resources, depending on the subscriptions of academic institutions. Lack of access to personal computers or Internet further limits the ability of scholars to submit manuscripts electronically and isolates them from the ongoing research dialogue. The vast differen-tial in access to information shapes not only the production of knowledge, but also participation in the social world of scholars (Arunachalam, 2003).
JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS IN LATIN AMERICA
Recent developments hold the promise of leveling the play-ing field and advancplay-ing scholarship in developplay-ing nations in significant respects, most notably the development of elec-tronic information and open access journals. The advent of electronic information has dramatically reduced the costs associated with distribution and dissemination of informa-tion. As the costs associated with journal access continues to plummet through the myriad of rapidly arising networks pro-moting open electronic access, researchers are able to acquire the most present research. In recent years, the combination of technological advancements and institutional efforts has enhanced access to information through the creation of free Internet archives.
One of the more celebrated examples of cooperative elec-tronic publishing is the Scientific Elecelec-tronic Library Online (SciELO), established in Brazil in 1998. SciELO is a net-work of 15 national and two thematic open access journal collections that include over a dozen countries, three con-tinents, and more than 600 titles (Packer, 2009). The Sci-ELO journal collections include the best journals published in Ibero-America, including Latin America, the Caribbean, Portugal, and Spain. Packer noted that the “monthly average of more than 12 million articles accessed per month” places SciELO among the “top-accessed, research-related websites in Ibero-America” (p. 112). The widespread recognition that scholarship in the developing world was lost science, sel-dom read or cited, was a critical event that contributed to the establishment of SciELO (Gibbs, 1995). In effect,
Sci-ELO represents an effort to augment visibility, quality, and quantity of scholarship focused on issues of relevance to the South.
SciELO fosters scientific productivity around priorities of relevance to developing nations, aggregating and advanc-ing knowledge that is contextualized. Journals reflect the priorities of “networks of cultural, educational and political institutions” and their respective “metropolitan, national and international contexts” (Crysler, 2003, p. 189). As a result, the topics and themes that are salient in international journals differ from those that hold sway for a region. Open access journal networks create the opportunity to shift the research agenda to particular needs. Although developing nations put a high premium on technological advancement, scientific research has been a lower priority and there is a high correla-tion between technological development and science (King, 2004, Man et al., 2004; Salager-Meyer, 2008).
Moreover, journal articles published in a language that is readily accessible expand access to the conversations where research is digested and built upon with stakeholders (e.g., policymakers, private sector industry, government officials; Nerad, 2010; Salager-Meyer, 2008). One of the most im-portant trends of the past decade is that knowledge pro-duction has become a process that involves multiple actors, including universities, industry, business, and governments (Nerad; Gibbons et al., 1994). As the generation of knowl-edge is increasingly linked through outcome measures to regional stakeholders, there is a need to be able to com-municate research findings to this regional audience and this need has fostered the need for regionalized scholarly networks (Nerad).
The present research comprises the first bibliometric analysis of research journals in the area of business and economics for Ibero-America. Other analyses have been conducted on journals in the area of psychiatry and clinical psychology (Quevedo-Blasco, Dias-Piedra, & Guglielmi, 2010), general publication and citation patterns within Latin American and Caribbean journals (Collazo-Reyes, Luna-Morales, Russell, & P´erez-Ang´on, 2008), and in other nations, for example, the bibliometric study of computer science in Malaysia (Bakri & Willett, 2009). Results of studies confirm the trends of a knowledge gap between developing and developed nations, and manifest as little intercitation (Collazo-Reyes et al.), scholars from the developing countries more frequently citing scholarship published in English, and research from developing nations less often cited by scholars from the North (Bakri & Willett). Given the importance of published scholarship in tenure and promotion decisions as well as the relationship between re-search and teaching (Clark, 1997; ¨Ozbilgin, 2009; Serenko, 2009), the present study on ranking SciELO journals provides insight for faculty, business school administrators, and review committees with respect the value and impact of research.
IDENTIFYING THE JOURNALS IN THE SciELO DATABASE
To identify the population of business and economics jour-nals in the SciELO database we searched for all jourjour-nals coded as accepting manuscripts in business, economics, or administrative science between the years 2003–2008. This was necessary, as there is overlap between business and eco-nomics disciplines throughout South America. Depending on the country, business research may be labeled as economics and vice versa. Public administration is also a combination of business and economics in South America, so we broadened the search to include any journals dealing with these three topical areas. Additionally, journals included in the present study had to be publishing articles for at least two years (see subsequent explanation in Citation Analysis and Rank-ing the Journals), and be published by an organization in South America.
The SciELO database contains a total of 766 journals (Sci-entific Electronic Library Online, 2010). Our search yielded 22 journals that met the previous inclusion criteria. Table 1 details the characteristics of the 22 journals comprising our study of rankings. Review of the descriptive information re-vealed that the greatest number of journals was published by
TABLE 1
University center 45.45
Research institute or center of research 22.73
Association or independent council 31.82
Year of first edition in SciELO
1997–2000 3 13.64
Spanish, English 9.09
Spanish, Portuguese, English 9.09
Spanish, Portuguese, English, French 4.55
Spanish, Portuguese, English, French, German 4.55
Number of indexes
1–6 81.82
7–13 18.18
aRounded to the nearest whole number (N=22).
organizations in Brazil (63.64%). The majority of the jour-nals were sponsored by universities (45.45%), with the first volume being cataloged on the SciELO system between 2001 and 2005. However, it should be noted that the range of first volume publication was from 1947 (Journal of the Econ-omy of Brazil) through 2006 (Journal of Theoretical and Ap-plied Electronic Commerce Research). Portuguese was the most frequent language required by the journals for publica-tion of research (45.45%), although some journals accepted manuscripts for submission in Spanish, English, French, and German. In addition to being indexed in SciELO, the major-ity of journals included in the present study were indexed by 1–6 other indexing services (81.82%; e.g., ISI).
CITATION ANALYSIS AND RANKING THE JOURNALS
With the 22 journals for inclusion identified, we turned our attention to constructing indices for ranking. We followed the method used by Katerattanakul, Han, and Hong (2003), which objectifies the ranking process. Rather than utilize per-ceptions of journal quality, we used four quantitative mea-sures to assess journal quality rank and then computed an average across the four measures to obtain an average jour-nal rank for each individual jourjour-nal, which resulted in the journals included in our study being ranked from 1 (highest ranked) to 22 (lowest ranked). The four measures included annual mean citations per article, present article impact, cited to citing ratio, and the immediacy factor. These four citation analysis measures are commonly used as bibliometric indi-cators of journal quality (Garfield, 1979). Previously it was noted that for a journal to be included in our study it had to be publishing articles for at least two years between the period 2003 and 2008. We used this decision rule, similar to Kater-attanakul et al., to account for the lag between publication of an article and citation of the article by other researchers in their own research. Table 2 shows how each journal scored on each of the four measures and the rank for the journal on the individual measures.
Annual Mean Citations per Article
Published scholarly research is based on providing sup-port and justification for arguments made in a manuscript (Garfield, 1979). The annual mean citations per article in-dicates the degree to which an article is utilized by other researchers in supporting their own investigations. This mea-sure was constructed by dividing the number of annual ci-tations per article by the number of years since the article’s initial publication and then averaging across all articles in a particular journal for the years covered by the present study. The measure controls for the number of years elapsed since publication of the article, reducing the effect of time. Annual mean citations per article ranged from 0 to 1.85. A higher number of annual mean citations per article indicates that
SCIELO JOURNAL RANKINGS 155
TABLE 2
Indices of Journal Quality and Ranking
Journal name
Annual mean citations per
article
Present article impact
Cited to citing ratio
Immediacy factor
Average ranking score
Year established
Revista Brasileira de Economia (Brazil) 1.85 (1) 0.11 (1) 0.07 (1) .01 (8) 3.0 (1) 1947 Brazilian Journal of Economics
Cuadernos de Econom´ıa (Brazil) 0.90 (3) 0.04 (7) 0.03 (4) .18 (1) 3.6 (2) 1963 Latin American Journal of Economics
Revista de Economia Pol´ıtica (Brazil) 1.14 (2) 0.08 (3) 0.05 (2) .02 (6) 5.0 (3) 1981 Brazilian Journal of Political Economy
Economia Aplicada (Brazil) 0.62 (7) 0.08 (2) 0.02 (8) .02 (5) 6.2 (4) 1997 Applied Economics
Nova Economia (Brazil) 0.81 (4) 0.05 (6) 0.03 (6) .00 (11) 6.6 (5) 1990 The New Economy
Revista de Administrac¸˜ao Contemporˆanea (Brazil) 0.52 (9) 0.05 (5) 0.01 (9) .01 (10) 7.0 (6) 1997 Journal of Contemporary Management
Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural (Brazil) 0.61 (8) 0.04 (9) 0.03 (3) .00 (11) 8.2 (7) 1962 Journal of Economics and Rural Sociology
Revista de Administrac¸˜ao P´ublica (Brazil) 0.79 (5) 0.02 (11) 0.02 (7) .02 (7) 8.6 (8) 1967 Journal of Public Administration
Revista de Economia Contemporˆanea (Brazil) 0.41 (11) 0.06 (4) 0.01 (10) .00 (11) 8.8 (9) 1997 Journal of Contemporary Economics
RAE Electrˆonica (Brazil) 0.28 (12) 0.04 (8) 0.01 (14) .00 (11) 9.2 (10) 2002 RAE Electronics
S˜ao Paulo em Perspectiva (Brazil) 0.63 (6) 0.04 (10) 0.04 (5) .01 (9) 9.4 (11) 1987 Sao Paulo in Perspective
Investigaci´on y Postgrado (Venezuela) 0.22 (15) 0.00 (13) 0.01 (12) .00 (11) 11.2 (12) 1985 Research and Graduate
Economia e Sociedade (Brazil) 0.44 (10) 0.00 (13) 0.01 (11) .00 (11) 12.0 (13) 1992 Economy and Society
Estudios de Econom´ıa (Chile) 0.24 (14) 0.00 (13) 0.01 (13) .06 (3) 12.4 (14) 1973 Economic Studies
Caderno CRH (Brazil) 0.25 (13) 0.00 (13) 0.01 (15) .00 (11) 13.2 (15) 1987 CRH Notebook
Estudos Econˆomicos (S˜ao Paulo) (Brazil) 0.00 (22) 0.00 (13) 0.00 (22) .02 (4) 13.6 (16) 1971 Economic Studies
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Researcha(Chile)
0.11 (17) 0.00 (13) 0.00 (17) .08 (2) 14.0 (17) 2006
Estudios y Perspectivas en Turismo (Argentina) 0.13 (16) 0.02 (12) 0.01 (16) .00 (11) 14.2 (18) 1991 Tourism Studies and Perspectives
Documentos y Aportes en Administraci´on P´ublica y Gesti´on Estatal (Argentina)
0.04 (19) 0.00 (13) 0.00 (20) .00 (11) 14.8 (19) 2001
Documents and Contributions in Public Administration and State
Gaceta Laboral (Venezuela) 0.04 (20) 0.00 (13) 0.00 (18) .00 (11) 16.0 (20) 1995 Labor Gazette
Revista Contabilidade & Financ¸as (Brazil) 0.04 (18) 0.00 (13) 0.00 (19) .00 (11) 16.2 (21) 1989 Journal of Accounting and Finance
Journal of Technology Management and Innovation
(Chile)a
0.01 (21) 0.00 (13) 0.00 (21) .00 (11) 17.6 (22) 2005
Note.Bracketed numbers indicate a journal’s ranking for the specific index. English names of journals provided in italics.
aJournal title is only in English.
the research is utilized to a greater or lesser extent. In order,
Journal of the Economy of Brazil,Brazilian Journal of Politi-cal Economy, andLatin American Journal of Economicshad the greatest number of citations per article. Journals with the lowest number of citations per article includedThe Economic Studies,Journal of Technology Management and Innovation, andLabor Gazette. For this measure, journals in the field of economics ranked the highest.
Present Article Impact
Importance of an article can be gauged by assessing the impact the research has had on subsequent published research (Garfield, 1979). In the SciELO database, a journal’s impact factor for the year of interest is calculated based on the number of citations in the previous two years made to all articles in a particular journal divided by the
total number of articles published in that two year base period. Impact factors for the 2003–2008 period under study were averaged. Higher impact factors indicate a journal has greater influence on subsequent research. Journals with the strongest present article impact wereJournal of the Economy of Brazil, Brazilian Journal of Applied Economics, and
Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, respectively. Ten of the journals tied for having present article impact factors of zero indicating their relative lack of influence on the business, economics, and administrative science literature. These 10 journals spanned the discipline-specific areas.
Cited to Citing Ratio
Information and knowledge flow between and among academic journals provides an indication of the status of a journal’s prestige within the scientific community (Johnson & Podsakoff, 1994). This index differentiates between journals that produce new knowledge and those journals that house knowledge (Zinkhan & Leigh, 1999). The cited to citing ratio is derived from dividing the number of times an article has been cited in a specific time period by the number of citations made in the article. Individual article figures were aggregated and averaged at the journal level across the years for the present investigation. A higher ratio indicates the journal is a source of knowledge, whereas a lower ratio indicates the journal is a knowledge warehouse. Again,Journal of the Brazilian Economyranked first on this index, followed by Brazilian Journal of Political Economy
andJournal of Economics and Rural Sociology. These three journals contributed most to supporting the creation of new knowledge among the SciELO journals in the present study.
CRH Notebook, RAE Electronics, and Economic Studies
were the greatest storers of knowledge according to our analysis.
Immediacy Factor
Urgency of a particular article is assessed using the imme-diacy factor. Essentially, the index reveals the immediate relevance of a published research article relative to all articles published and cataloged by an indexing service (Garfield, 1979). The calculation is made by dividing the number of citations made to a specific article in the year it was published by the total number of articles published by the indexing service for the same year (in this case, SciELO). We averaged at the journal level for the 2003–2008 present study period. Results of this analysis revealed that Latin American Journal of Economics, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, andEconomic Studies ranked first through third respectively on the immediacy index. Twelve journals tied for the lowest ranked with immediacy indexes of zero, indicating a potential lack of immediate interest of the published research.
Average Ranking Score
Our final objective was to obtain an overall ranking of each of the 22 journals included in the study. We averaged the rankings for each journal on the individual indexes to yield an average ranking score. This measure indicates the quality ranking of the journals in comparison among themselves. In order,Journal of the Economy of Brazil,Latin American Journal of Economics, and Brazilian Journal of Political Economywere the ranked first, second, and third. Journal of Technology Management and Innovation, Journal of Accounting and Finance, and Labor Gazette received the overall lowest quality rankings in the study.
DISCUSSION
Since 1998, the SciELO database and electronic publishing project has provided access to researchers in South American countries and around the world to advance scientific inquiry and the sharing and dissemination of knowledge to inform and support scholarship in general and scholarship in busi-ness, economics, and administrative disciplines in particular. Our objective in the present study was to assess the quality of journals in the administrative sciences that are indexed in Sci-ELO. Results of the analyses, using four standard measures, frequently used in bibliometric studies, and one overall aver-age ranking score provided insight on the impact and usaver-age of investigations published in South America. We subsequently discuss our findings collectively. However, it should be noted that the results may not generalize to all South American busi-ness and Economics journals, as we only investigated those journals indexed in SciELO. Additionally, there are many bibliometric indexes that can be used to gauge quality. We selected four of the more commonly used in evaluation of journals. Discussion of the results should be considered in the context of these limitations.
Findings from our study are of interest to business, eco-nomics, and administrative science researchers and educa-tors. First, the top three ranked journals were all published by organizations in Brazil. Perhaps this indicates the level of scientific inquiry in the country. Each of these journals,
Journal of the Economy of Brazil,Latin American Journal of Economics, andBrazilian Journal of Political Economy, has been publishing articles for more than 25 years. Over the years, the sponsoring universities and research institutes might have made financial and human resources investments in the development of the journals and the process used to review manuscripts for publication. The standards for accep-tance may be more rigorous and thus higher impact articles are published which in turn have greater impact on the aca-demic community.
Second, we observed that the three lowest ranked jour-nals, Journal of Technology Management and Innovation,
SCIELO JOURNAL RANKINGS 157
Journal of Accounting and Finance, andLabor Gazette, were focused on discipline-specific areas as opposed to the more generally defined discipline of economics. In Latin America, in general, and South America in particular, the discipline of economics remains dominant among business-related research. Indeed, many university schools of business are named Facultad de Econom´ıa (College of Economics), which may include such diverse fields as business, manage-ment information systems, and public administration. The influence of the economics discipline and the availability of outlets for publication may have an effect on researchers to submit their manuscripts to journals whose mission is to publish research from diverse fields under the rubric of economics. Our analyses revealed that in general the more technical and topic-specific the journal was, the lower the individual and overall quality ranking. Note that the three overall lowest ranked journals in our study were in the fields of technology management, accounting and finance, and labor.
Third, although not investigated directly, the higher ranked SciELO administrative science journals may reflect the relevance of topical areas studied to the needs of devel-oping nations, regions, or the discipline in South America. Knowledge gaps in specific content areas can affect the quan-tity of articles published in a specific field. These gaps may also indicate the preference a journal has for certain topical issues relative to other topical issues. Content analyses of the SciELO journal articles would serve to identify if there are particular areas of study that are found in the highest ranked journals and not in the lower ranked journals. Moreover, the degree to which the articles in the higher ranked journals are being assigned as required class readings, or used in dissertations, theses, and student research manuscripts, for example, would provide information on how these journals are connecting research with teaching and learning. Usage of the present published research literature is a pedagogi-cal method to provide students with resources when there are not recently published textbooks available in the home country language or are of high cost for the students and faculty.
Future researchers would do well to utilize additional bibliometric indexes of journal quality to confirm our find-ings regarding the rankfind-ings of SciELO business, economics, and administrative science journals. Moreover, indexes and journal quality change over time. Replication of the present study’s results at periods of 3, 5, and 10 years, for example, will identify how journal quality and impact are improved or diminished. The production of and dissemination of qual-ity research has important implications for how we advance knowledge and transfer that knowledge for the advancement of education and practice. The present study provides ini-tial guidance to scholars and business educators about the utility, quality, and impact of one set of South American journals.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported in part by grants from DIRUDEC (project 208.97011-1), Chile, and BASAL-CONICYT (project FB0816), Chile.
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