Bab 3. THE CULTURAL CONTEXT FOR
INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT
Tujuan Bahasan
1. Mendefinisikan Budaya.
2. Menjelaskan bagaimana persepsi dan stereotipi
berpengaruh terhadap perilaku dalam lingkungan
internasional.
3. Menggambarkan konsep nilai-nilai budaya dan
menghubungkannya dengan berbagai perbedaan,
persamaan dan perubahan internasional yang terjadi
baik dalam nilai-nilai manajerial maupun kerja.
4. Mengidentifikasi dimensi utama budaya yang relevan
dengan pekerjaan dan pengaruhnya terhadap
lingkungan internasional.
DEFINISI BUDAYA
Culture
is acquired knowledge that people use to interpret
experience and to generate social behavior.
(Hodget and Luthan, 1994,59).
Culture is a pattern of basic
assumption-invented, discovered or
developed by a given group as it learns to
cope with its problems
of external adaptation and internal
integration that has work well
enough to be concidered valid and therefore
to be taugh to new
member as correct way to percieve, think
and feel in relation
to those problems. (Schein, 1992, )
Tingkatan Budaya (Schein) :
1. Artifact
2. Values
PERBEDAAN BUDAYA
Budaya dapat mempengaruhi :
1. Transfer Teknologi
2. Managerial Attitude
3. Managerial ideology
4. Hubungan bisnis pemerintahan
5. Cara manusia berpikir dan
berperilaku
1. LEARNED
2. SHARED
3. TRANSGENERATIONAL
4. SYMBOLIC
5. PATTERNED
6. ADAPTIVE
Budaya mempengaruhi manajemen internasional
dan tercermin
Pada kepercayaan dasar dan perilaku – perilaku
manusia.
Terdapat beberapa contoh khusus dimana budaya
masyarakat
secara langsung mempengaruhi pendekatan
manajemen,
antara lain :
centralized vs decentralized
safety vs risk
individual reward vs group reward
informal vs formal procedurs
high vs low organizational loyalty
coorporation vs competition
DEFINISI PERSEPSI DAN STEREOTIPI
A perception
is a person’s interpretation of reality and people
in different culture often have different
perception of the same event.
A stereotype
is the tendency to perceive another person as
belonging to a single class or category.
Values are
basic convictions that people have regarding
what is right and wrong, good and bad,
DIMENSI-DIMENSI BUDAYA
Geerrt Hofstede (peneliti Belanda) menemukan ada 4 dimensi
budaya yang membantu menjelaskan bagaimana dan
mengapa orang-orang dari berbagai budaya
berperilaku sebagaimana yang mereka kerjakan.
4 Dimensi budaya tersebut adalah :
1. Power Distance
2. Uncertainty Avoidance
POWER DISTANCE is the extent to which less powerful
members of institutions and organizations
accept that power is distributed unequally.
UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE is the extent to which people feel
threatened by ambiguous situation and have
created belief and institutions that try to
avoid these.
INDIVIDUALISM is the tendency of people to look after
themselves and their immediate family only.
MASCULINITY is defined by Hosted as a situation in which
the dominant values in society are
success, money, and things.
Femininity is the term used by Hosted to describe
a situation in which the dominant values
in society are caring for others and
Comparison of Low Power Distance and High Power Distance Country
Low Power Distance Country
High Power Distance Country
Inequalities among people are expected and disired.
Less powerful people should be dependent on more Powerful people
Parent teach children to be obidient. Student treat teacher with respect. Centralization is populer.
Both more and eeducated people show almost equally authoritarian values. Hierarchy in organization reflects the existential inequally between those at the top of organizations and those lower down.
There is a wide salary gap between those at the top of organization and those at the
The ideal boss in abenevolent autocrat Privileges and symbols of status are both expected and popular
Inequalities among people are minimize
There should be, and is interdepence
Between less and more powerrful people
Parent theat children as equals Student treat teacher as equals Decentralization is popular
More educated people hold less authoritarian values than less eeducated people
Hierarchy in organization means in equality of roles, but the
hierarchy is establised mostly for purposes of convinience
There is a nerrow salary gap between those at the top of the organization and those at the bottom
The ideal boss is resourcefull democrat
Partial Comparison of Low Uncertainty Avoidance countries
And High Uncertainty Avoidance Countries
Low Uncertainty Avoidance High Uncertainty Avoidance
There few laws and rules and they are fairly General.
People believe that if the rules cannot be
respected, they should be changed.
Protest by citizens are acceptable. People are positive in their view of social institution.
There is a positive attitude toward young people.
Society is characterized by tolerance andmoderation
There is a belief in generalist and common sense.
People believe that one group’s belief shouldnot be imposed on another.
There is religious, political and ideologicaltolerance.
In philosophy and science, there is a tendency toward relativism and empiricism.
There are many laws and rule and they
are very specific.
People believe that if the rules cannot be respected, they,
themselves are sinners and should repent.
Protest by citizens are unacceptable and should be repressed.
People are negative in their view of social institutions.
There is a negative attitude toward young people.
Society is charactherized by extremism and low-and-order concerns.
There is a belief in specialist and experts.
Peole believe there is only one Truth and they have it.
There is religious, political and ideological intolerance.
Partial Comparison of Low Individualism countries
And High Individualism Countries
Low Individualism High Individualism
People are born into families which continue to protect them In exchange for loyalty.
People’s indentities are based on the social network to which they belong to.
Children are taught to think in term of “we”. Harmony should always be maintenance and Direct confrontation should always be avoided. The purpose of education is to learn how to do things.
Education diplomas provide an entry to higher Status group.
The relationship between an employer and employee is viewed like a family link.
Relationship prevail over task.
As people grow older, they are
expected to look after themselves their immediate family only.
Identity is based on the individual. children are taught to think in term of “I”.
Speaking one’s mind is the sign of an honest person.
The purpose of education is to learn how to learn.
Diplomas increase the economic worth And self-respect of individuals.
The relationship between an employer and employee is a contract based on mutual advantage.
Country cluster
Berdasarkan analisis integratif terhadap penemuan yang dilakukan
Ronen dan Shenkar, menemukan bahwa ada delapan kelompok
Besar berkaitan dengan studi selama 15 tahun. Namun studi tersebut
Membahas menjadi empat kategori saja sebagai berikut :
1. The importance of work goals
