A CASE STUDY OF THE JAKARTA POST HEADLINE NEWS OF
MAY 9
TH- MAY 15
TH, 2011 EDITIONS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Grety Valentine Putri
Student Number: 084214028
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
A CASE STUDY OF THE JAKARTA POST HEADLINE NEWS OF
MAY 9
TH- MAY 15
TH, 2011 EDITIONS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Grety Valentine Putri
Student Number: 084214028
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA 2012
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FINITE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
AND NON-FINITE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES:
A CASE STUDY OF THE JAKARTA POST HEADLINE NEWS
OF MAY 9
TH- MAY 15
TH, 2011 EDITIONS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
GRETY VALENTINE PUTRI
Student Number: 084214028
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA 2012
i
ii
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI
ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Grety Valentine Putri
Nim : 084214028
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma kaya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
The Effectiveness of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-Finite Adverbial
Clauses: a Case Study of the Jakarta Post Headline News of May 9th - May
15th, 2011 Editions.
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan. Dengan demikian, saya memberikan kepada
Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam
bentuk lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara
terbatas dan mempublikasinya di internet atau media yang lain untuk kepentingan
akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin dan saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada
saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 29 Agustus 2012
Yang menyatakan,
Grety Valentine Putri
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STATEMENT ORIGANILITY
This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated,
are the ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands
the full consequences including degree cancelation if she took somebody else’s
ideas, phrases or sentences without proper references.
Yogyakarta, August 29, 2012
Grety Valentine Putri
v
I dedicate this thesis to my beloved parents, Drs.
SRIWIDADI and SEPTI YANTI, my sister Indah
Primaniarta Aji, and my brother Sution Aji
Depfinanta.
I will always love you
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My greatest gratitude goes to Allah SWT, the Almighty for always giving
me strength to finish this thesis and I have to thank Muhammad SAW as the truth
leader.
I would also like to express my deep gratitude for those who have given me
a great amount of help, support, and guidance in writing this undergraduate thesis.
I am particularly grateful to J. Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, S.S., M.Hum., my
thesis advisor, who has guided me patiently during the processes of finishing this
thesis and has given me time to consult this thesis until it is done.
This thesis would also not be finished without the guidance and supports of
my co-advisor, Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. I greatly appreciate your patience
and sincere helps during the process of finishing this thesis. Thanks to Adventina
Putranti, S.S., M.Hum., as my thesis examiner, who has given me guidance and
corrections until I finish the revision.
I would like to give my thanks to Sanata Dharma University and the
Department of English Letters for giving me facilities and comfortable place to
learn and grow up maturely and all of the secretarial staff: Bu Ninik and friends
and also to my academic advisor, Maria Ananta Tri Suryandari S.S., M.Ed. for
guiding me during my study.
I dedicated this thesis to my beloved father, Sriwidadi and my beautiful
mother Septi Yanti, my wonderful brother and sister; Sution Aji Depfinanta and
Indah Primaniarta Aji for their love, support, and prayers. I would like to give my
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love regard to my lovely. Thank you for all your love and support to me. I love
you all.
I would like to express my gratitude to my best friends: Rizka, Karina, Yani,
and Silvia, I love our happy-crazy moments so much. They were so memorable.
I would like to give my deepest thanks to all my friends in English Letters
2008, especially Michelle, Astu, Blesta, Vicka, Tri, Yoga, Putri, Deni, Rin-rin,
Evi, Via, Ari, Dewi, Ajeng, Gisel, Ari, and others whom I cannot mention one by
one. I thank them for their support to finish my study and for their friendship.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all people who
cannot be mentioned one by one. I thank them for their support and contribution
to me during the completion of my study. I realize that this thesis is not perfect, so
that I also expect comments and suggestions for better improvement.
Grety Valentine Putri
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGE ... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iii
DEDICATION PAGE ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix
LIST OF TABLES ... xi
LIST OF DIAGRAMS ... xii
ABSTRACT ... xiii
ABSTRAK ... xiv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the study ... 1
B. Problem Formulations ... 5
C. Objectives of the study ... 6
D. Definition of terms ... 6
AP CH B. TER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ... 8
A. Review of Related Studies ... 8
eview of Related Theories ... 9
R 1. Complex Sentence ... 9
2. Structural Type of Dependent Clause ... 10
3. Adverbial Clauses ... 11
4. Finite Adverbial Clauses ... 14
5. Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses ... 14
6. The advantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses ... 16
a. The advantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses ... 16
b. The advantages of Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses ... 17
7. The disadvantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non- Finite Adverbial Clauses ... 18
a. The disadvantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses ... 18
b. The disadvantages of Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses ... 19
8. Theory of Effectiveness in Newspaper Writing ... 20
C. Theoretical Framework ... 23
ix
CHAPTER III: M
1. The advantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses ... 35
a. Structural clarity ... 36
b. Distinct tenses ... 37
esearch Procedure ... 26
1. Kinds of Data ... 26
a. Objective Data ... 26
Affective Data ... 27
Data Collection ... 28
Population and Sample ... 30
Data Analysis ... 31
esearch Framework ... 33
TER IV: ANALYSIS ... 34
A. The Advantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses ... 34
2. The advantages of Non-finite Adverbial Clauses ... 38
a. Shorting sentences... 38
b. Compacting sentences ... 39
B. The Disadvantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-finite Adverbial Clauses ... 40
1. The Disadvantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses ... 40
a. Using long sentence ... 41
b. Creating more than one meaning ... 42
2. The Disadvantages of Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses ... 43
a. Making ambiguity ... 43
b.Creating unclear tenses ... 44
The Effectiveness of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-finite Adverbial Clauses ... 45
1. The Effectiveness of Finite Adverbial Clauses ... 46
2. The Effectiveness of Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses ... 71
HAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 81
LIST OF TABLES
ple of code finite adverbial clauses ... 28
ple of questionnaire ... 29
e 3. The example of the analysis of non-finite adverbial clause ... 32
mber of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses ... 35
e result from the sentences containing finite adverbial clauses ... 46
able 6. The result from the sentences containing non-finite adverbia
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
Diagram 1. Demographic Readers P t ... 27
Diagram 2. The result from the sentences containing finite adverbial clauses ... 47
Diagram 3. The result from the sentences containing non-finite adverbial
clauses ... 72
rofile the Jakarta Pos
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ABSTRACT
RETY VALENTINE PUTRI. The Effectiveness of Finite Adverbial Clauses nd Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses: a Case Study of the Jakarta Post Headline ews of May 9th - May 15th, 2011 Editions. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sana 12.
Complex sentence consist of main clause and subordinate clause. One of the common subordinate clauses is adverbial clauses. The main structural types of
.
eadline
This advantages
objective is to find out the disadvantages of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses. The third objective is to find out the effectiveness of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses that are obtained from the results of the questionnaires from the readers of the Jakarta Post.
qualitative research of case study because this research studied a particular context and a particular point in time. The library research was used as the method of the study because all the data, theories, and references were collected from written sources. This study also employed an empirical method by distributing some questionnaires to various respondents. Then, the researcher classified the data which contain finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses. The next step was identifying the advantages of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses, then identifying the disadvantages of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses. Finally, the researcher identified the effectiveness between the finite adverbial clauses and the non-finite adverbial clauses in terms of how clear and easy they are to be understood by the readers based on the result of the questionnaires.
ased on the analysis in this study, the advantages of finite adverbial clauses are structural clarity and distinct tenses. The advantages of non-finite adverbial clauses are able to shorten sentences, and to make sentences compacted. The disadvantages of finite adverbial clauses are they usually use a long sentence and some of the subordinator conjunctions have more than one meaning. The disadvantages of non-finite adverbial clauses are they can make the sentences ambiguous and the tenses of non-finite adverbial clauses are not clear. Based on the result of the questionnaires, the finite adverbial clauses are still complicated because many subordinators introduce clauses with different meanings while the non-finite adverbial clauses are complicated because the subject is difficult to determine.
G a N
ta Dharma University, 20
adverbial clauses are finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses Finite adverbial clauses can be made from non-finite adverbial clauses and vice versa if the subject of the adverbial clause is the same as the subject of the main clause. The objects of the study were the finite adverbial clauses and the non-finite adverbial clauses. They were used to measure the effectiveness in h
news of the Jakarta Post published on May 9th – 15th, 2011 editions.
thesis has three objectives. The first objective is to find out the of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses. The second
This research applied
B
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ABST
GRETY VALENTINE PUTRI. The Effectiveness of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses: a Case Study of the Jakarta Post Headline News of May 9th - May 15th, 201 gyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharm
an s
RAK
1 Editions. Yo a, 2012.
Kalimat majemuk memiliki induk kalimat dan anak kalimat. Salah satu anak kalimat yang sering digunakan adalah klausa keterangan. Jenis struktur utama dari klausa keterangan adalah klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak rbatas. Klausa keterangan terbatas dapat dibuat menjadi klausa tidak terbatas te
d ebaliknya, jika subjek dari klausa keterangan sama dengan subjek dari klausa utama.Objek dari penelitian ini adalah klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas untuk mengukur keefektifan dalam berita utama di the Jakarta Post pada edisi 9 Mei - 15 Mei, 2011.
Tesis ini memiliki tiga tujuan. Tujuan pertama adalah untuk mengetahui keuntungan klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk mengetahui kerugian klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas. Tujuan ketiga adalah untuk mengetahui sejauh mana keefektifan yang didapat dari klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas yang diperoleh dari hasil kuesioner.
Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif studi kasus karena penelitian ini mempelajari suatu konteks tertentu dan dalam waktu tertentu. Studi pustaka sebagai metode penelitian karena semua data, teori, dan referensi dikumpulkan dari sumber tertulis. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan metode empiris dengan membagikan kuesioner kepada responden. Kemudian, peneliti mengklasifikasi data yang mengandung klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas. Setelah itu, mengidentifikasi keuntungan dari klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas. Selanjutnya adalah mengidentifikasi kerugian klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas. Dan yang terakhir, peneliti mengidentifikasi keefektifan antara klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas dalam hal seberapa jelas dan mudah klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas dipahami oleh pembaca berdasarkan hasil kuesioner.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is a system for human to communicate with others. It cannot be
separated from our life. To understand our humanity we must understand the
language that makes us human (Fromkin, Blair, and Collins, 4: 1988). Human
system of communication uses arbitrary signal such as sound, gestures, or writing.
Crystal in the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language talks about
distinction between spoken and written language.
Spoken and written language display a number difference, over and above the obvious distinction in physical form- that speech uses the medium of ‘phonic substance’, typically air pressure movements produced by the vocal organs, whereas writing uses the medium of ‘graphic substance’ (Crystal, 1994: 19)
The written form can be found in any kind of printed media such as literary
text, books, magazine, journal, newspaper, and so on. A newspaper has an
important role in human life. The newspaper today has become a medium of mass
communication, facilitating both the spread of information, and the revival of
cultures. People get many news and information from newspaper. News is the first
report of an important event that might be attracting the public (Pareno, 2003: 6,
translated).
A journalist creates reports or articles in newspaper. The journalist should
write the articles objective, factual, accurate, balance and make the current topics
to interest the readers. The language of news must be brief, clear, and straight to
the point, because it is read more hurriedly than any other medium of
communication (Miller, 1969: 49).
The journalist needs to know the grammar of the language in order to use the
language well and to make the readers understand what the journalist writes.
A grammar of particular language will take a familiar form a set of rules of principles which tell the learners how to ‘speak ‘ and ‘understand’ the language: more precisely, a grammar comprises of a set of rules or principles which specify how to form, pronounce, and interpret phrases and sentence in the language concerned” (Radford, 1988: 2).
It means that grammar provides the learners with a set rules of principles
applied in every English sentence from the simple sentence, compound sentence,
and complex sentence.
Simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a
verb, and it expresses a complete thought, for example:
(1) She goes to library and studies every day.
(http://www.eslbee.com/sentences.htm) (8 November 2011).
Compound sentence contains two independent clauses which are joined by
coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
For example:
(2) Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.
(http://www.eslbee.com/sentences.htm) (8 November 2011).
Complex sentence has an independent clause which are joined by one or more
dependent clauses. Complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because,
The example of complex sentence is:
(3) After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies
(http://www.eslbee.com/sentences.htm) (8 November 2011).
Furthermore, Greenbaum and Quirk (1990: 304-305) has distinguished four
major categories of subordinate clause based on their potential functions. They are
nominal clauses, relative clauses, comparative clauses, and adverbial clauses.
Semantic analysis of adverbial clauses is complicated by the fact that many
subordinators introduce clauses with different meaning (Greenbaum et al., 1990:
314). The main structural types of adverbial clause are finite adverbial clauses and
non-finite adverbial clauses.
Finite adverbial clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunction which
together with the context of “meaning” of the adverbial clause; e.g. because
indicates “reason”. Non-finite adverbial clauses also occur with a subordinator,
though the infinitive clause occurs without one with the meaning of “purpose”
(Jackson, 1990: 214). The example of finite adverbial clauses in the newspaper
the Jakarta Post is
(10JP1) National Police officer Adj. Comr. Teddy Effendi was buried at the
Tanah Kusir cemetery, South Jakarta, on Monday, while his wife, Irmawaty, was
interred at Simabua cemetery, Agam, West Sumatra.
The newspapers not only use the finite adverbial clauses but also non-finite
(10JP16) Let’s just see what the KNKT investigation result is,” he said after
reporting on the accident to President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
As the researcher in the examples as given above, the headline news are
written in the form of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses.
Those clauses are used randomly in the headline news. While the use of those
clauses influences the effectiveness of the news toward the readers. Therefore, the
researcher chooses the study of the effectiveness of finite adverbial clauses and
non-finite adverbial clauses.
A good newspaper is able to communicate the important information from all
over the world. A communication becomes effective if the idea, theme, and
information that are delivered can be “equivalently understood” or have
similarities for the people who involve in the communication behavior (Trimo,
1986: 28, translated).
It is none that effective writing uses the finite adverbial clauses and avoids the
non-finite adverbial clauses. The adverbial use of -ing and –en participle
(non-finite) adverbial clauses-initial position is a potential problem for native as well as
non native speakers of English (Celce and Larsen, 1999: 502).
Based on its company profile, Jakarta Post itself is “...the largest English
newspaper in Indonesia that provides up-to-date, in-depth accurate information
and analyses. The Jakarta Post.com aspires to be a one-stop reference point on
Indonesia that will serve both local and international audience.”
Therefore, the Jakarta Post is chosen to analyse the effectiveness between finite
adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses.
By analysing the data and finally finding the answer, this research is aimed to
give an explanation on the advantages and disadvantages of using finite adverbial
clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses in writing English text. By doing this
research, the researcher also expects that English learners can improve their skill
in using finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses in order to get the
effectiveness of writing English text.
B. Problem Formulations
The problems of the research are formulated as follows.
1. What are the advantages in using finite adverbial clauses and non-finite
adverbial clauses that occur in the Jakarta Post published on May 9 – May
15, 2011?
2. What are the disadvantages in using finite adverbial clauses and non-finite
adverbial clauses that occur in the Jakarta Post published on May 9 – May
15, 2011?
3. How is the effectiveness of using finite adverbial clauses and non-finite
C. Objectives of the study
There are three main objectives of the study. The objectives of the study are
aimed to answer the related problem formulations above. The first objective is to
find out and to contrast the differences of the advantages in using finite adverbial
clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses. The second objective is to find out and to
contrast differences of the disadvantages in using finite adverbial clauses and
non-finite adverbial clauses. The third objective is to identify the effectiveness of
using finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses in the Jakarta Post.
In other words, how the use of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial
clauses influence the readers in understand the news.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation in analysing the
data, some definitions of the linguistics terminology are needed. The terms that
are used in this analysis are adverbial clause, finite adverbial clauses, non-finite
adverbial clauses, and effectiveness.
The first term adverbial clause is a dependent clause that replaces the
position of an adverb in the simple sentence. It functions mainly as adjunct or
disjunct in the main clause, may be placed in various semantic categories such as
time, place, and manner (Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik, 1972: 743). It
modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb, and is introduced by subordinating
conjunction to express the relation between the clause and the rest of the sentence
The second term finite clause is a clause containing a finite verb. It always
contains a subject as well as a predicate, except in the case of commands and
subject ellipsis in coordinate clauses (Quirk et al., 1972: 722). Finite adverbial
clauses usually contain a subordinating conjunction, which makes it easier to
identify.
The third term needed to be known is non-finite clause. A non-finite clause
is a clause containing a non-finite verb. It always has the ability to do without a
subject, although in many kinds of non-finite clause a subject is optional (Quirk et
al., 1972: 722). Non-finite adverbial clauses have a subordinating conjunction, but
reducing adverbial clause is common.
The fourth term is effectiveness. The Effective is “doing the right things.”
(Handoko, 1984: 5, translated). In this paper, the effectiveness can be seen from
how a journalist makes an effective sentence and makes the reader understand
what the journalist writes. It happens because the journalist should write based on
the level of the understanding of the readers. Keep in mind that many magazines
or newspapers are written to the reading comprehension level of a sixth grader
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
There are some studies which also discuss about clauses. Pia Yongkik
Suprihatin analysed the adverbial clauses in her thesis entitled The Frequency of
so...that, such....that, ...enough that infinitive, and too...to infinitive Adverbial
clauses of Result used by Native Writers (Suprihatin, 1994: 1). There are many
books that are written using adverbial clauses and those books can be the
population of the research. However, in her thesis, Suprihatin collected data from
5 science books, 3 literature books and 4 magazines. She selected so...that,
such...that, and ...enough to infinitive and too...to infinitive adverbial clauses of
result from those books. She then classified so...that, such...that, and ...enough to
infinitive and too...to infinitive adverbial clauses of result; whether they belong to
the high, medium, or low frequency level.
Fransiska Dewi Hastuti also did a research on adverbial clause entitled A
study on the Structures and Functions of Adverbial Clauses in the Articles on
Time Magazines. The study is based on the adverbial clauses that have the most
subordinating conjunctions which enable us to arrange numerous clause structures
(Hastuti, 2009: 4). The study focuses on the structures and the functions of the
adverbial clauses. In her analysis, Fransiska collected the data which were all
English complex sentences containing adverbial clauses in the articles on Time
Magazines and classified the data into several semantic functions.
Although, there are similarities in both of the previous studies in terms of
adverbial clauses analysis, however, unlike Suprihatin’s thesis that investigates
part of adverbial clauses of result; Hastuti’s thesis investigates all the syntactic
and semantic functions of adverbial clauses in complex sentence deeply and
completely. Referring to those two studies, this thesis analyse the effectiveness of
finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses. It includes the advantages
and disadvantages of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses
usage.
B. Review of Related Theories
In this part, some theories are needed to support the analysis. They are used to
give limitation on the study and to process the data to get into the conclusions.
1. Complex Sentence
A complex sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more clauses, in
which one of the clauses is subordinate to a main clause. A main clause is one that
can stand alone, is not dependent on another clause (Close, 1977: 42). The
complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent
clauses. A dependent clause is one that is subordinate to another clause and may
in turn be superordinate to another clause as well (Quirk et al., 1972: 721).
Dependent clause can be classified by its structural type. They are finite clauses,
Furthermore, Greenbaum and Quirk (1990: 304) distinguish four major
categories of subordinate clause based on their potential functions. They are
nominal clauses, relative clauses, comparative clauses, and adverbial clauses.
Semantic analysis of adverbial clauses is complicated by the fact that many
subordinators introduce clauses with different meaning. (Greenbaum et al., 1990:
314).
2. Structural Type of Dependent Clause
Quirks et al. stated that structural type of dependent clause; there are three
main classes (1972: 722):
a. Finite Clause: a clause containing a finite verb (such as gave, can, has
worked, is working, is seen)
(4) because John is working
b. Non-finite Clause: a clause containing a non-finite verb (such as to work
having work, given)
(5) (John) having seen the pictures
c. Verbless Clause: a clause containing no verbal element at all (but
nevertheless capable of being analyzed in terms of subject, object,
complement or adverbial.
3. Adverbial Clauses
An adverbial clause is a clause which is found in a complex sentence and
which is subordinated to another clause. The subordination is marked by the use
of subordinators (subordinating conjunction) (Richard, Platt, and Weber, 1985:
58). Adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that, like an adverb, modifies a verb,
an adjective, or an adverb (Warriner, 1982: 62).
Curme stated that “adverbial clauses are divided into classes corresponding to
those of adverbial elements - clauses of place, clause of time, manner, degree,
cause, condition and exception, concession, purpose or end, and means" (1996:
176). Those types of clauses are elaborated as follows:
a. Clauses of Place
Adverbial clauses of place are introduced by where or wherever (Quirk et al.,
1972: 745)
(7) We live where the road crosses the river (Curme, 1996: 177).
(8) They went wherever they could find work (Greenbaum et al., 1990:
315).
b. Clauses of Time
Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by one of the following
subordinators: “after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when(ever), while,
now(that), as long as, as soon as, immediately (that), directly (that)” (Quirk et al.,
1972: 744). The uses of the subordinators in the sentence can be seen from the
examples below:
(10) He felt better after he had a short nap (Greenbaum et al., 1990: 315).
c. Clauses of Manner
The clauses of manner are introduced by as if and as though (Quirk et al.,
1972: 755).
(11) He walked around as though he was in daze (Frank, 1972: 266).
(12) They all treat him just as if he were a king (Frank, 1972: 267).
d. Clauses of degree
Clauses of degree are introduced by rather than and sooner than (Frank,
1972: 269).
(13) Rather than give up his car, he would give up his home.
e. Clauses of reason or cause
Reason clauses are most commonly introduced by the subordinators because
and since. Other subordinators include as, for <somewhat formal> (Greenbaum et
al., 1990: 322).
(14) They had to move because their building was to be torn down.
(15) Since he could not take his wife with him, he decided not to go to the
conference.
(16) As Jane was eldest, she looked he needed it.
f. Clauses of condition
Adverbial clauses of condition are introduced by if and unless (Quirk et al.,
1972: 746)
(17) If you don’t believe me, what can I do?
g. Clauses of concession
This type of clause is also called clause of contrast. The clauses of concession
are introduced by although, though, even if, while, whereas (Greenbaum et al.,
1990: 319).
(19) Mr Larson teaches physics, while Mr. Corby teaches chemistry.
(20) No goals were scored, though it was an exciting game.
h. Clauses of Purpose
Clauses of purpose express the aim for doing something. Purpose clauses may
be introduced by in order to and so as to (Greenbaum et al., 1990: 323).
(21) Student should take notes (so as) to make revision easier.
(22) They left the door open (in order) for me to hear the baby.
i. Clauses of Means
The clauses of manner are introduced by the subordinator by (Curme, 1966:
199)
(23) By holding on the rope firmly, I came safe to the shore,
j. Clauses of result
Frank states that the subordinators introducing adverbial clauses of result are
so (that), so ... that, such (a) ... that, with the result that (1972, 249).
(24) We paid him immediately, so (THAT) he left contented.
4. Finite Adverbial Clauses
Jackson stated that adverbial clauses most frequently have a finite form. As
finite clauses, adverbial clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunction
which together with the context, indicates the meaning of the adverbial clause. For
example, because indicates ‘reason’ and although indicates ‘contrast’ (1990: 214).
Finite clauses always contain a subject as well as predicate except in the case of
command and subject ellipsis in coordinate clause (Quirk et al., 1972: 722).
5. Non-finite Adverbial Clauses
The non-finite clause is a clause whose verb element is non-finite. The
absence of the finite verb from non-finite clauses means that they have no
distinction of person, number, or modal auxiliary (Quirk et al., 1972: 724).
Non-finite adverbial clauses also occur with a subordinator, though the infinitive clause
occurs without one with the meaning of ‘purpose’ (Jackson, 1990: 214). The finite
adverbial clause can be changed into the non-finite adverbial clause using
to-infinitive, -ing participle, and –ed participle.
a. –ing Participle
To change the finite adverbial clause into the non-finite adverbial clause
using –ing participle, the subject and be form of the verb are omitted or omit the
subject and change the verb into –ing form if the clauses do not contain the be
form of the verb. We can use –ing form of a verb or the past participle in a clause
e
(26) Non-finite adverbial clause: The stranger, having discarded his jacket,
moved threateningly towards me (Quirk et al., 1972: 744).
(27) Finite adverbial clause: The stranger, after he had discarded his jacket,
moved threateningly towards me (Quirk et al., 1972: 744).
The following are the other examples:
(28) Non-finite adverbial clause: Opening her eyes, the baby began to cry
(Hewings, 2001: 75).
(29) Finite adverbial clause: When she opened her eyes, the baby began to
cry (Hewings, 2001: 75).
In non-finite –ing adverbial clause, the subject of non-finite adverbial clause
is usually the same as the subject of the main clause. Subordinator when in
sentence (29) expresses clause of time.
b. –Ed participl
Like the non-finite clause, -ed participle is usually used when the clause is in
the passive forms (Close, 1977: 94). To transform the finite adverbial clause into
the non-finite adverbial clause, we can use the-ed form, the subject, and the be
form of the verb are omitted.
(30) Finite adverbial clause: If the house is painted white, it looks bigger.
(31) Non-finite adverbial clause: Painted white, this house looks bigger
(Close, 1977: 95).
The implied subject of clause like this is usually the same as the subject of
the main clause. –Ed participle in the sentence (31) can be used to express clause
c. To-infinitive
To-infinitive clauses can be used to substitute finite adverbial clause of
purpose (Close, 1977: 97).
(32) Finite adverbial clause: His work was so good, him internationally
famous
(33) Non-finite adverbial clause: His work was so good as to make him
internationally famous (Close, 1977: 97).
6. The Advantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-Finite Adverbial
Clauses
a. The advantages of finite adverbial clauses
The advantage of finite adverbial clauses is to make the tense of the sentence
clear. Lock states that only finites are marked of tense (1996: 13). In finite
adverbial clauses, the verb is able to show grammatical properties such as tense
(past or present), person (first person, second person, or third person), and number
(singular or plural).
(34) Since she felt sick, she went bed early, I asked him to repeat the directions.
Sentence (34) contains an independent clause and dependent clause which
contains a finite verb felt. From the sentence, we can see that the tense of the finite
adverbial clause is past tense. The tense of finite adverbial clause in the sentence
b. The advantages of non-finite adverbial clauses
The advantage of non-finite adverbial clauses is that the sentence can be
written shorter. The finite adverbial clauses can also be changed into the
non-finite clauses using –ing participle, -ed participle, and to-infinitive. The non-non-finite
adverbial clause does not show a contrast in tense between past and present and
usually cannot mark for person and number. It means that non-finite adverbial
clause, both initial and final, may appear in subordinate clause in which subject
and sometimes also the auxiliary verb seem to have been deleted. If the subject of
the non-finite adverbial clause is not present, it is assumed that the subject of
adverbial clause is the same as the subject of the main clause (Quirk, Greenbaum,
Leech and Jan Svartvik, 1992: 1121). Certain kinds of non-finite clauses are
particularly favored in the studied of written prose, where the writer has the
leisure to make a virtue out of compactness (Quirk et al., 1972: 724).
(35) Although he was knowing French, he attended the course. (Finite
adverbial clause, 9 words)
(36) Although knowing French, he attended the course. (Non-finite adverbial
clause, 7 words)
Non-finite adverbial clause can stand shorter than the finite adverbial clause
because the subject can be reduced. Another example about the advantage of
non-finite adverbial clauses is
(37) While I was driving home after work, I accidentally went through a red
(38) Driving home after work, I accidentally went through a red light. (Non-
finite adverbial clause, 11 words) (Quirk et al., 1992: 1121)
From the examples above, finite adverbial clause reveals that the subject of
non-finite adverbial clause is identical with the subject of the main clause of the
sentence. In other case, the non-finite adverbial clause the subject of the
subordinate can be reduced.
7. The Disadvantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-Finite Adverbial
Clauses
a. The disadvantages of finite adverbial clauses
The disadvantage of finite adverbial clauses is that it usually uses long
sentence. Finite adverbial clause contains a subordination conjunction.
Furthermore, Greenbaum and Quirk stated the characteristic of a finite verb
phrase as follow.
The characteristics of a finite verb phrase are: a finite verb phrase can be the verb phrase of independent clause; a finite verb phrase should be able to show tense and mood, there is agreement between subject and verb (1990: 41).
The example of the disadvantage finite adverbial clause is
(39) Since he was persuaded by our optimism, he gladly contributed time
and money to the scheme. (Finite adverbial clause, 16 words)
(40) Persuaded by our optimism, he gladly contributed time and money to
the scheme. (Non-finite adverbial clause, 13 words). (Quirk et al., 1992:
Sentences that are using finite adverbial clause tend to be longer sentences. In
finite adverbial clause, we need the subject and subordinate clause to see the tense
of sentence. The tense of the (40) sentence is past.
b. The disadvantages of non-finite adverbial clauses
The disadvantage of non-finite adverbial clauses is that the sentence can be
ambiguous.
Celce and Larsen stated about the ambiguous non-finite adverbial clause:
The use of sentence- final participle clause seldom leads ungrammatical sentences in the way that the use of the “dangling modifier” does, a potential ambiguity exists in those cases where there is more than one noun in the main clause that could be antecedent of the underlying subject in participle clause (1999: 503).
(41) Meg met Tom in the corridor, laughing heartily about what had
happened in class.
The ambiguity of the sentence lies in the subject of the action. The possible
interpretations might be; it is Meg and Tom who are laughing heartily about what
happened in class, only Meg who is laughing heartily about what happened in
class, or only Tom who is laughing heartily about what happened in class.
The adverbial use of -ing and –en participle in clause initial position is a
potential problem for native as well as non native speaker of English. Error such
as the following are traditionally referred to as “dangling modifiers” or “dangling
participle” (Celce et al., 1999: 502).
(42) Laughing hysterically and unable to answer Miss Fiddich, she sent poor
In such cases, the subject of the participle should also be the subject of the
main clause. Whenever, this is not case - as in the examples above – dangling
participle results. It means that we should know the context before the sentence.
With this condition in mind, we can now correct the above sentence.
(43) Because Tom was laughing hysterically and unable to answer Miss
Fiddich, Tom was sent to the principal’s office Æ laughing hysterically
and unable to answer Miss Fiddich she sent poor Tom to the principal’s
office.
The use of non-finite participles can usefully be viewed as reduced forms of
adverbial clause however, they caution that the reduction is grammatically
acceptable only if both clauses have the same underlying subject.
8. Theory of Effectiveness in Newspaper Writing
The term effectiveness means the ability to choose the right destination or the
right equipment for the achievement of the goals set (Handoko, 1984: 7,
translated). The journalist job are taking notes, cultivating sources, analysing
events, and quickly writing accurate articles. The journalist must be very careful
when choosing stories. The journalist cannot just go with the first story that you
encounter. Remember, the target audience will read the articles based on the
topics that the journalists are covering. (http://ezinearticles.com) (8 November
2011). Therefore, the journalist should write the articles effectively.
To do something effectively means that doing the right things (Handoko,
1964: 5, translated). Handoko defines as a manager; the most important question
resources and effort on the job. A manager will produce big cars but people likes
use small cars. So what the manager did was not effective because he do not do
the right things. As the manager the most important question is not how to do job
right, but how to find the right and concentrated resources and effort on the job.
When the manager produced big cars while consumer likes using small cars, it
means that he/she did not do effective things. Therefore he/she did not do right
things (Handoko, 1984: 7-8, translated).
The journalist also must be able to find the right job. The journalist has a
purpose of writing an article that the reader can understand what the journalist
writes. The journalist writes an article for the readers to tell and to inform what is
going on. The journalist writes according to the audience’s level of understanding
and avoids using “legalese” or writing in a style that is not easily understood by
the readers. The journalist should keep in their mind that many magazines or
newspapers are written to the reading comprehension level of a sixth grader
(http://www.theremsengroup.com/74) (9 November 2011).
Newspapers have been called the first communication media for mass society.
The purpose of the newspaper has always been keep people informed of events
around the world. A communication becomes effective if the idea, theme, and
information that are delivered can be “equivalently understood” or have
similarities for the people who involved in the communication behavior (Trimo,
1986: 28, translated).
In order to know the understanding of the reader towards the sentence which
understand about the structure comprehension and the semantic comprehension
about finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses. Comprehension is
the understanding of the meaning of the written material and covers the conscious
strategies that lead to understanding. The comprehension is guided by an
interaction between a structure and meaning, broadly analogous to syntax and
semantics in language. (http://eca.state.gov/forum/vols/vol38/no4/p12.htm) (28
July 2012).
The structure comprehension means that the reader can identify the subject of
finite adverbial clauses or non-finite adverbial clauses. The semantic
comprehension means that the reader can paraphrase or translate the sentence.
Paraphrase means that a restatement of a text, passage or work by giving the
meaning in another form. So, the readers use their own language to express the
idea and the information what the journalist writes.
(http://www.utoronto.ca/ucwriting/paraphrase.html) (18 Mei 2012). The readers
can translate the sentence into their own language. The majority of the reader “the
Jakarta Post is Indonesian, to know that the sentence have the same idea and
information between the reader and the journalist, the reader can translate the
sentence into Indonesian. When the person can translate a reading passage from
the target language into their native language that shows he/she understands
C. Theoretical Framework
The study aims to answer the problem about the effectiveness of finite
adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses in headline news of the Jakarta
Post published on May 9th – 15th, 2011 editions. In this part, the application of
theories on the research will be explained.
The definition of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses
helps the researcher to give basic understanding on finite adverbial clauses and
non-finite adverbial, as the object of the study. The classification of finite
adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses provides the basic information,
which is used to analyse the advantages and disadvantage between finite adverbial
clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses.
It is not only the definition of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial
clauses that gives contribution in finding finite adverbial clauses and non-finite
adverbial clauses in the articles on the Jakarta Post, but also the theory
subordinating conjunction adverbial clauses. This theory help will help to analyse
whether sentences have finite adverbial clauses or non-finite adverbial clauses.
The theory of the advantages and disadvantages of using finite adverbial
clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses is needed to know the effectiveness
between finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses to make the good
newspaper writing. Therefore, the journalist should make the articles easy to be
understood by the readers.
It means that term effectiveness has a strong relation with the term
advantage toward the readers and avoid disadvantage that makes the reader
confused. It means that the ability, he/she understands the texts at a much deeper
level, so he/she has a real control over them. This control comes when a person
can understand a text type in understanding of how the writers construct the
meaning through the type they choose to use and the way they arrange it. This
25
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study is the finite adverbial clauses and the non-finite
adverbial clauses to measure the effectiveness in terms of how they are
understood clearly and easily by the readers, how they can be delivered without
giving misunderstanding and confusion to the readers. Therefore, the data are
collected from straight news, specifically headline news, found in the Jakarta
Post. There are total 7 articles in those issues. The Jakarta Post is chosen as the
source because the Jakarta Post is the largest English-Newspaper in Indonesia.
Therefore, it is considered as the appropriate source to get the data for this study.
B. Method of the Study
This study used the qualitative research because it is based on the quality of
something (data) and studied an event in depth. A qualitative research rarely
simplifies what it observe, but it observers depth and complex analysis. A
qualitative research studied the phenomena occurring in natural setting or the “real
world” and involved studying those phenomena in all their complexity (Leedy and
Ormrod, 2005: 133).
Library research was used as the method of the study since all data, theories
and reference were collected from the books that you need
2012). It used the library research to gain the theories and information on finite
adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses in order to be able to analyse
the effectiveness between both in the newspaper. It is done by obtaining the data
and theories that supports this study from the books.
This study also used the field research in order to collect the objective answer
of the problem in this study and to support the result of the study. According to
Backstroom, field research, popularly called polling is the scientific study of
people: their personal characteristic and aspect of the knowledge, attitudes, and
behavior (1981: 1). In order to know the answer of the objective, the researcher
gives some questionnaires to some respondents. The purpose in using this
research is to gather information about a large number of people only a few of
them (Backstroom, 1981: 1).
C. Research Procedure
1. Kinds of Data
a. Objective Data
The object of the study is the finite adverbial clauses and the non-finite
adverbial clauses to measure the effectiveness in news writing, therefore, the data
are collected from the Jakarta Post Newspaper. The data are taken from seven
headline news of the daily newspaper the Jakarta Post published on May 9th –
b. Affec
Diagram 11. Demograaphic Readders Profile
2. Data Collection
There were systematic steps to collect the data. First, the researcher read the
headline news of the Jakarta Post on May 9th – 15th, 2011 editions in order to
have better understanding to find out the finite adverbial clauses and the non-finite
adverbial clauses. The researcher underlined and categorized the finite adverbial
clauses and the non-finite adverbial clauses. Next, the data were identified based
on advantages and disadvantages of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite
adverbial clauses. The researcher typed the semantic comprehension and structure
comprehension to measure the effectiveness of finite adverbial clauses and
non-finite adverbial clauses. To measure the structure comprehension the non-finite
adverbial clauses and the non-finite adverbial clauses, the researcher typed the
subject of the adverbial clause in the every sentence. There are two ways to
measure the semantic comprehension the finite adverbial clauses and the
non-finite adverbial clauses. First, the researcher translated the English sentences into
Indonesian sentences and typed them. Second, the researcher paraphrased the
sentences.
The data were given the coded for finite adverbial clauses and non-finite
adverbial clauses. The code consists of the date of the data, the name of the
Table 1. The example of code finite adverbial clauses
Code Finite adverbial clause
Structure Comprehension
Semantic Comprehension
(10JP1) National Police officer Adj. Comr. Teddy Effendi was buried at the Tanah Kusir cemetery, South Jakarta, on Monday, while his wife, Irmawaty, was interred at Simabua cemetery, Agam, West Sumatra.
Next, the researcher spread questionnaire. The researcher selected and
identified the data to make questionnaire before spreading the questionnaires. The
sentences in the questionnaires contained finite adverbial clauses and non-finite
adverbial clauses. The respondent identified the subject of the adverbial clauses
containing finite adverbial clauses or non-finite adverbial clauses. The
respondents from Indonesia also translated those sentences from English to
Indonesian and the respondents from other countries paraphrase the sentence.
Table 2. The example of the questionnaire
(10JP2)
The couple was killed when a Merpati Nusantara Airlines flight crashed in Kaimana, West Papua, on Saturday killing all 27 people on board.
Subject: Answer:
After the questionnaires were given back to the researcher, the researcher
questionnaires were used as data to classify the effectiveness of finite adverbial
clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses.
3. Population and Sample
The population of the study consisted of finite adverbial clauses and
non-finite adverbial clauses in the headline news the Jakarta Post published on May
9th – 15th, 2011 editions. There were 7 articles taken from it. The researcher
decided to take samples for data in questionnaires. Based on Krejcie – Morgan
Table Determining Sample Size for Research Activities, if the population is 40,
there are 36 samples that are needed (1970: 607-610).
Each category which selected based on the formula:
Sc=
p
c
xS
Sc = Sample category
C= Population of data based on the category
P= Population
S= Sample needed
The researcher counted based on the category finite adverbial clauses and
non-finite adverbial clause.
Finite adverbial clauses=
40 30
x36=27
Non-finite adverbial clauses =
40 10
x36=9
Therefore, the researcher distributed the questionnaires which consists of 27
4. Data Analysis
In analysing the data, the first thing to do was identifying all sentences
whether they were finite adverbial clauses or non-finite adverbial clauses. Next,
the researcher classified every sentence which contains finite adverbial clauses
and non-finite adverbial clauses. After that, the researcher analysed the sentence
based on the advantages and disadvantages between finite adverbial clauses and
non-finite adverbial clauses in order to know the influence of the advantages and
disadvantages between finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses in
the Jakarta Post.
After the researcher knew and understood about the advantages and the
disadvantages of the finite adverbial clauses and the non-finite adverbial clauses
in the Jakarta Post, the researcher examined the effectiveness in terms of how
clear and easy they are understood by the readers based on the result of the
questionnaires. The researcher distributed the questionnaires to know that
effectiveness finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses for the
readers.
Before the researcher distributed the questionnaire, the researcher analysed the
structure comprehension and the semantic comprehension in order to understand
the effectiveness of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses. To
determine the structure comprehension of the finite adverbial clauses and the
non-finite adverbial clauses, the researcher analysed the subject of the non-finite adverbial
clauses and the non-finite adverbial clauses. There are two ways, to measure the
clauses; first, the researcher analysed the translated English into Indonesian and
the second, the researcher paraphrased the sentence.
Next, the researcher selected every sentence containing finite adverbial
clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses which were used as sample in
questionnaires. Indonesian respondents translated the sentences from English into
Bahasa Indonesia. While, foreigner respondents paraphrased the sentences.
Every sentence that has been answered by the respondents was used as a
parameter to know how effective the sentence was. When the respondent could
identify the subjects of finite adverbial clause or non-finite adverbial clause and
understand them, seen from their translation or paraphrase. It means that they
understand the meaning of the sentence containing finite adverbial clause or
non-finite adverbial clause.
Table 3. The example of the analysis of non-finite adverbial clauses
(12JP3)
Non-finite adverbial clause
Ban was speaking in Geneva after talking with Libyas Prime Minister Al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmoudi.
Structure comprehension
Semantic comprehension
C IC C IC
Subject: Ban
The effectiveness could be seen how the reader could determine the subject of
the finite adverbial clauses and the non-finite adverbial clauses and could
understand them, proved by their translation or paraphrase
D. Research Framework
Advantages and Disadvantage of
finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-finite
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter covers the analysis on the effectiveness of finite adverbial clauses
and non-finite adverbial clauses in the headline news of the Jakarta Post
published on May 9th – 15th, 2011 editions. The analysis covers three big parts
based on the problem formulations in chapter one. This first part answers the first
problem formulation. This part is divided into smaller parts. They are the analysis
on the advantages of finite adverbial clauses and the advantages of non-finite
adverbial clauses.
The second part of this chapter answers the second problem formulation. This
part is divided into smaller parts, which are the analysis on disadvantages of the
finite adverbial clauses and the disadvantages of non-finite adverbial clauses. The
third part analyses the effectiveness of using finite adverbial clauses and
non-finite adverbial clauses in the headline news of the Jakarta Post published on May
9th – 15th, 2011 editions. This part is divided into two smaller parts. They are the
analysis of finite adverbial clauses and the analysis of non-finite adverbial clauses
based on the result of the questionnaires.
A. The Advantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-Finite Adverbial
Clauses
Before the researcher analyses the advantages of finite adverbial clauses and
non-finite adverbial clauses, she examines the finite adverbial clauses and the
34
non-finite adverbial clauses that occur in the headline news of the Jakarta Post
editions 9th – 15th May 2011.
The data show that there are 30 sentences comprising finite adverbial clauses
and 10 sentence comprising non-finite adverbial clauses.
Table 4. Number of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses
Adverbial clauses 9th May
The advantages of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses are
related to the effectiveness of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial
clauses. The effectiveness here means that the clauses are written in such a way by
journalists so that the clauses can be understood structurally and semantically by
the readers without giving misperception or misunderstanding.
1. The Advantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses in Sentences
The following part discusses the advantages of finite adverbial clauses which
are divided into two. The division is based on the theory of the advantages of
finite adverbial clause by Lock (1996,13) in which it is stated that finite adverbial
clauses make the sentences clearer in terms of structural clarity and make the
a. Structural clarity
The finite adverbial clauses contain a subject as well as a predicate except
in the case of command. As finite clauses, adverbial clauses are introduced by
subordinating conjunction (subordinators). It makes the sentence clear because the
finite adverbial clauses consist of the subject and the subordinating conjunction.
The sentences containing finite adverbial clause are clearer in terms of their
structural clarity. It can be seen that the readers can determine the subjects of
finite adverbial clauses and the subordinators of finite adverbial clauses.
The example of the advantage of finite adverbial clause is shown below:
(44) Remaining composed and speaking articulately despite repeated interruptions from the panel of judges presided over by Suhartoyo, Miranda said the meeting had taken place at the hotel’s Bimasena club in May 2004, two months before the House conducted tests on Bank Indonesia (BI) candidates in July. (13JP4)
This sentence consists of a main clause and a subordinate clause. From the
sentence, the journalist wrote the finite adverbial clause clearly. It is clear because
the finite adverbial clause consists of “the House” as the subject, “conducted” as
the verb, “tests” as the object, “on Bank Indonesia (BI) candidates”
as the indirect object, “in July” as the adverb and “before” as the subordinating
conjunction.
Another example of the advantage finite adverbial clause in a sentence is
From the sentence above, it can be seen that the use of finite adverbial clause
is clear because it consists of “the government” as the subject, “controls” as the
verb and “the capital and almost all of the west” as the object. From the sentence
above, the journalist made the finite adverbial clause can be understood clearly.
b. Distinct tenses
The finite adverbial clauses are also marked by the tenses which means
that the verb is able to show grammatical properties such as tense (past or
present), person (first person, second person, or third person), and number
(singular or plural) (Lock, 1996: 13). The tensesshow the time of an action or
state that is shown by a verb. It makes the tenses of the aspects of time in
tenses can be seen clearly, for example:
(46) “The software we own was made by the US, while the FDR was made in China,” he said as quoted by tempointeraktif.com. (10JP19)
This sentence consists of the main clause and the subordinate clause, which
contains a finite verb, was made. From the sentence, the tense of finite adverbial
clause is past tense in form of passive. In the sentence which contains finite
adverbial clause, the FDR was made some time ago. Therefore, from the sentence,
it can be understood that the action happened in the past. It can be seen that the
tense of the aspect of time in the tenses of finite adverbial clauses is clear.
Another example of finite adverbial clause is
This sentence contains the main clause and the subordinate clause, which
contains a finite verb, finished. From the sentence, the subject of the finite
adverbial clause is ‘the KNKT’. In the sentence containing finite adverbial clause,
the KNKT finished some time ago. Therefore, it can be understood that the action
happened in the past. It can be seen that the tense of finite adverbial clauses in the
sentence is clear.
Finally, from the analysis of finite adverbial clause in the headline news of
the Jakarta Post, published on May 9th – 15th 2011, the journalist wrote the finite
adverbial clause clearly through the clear subject, subordinating conjunction,
person, number and make the tenses distinct in the sense that there is no doubt
about the aspect of time. Now the researcher is going to discuss about the
advantages of non-finite adverbial clauses.
2. The Advantages of Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses
The researcher found two advantages of non-finite adverbial clauses
written on the Jakarta Post published on May 9th – 15th,2011 editions based on
the theory of non-finite adverbial clauses, in which the theory says non-finite
adverbial clauses are able to shorten sentences, and to make sentences compacted.
a. Shortening sentences
The non-finite adverbial clauses usually lack of subject. It means that if
the subject of the main clause and the subordinate clause in non-finite adverbial
clauses are the same, the subject and the auxiliary verb of the subordinate clause
The example of the advantage of non-finite adverbial clause is discussed
below:
(48) Let’s just see what the KNKT investigation result is,” he said after
reporting on the accident to President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
(10JP16)
The above sentence can be changed into the following sentence:
(49) Let’s just see what the KNKT investigation result is,” he said after he reported the accident to President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. (10JP16)
From both sentences, it can be seen that the sentence which contains the
non-finite adverbial clause (48) is shorter than the sentence that contains the non-finite
adverbial clause (49). The length of the sentence (49) is influenced by the
appearance of the pronoun he. The subject he is used to show the subject of the
finite adverbial clause.
b. Compacting sentences
The non-finite adverbial clauses frequently lack a subject and a
subordinating conjunction. Certain kinds of non-finite adverbial clauses are
particularly favored in the studied of written prose, where the journalist is able to
write the sentences compactly.
In the Jakarta Post, the sentence containing non-finite adverbial clause
can be written compactly. The non-finite adverbial clause can occur without the
subordinator and the subject, since the subject of the adverbial clause is the same
with the subject of the main clause. The example of non-finite adverbial clause is
