ISSN 1450-216X / 1450-202X Vol. 115 No 4 December, 2013, pp.544-550 http://www.europeanjournalofscientificresearch.com
Growth Ability of Sago Palm Suckers of Yebha
Cultivar in the Nursery
Barahima Abbas
Corresponding Author, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology The State University of Papua (UNIPA), Manokwari, Indonesia
E-mail: barahimabas@gmail.com Tel: +62 852 4469 6549, Fax: +62 896 214992
Abdul Wahid Rauf
Assesment Institut for Agriculture Technology, West Papua
Florentina Heningtyas Listyorini
Faculty of Agriculture and Technology
The State University of Papua (UNIPA), Manokwari, Indonesia
Abstract
Sago palm need to be managed wisely and sustainably in order to contribute and improve of community income. This study aims to reveal the affect of growing suckers in the nursery. The study consists of two series of experiments are diameter size of the hump and rhizome length of the suckers. The results showed that the ability to grow suckers can reach 100% in the nursery if the suckers take out from the mother clusters carefully, no injury to the hump of the suckers, and there rhizome accompanying of the suckers. The size of the hump diameter not show any difference in growth response among the treatment is tested. Sucker has rhizome with a length of 5 to 10 cm have a high ability to grow, reaching 100%, but that is not accompanied by rhizome has not ability to grow.
Keywords: Sucker, seedling, sago palm, nursery, Yebha cultivar
Introduction
Sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) is a crop produce high carbohydrate in their trunk that has not been used optimally. The carbohydrates produced by the sago palm can be used as: a staple food, the production of ethanol (Pranamuda et al., 1995; Adeni et al., 2011), the production of cyclodextrin (Solichien, 1995), as well as a mixture of materials for the manufacture of pulp and paper (Kasim et al., 1995). In addition, the glucose can be made from sago residue (Mishima et al., 2011; Asben et al., 2011), buthanol (Linggang et al., 2011) and lactic acid (Suroso et al., 2011). Another advantage that can be gained in the cultivation of sago palms on peat area is reduce harm gas emissions to the environment that can lead to global warming and climate change. Inubushi and Hadi (2008) reported that peat lands emit N2O, CH4, and CO2 which called greenhouse gas effect. Furthermore, it was
revealed that there was no difference in CH4 emissions between secondary forest area and sago
plantation area (Inubushi and Hadi, 2008).
(2011) reported that the sago palm starch can produce between 20-40 tones ha-1 year-1. Yamamoto et al. (2008) reported that sago plants growing in peat can produce starch 10.2 tones ha-1 year-1.
Based on the potential use and the ability to produce a high-starch, sago palms that need to be managed in a professional and expedient in order to remain sustainable and can provide great benefits to increase income and welfare of society. One attempt to do to maximize crop production is cultivated in the form of sago plantation. The main obstacle for making sago plantation is the unavailability of quality seedlings in large quantities and are available when needed. The problem that needs to be studied is to optimize the sucker growth in the nursery to produce seedlings with a high ability to grow in the nursery and after planting in the field. This study aims to examine the factors that contribute to the enhancement of sucker growth in the nursery.
Materials and Methods
Sago palms used as donor parent of the sucker in the study were sago palm superior with local names Yebha. Local names Yebha is proposed to be cultivar names. This study uses polybag size 60 x 60 cm were filled with topsoil as much as 20 kg. The study consisted of two experimental series are: experiments based on the size of hump diameter of the sucker and experimental based on the rhizome length accompanying the sucker. Methods of each experiment is described as follows:
1. Experiment Based on Sizes of Hump Diameter (SHD)
The experiment design was a randomized block design consisting of five treatments namely sucker hump with a diameter among 17.2 - 27.5 mm (D1), 37.4 - 49.1 mm (D2), 52.2 - 70.0 mm (D3), 75.4 - 90.0 mm (D4), and 91.7 - 117.9 mm (D5). Each treatment was repeated five times, so the whole there are 25 experimental units. Sucker length from the hump to the tip of shoots determined along 30 cm. Polybag planted was in accordance with the treatment sucker randomly placed in a nursery that has been given protection by using paranet. Watering is done every day for four months. Sizes range of sucker diameter of each treatment are presented in Table 1. Sucker hump diameter measurement of treatment are presented in Figure 1.
Table 1: Sizes range of hump diameter of each treatment
No Treatment
2. Experiment Based on Sizes of Rhizome Length (SRL)
Tabel 2: Sizes range of the hump diameter and sucker weight of each treatment tested
No Treatment
(cm)
Replication
Hump Diameter (mm) Sucker Weight (gram)
1 2 3 Average 1 2 3 Average
1 S0 (0.0 cm) 33.2 49.6 58.6 47.1 50 150 250 150
2 S1 (2.5 cm) 33.2 29.9 54.2 39.1 50 150 250 150
3 S2 (5.0 cm) 29.9 28.9 56.5 38.4 50 100 300 150
4 S3 (7.5 cm) 19.1 29.9 56.6 35.2 20 140 300 153
5 S4 (10.0 cm) 20.7 36.3 63.5 40.2 450 540 830 606
Figure 1: Sucker hump measurements in determining treatment
Figure 2: Rhizome length accompanying Sucker used as treatments. Sucker without rhizome (S0), Sucker rhizome length 2.5 cm (S1), Sucker rhizome length 5.0 cm (S2), Sucker rhizome length 7.5 cm (S3), and Sucker rhizome length 10.0 cm (S4).
Results and Discussion
1. Growth Response Based on SHD
Respon of treatment were tested showed a low growing ability. Sucker growing amount of each treatment between 0 to 40% for the first repetition of the SHD experiment (Table 1). Previous studies reported that the size of a small Sucker has grown less ability than a large Sucker (Syafaah et al., 2011). Irawan et al. (2011) reported that a large Sucker weighing more than 3 kg has a high ability to grow, reaching 85% in the nursery. Seeing the condition of low Sucker growing ability in the first experiment, the SHD experiment repeated the second time. The result of the second repetition of the SHD experiment also shows low percentage of growth that resembles the first experimental results.
causing growing point of the sucker broken. Suckers which have physical wobble hard when revocation is known at the point of fracture growth was shelled near growing point (Fig. 3). Generally a small sucker broken at the point of growth with relatively high percentage, but a large Sucker had broken at the point of growth with relatively smaller percentage because it is protected by a sturdy stem. In thought possible factors leading to earlier studies that are large sucker has always had the ability to grow high. Various studies have been conducted previously recommended that a good sucker is used to seedling a large Sucker is already one year old, weighs 2 kg, and a length of leaf 3 meters (Schuling and Flach (1985). Thing the same is expressed by Jong (1995) that is good for seedling sucker was that weighs 2 kg. Besides, Jong (1995) revealed that the experience of the people in Sarawak raised sucker using spear leaf can cause fractures in the growing point is basically the cause not grow.
Allegations that emerged through the repetition of the second experiment tested by repeating the experiment a third time SHD is to not make hard physical swaying during lifting of sucker and do not make hump hurt. Results from the third repetition of the experiment showed that the ability of the sucker to grow in the nursery were observed high. Ability grows of the sucker that did not experience severe wobble when revocation and not having injuries on the hump among 80 to 100% for all treatments. Based on the experiments it is known that one of the factors causing the sucker low grows in a nursery is a factor of the seperation of the sucker from the parent clump. Bend and pull hard and the presence of lesions on the hump is a major contributing factor to the sucker low power grew in the nursery. Jong (1995) reported that handling the sucker with spear leaf can cause broken the growing point of the suckers at the inside of the bottom. It is suspected that the underlying earlier studies always show a large sucker has a high ability to grow. Through these experiments revealed that the sucker with small size can also have high ability to grow, if separating the sucker from the parent clump is well done. Overall the results of SHD experiments that have been performed presented in Table 3. Examples Sucker growth performance in nursery after the age of four months are presented in Figure 4.
Table 3: Growth rensponse of the suckers based on diameter sizes of the hump
No Treatment
(mm)
Growth Response
First Testing Second Testing Third Testing
GP (%) TSE (day) GP (%) TSE (day) GP (%) TSE (day)
1 D1 (22.9) 20 35 20 33 80 33
2 D2 (42.6) 20 29 20 34 80 34
3 D3 (60.6) 20 25 20 33 80 33
4 D4 (81.8) 40 32 40 35 100 34
5 D5 (100.6) 40 34 40 33 100 33
Notes: Average of hump diameter (D1 to D5) Growth percentage (GP %) and the time of spear emerge (TSE)
Figure 4: Appearance of sucker growth after the age of four months. Sucker growth of small diameter, treatment D1 (A) and the growth of large diameter Sucker, D5 treatment (B)
2. Growth Response Based on SRL
The results showed that growth based on rhizome length of the sucker have high survival percentage. Sucker accompanied by rhizome length among 5 cm to 10 cm has ability to grow 100% in the nursery by using shade of paranet, otherwise sucker without rhizome (S0) nothing grow to form leaves and roots. Similar studies show that rhizome length 10 cm has the ability to grow 80% and rhizome length 30 cm has the ability to grow 93.3% (Jong, 1995). Rhizome accompanying sucker is one of the major factors causing increased power grows of the sucker. Possible reserves of energy to growth is stored in the rhizome organs, so sucker can grow well if accompanied by the rhizome. Jong (1995) published that rhizome length 30 cm accompanied by sucker has a high ability to grow as it has a lot of reserve energy supply.
Variant analysis of spear growth rate among the treatments tested did not show significant differences (Table 4). Growth rate of the leaf spear after the sucker forming new roots are not affected by the length of rhizome accompanying the sucker. Vegetative growth after sucker form the root is coused by the availability of nutrients in the growth medium used, is no longer caused by the rhizome. Growing medium rich in nutrients encourage vegetative growth faster than a less nutrient media. Growing medium enriched with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium showed better vegetative growth compared with media without or lack of one of the three elements (Jong et al., 2008). The vegetatif growth of the roots is not recorded in this experiment becoused we will not destroy the seedling.
Table 4: Sucker growth response based on rhizome length after three months in the nursery
No Treatment
diameter sucker did not indicate any difference ability grew in the nursery. Sucker rhizome accompanied with a length of 5 to 10 cm have a high ability to grow, reaching 100%, but that is not accompanied by sucker rhizome has not ability to grow.
Acknoledgement
Thanks go to the project manager MP3EI number 286/SP2H/PL/Dit.Litabmas/VII/ 2013 derived from DP2M DIPA DGHE Fiscal Year 2013 for financial support for the research was provided so that the script can be realized as it should. A big thank you also to all those who are involved in this study.
References
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