NAZARUDDIN’S CASE: THE JAKARTA POST REPORTS ON A BRIBERY ATTEMPT CASE.

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1. “Lawmaker „tried to bribe court official‟”, May 21, 2011. 2. “KPK hesitant about investigating Nazaruddin”, May 22, 2011. 3. “Mahfud lashes out at Dems over gratuity claim”, May 23, 2011. 4. “Dems ax Nazaruddin to save face, published on May 24, 2011 5. “Mahfud officially reports Nazaruddin to KPK,” May 25, 2011.

1.4.2 Data Analysis

The collected data were analyzed by using Sociocognitive Approach proposed by

Van Dijk (2009). The data were mainly categorized into three levels, namely,

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elaborated more in Chapter 2. After being categorized, the data were classified

into more specific terms, such as macropropositions, propositions, news

schemata, participant, communicative roles, occupational roles, and

positive-negative representation. Next, the classified data were examined and discussed

based on its quality and quantity to gain the description and conclusion, and

finally the results hopefully can answer the research questions.

1.5 Clarification of the Key Terms

To guide the analysis, there are a number of terms that have to be defined

in this study. The followings are essential key terms used in this study:

1. Discourse Analysis (DA):

Discourse analysis is an approach to the analysis of language that looks

patterns of language across text as well as the social and cultural contexts in

which the texts occur (Paltridge, 2006).

2. Ideology:

Ideology is the fundamental beliefs of a group and its members (Van Dijk,

2005)

3. Knowledge:

Knowledge is sociocultural beliefs that are shared and certified by the criteria

or standards of a community (Van Dijk, 2009).

4. Major participant:

Major participant is the participant who appears more frequently than other

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5. Participant:

Participant is thing or people that act in various roles (Van Dijk, 2005).

6. Text:

Text is the concrete realization of abstract forms of knowledge (Wodak &

Meyer, 2009)

7. Theme or Topic:

Theme is what discourse is globally about (Van Dijk, 2009).

8. The Jakarta Post:

The Jakarta Post is online version of the largest English newspaper in

Indonesia.

1.6 Organization of the Paper

The paper is organized into five chapters. Chapter 1 contains of research

background, research questions, aims of research, research methodology,

clarification of the key terms, and organization of the paper. Chapter 2 discusses a

review of related literature. This chapter covers a number of important concepts of

discourse, Discourse Analysis (DA), and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).

Chapter 3 presents the theoretical and methodological framework guiding this

study. This chapter consists of research questions, research design, data collection,

and data analysis. Chapter 4 consists of findings and discussion. Here, the data

were explored, identified and examined. The final chapter is Chapter 5 that covers

the interpretation toward the result of the study in a form of conclusion and

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the research method employed in this study. It

includes the research design, the data collection, data analysis, and a sample of

data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

The study is largely qualitative. However, descriptive quantification is also

employed in this study. It is used to support the quality of descriptions and to

make better understanding of the study. Besides, it is also used to increase validity

and reliability of the study (Alwasilah, 2011).

The study investigated the phenomenon in the form of how the Nazarudin‟s

bribery attempt case is reported in the newspaper as the texts investigated, how

the major participants are represented in the texts, and what meanings can be

constructed from the texts. The study also employs textual analysis. The selected

news was critically read, and word, phrases and clauses which serve as textual

evidence were categorized. Van Dijk‟s Sociocognitive Approach (2009) has been

used as the main frame work to analyze the data.

3.2 Data Collection

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The Jakarta Post in May, 2012. The subject matter of the data is concerning

Nazaruddin‟s bribery attempt case. The data consist of five texts. The texts have

been sorted from 21st to 25th of May, 2012 as follows:

1. “Lawmaker „tried to bribe court official‟”, May 21, 2011.

2. “KPK hesitant about investigating Nazaruddin”, May 22, 2011.

3. “Mahfud lashes out at Dems over gratuity claim”, May 23, 2011.

4. “Dems ax Nazaruddin to save face, published on May 24, 2011

5. “Mahfud officially reports Nazaruddin to KPK,” May 25, 2011.

3.3 Data Analysis

The collected data were analysed by using Sociocognitive Approach

proposed by Van Dijk (2009). The data were mainly categorized into three levels

of analysis, namely, macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure. On every

level of the analysis, the data were classified into more specific terms which will

be explained in the following paragraph.

First, the data were analyzed on the level of macrostructures or semantic

macrostructures. This step was conducted to find out topics or theme. For

technical reason, this step was conducted in the beginning of analysis, because the

topics usually lead to other information existing in the text, and they express the

overall content or global information, and represent the meaning or information

which the readers will memorize best. In addition, the topics are also usually

controlled by powerful speakers and will influence many other structures of text

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In the second step, the data were elaborated on the level of

superstructures. In this step, the texts are identified in term of their news

schemata category, such as introduction and specification. Those two categories,

then, are divided into more specific category, namely, headline, lead, situation

and comments.

The third step that was carried out was to examine the data on the level of

microstructure. Here, the data were classified into more specific terms, such as

participants, occupational roles, communicative roles and positive-negative

representation of participants.

The last step carried out was to examine, define, and discuss the whole

gathered data. After the analysis on each level was completed, the result of each

was combined to result in the analysis of all levels.

3.4 Sample of Data Presentation

3.4.1 Data Presentation on the Level of Macrostructures

On this level, the text is observed in the terms of macropropositions (M)

and propositions (P).

Table 3.1 Sample of macrostructures analysis in text 1

M1 Lawmaker tried to bribe court official P1 Lawmaker 'tried to bribe court official'

P2 Nazaruddin threatened to wreak havoc on the court if [Janedjri] did not accept the money

P3 Nazaruddin, in late 2010, dined with Janedjri at the lawmaker‟s request. P4 The envelopes were eventually returned to Nazaruddin‟s house in South

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P5 The following morning, Janedjri attempted to get in touch with Nazaruddin to return the envelopes.

P6 The housekeeper opened the envelopes at the house to find S$60,000 in each

P7 the money was „friendship money‟. M2 The new revelation adds to a string of allegations

P1 The new revelation adds to a string of allegations after Nazaruddin and party colleague Angelina Sondakh were alleged to have sought illicit fees totaling Rp 25 billion ($2.93 million), from a construction company that won a tender to build an athlete dormitory worth Rp 191 billion for the upcoming 2011 SEA Games in Palembang, South Sumatra.

P2 Also on Friday, Jakarta Police spokesman Sr. Comr. Baharudin Djafar admitted police investigators had once named Nazaruddin a suspect in 2005 in a document forgery case but the investigation was later halted for unclear reasons.

P3 “We issued a letter ordering a halt to the investigation, but this is not the end of the case. We can reopen it if new evidence appears,” Baharudin said, adding that he did not know why police stopped the investigation.

P4 Reports say Nazaruddin falsified bank guarantee documents to clear the way for one of his companies, PT Anugerah Nusantara, to win procurement tenders held by the Industry Ministry and the Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Ministry.

P5 The new revelation adds to a string of allegations

P6 Mahfud's information added another blow to the lawmaker‟s political career.

Table 3.1 above shows how are propositions are categorized into particular

macropropositions. For complete table see Appendix 2.1. After all propositions

and macropropositions were observed, the data are presented in a table such as the

following.

Table 3.2 Macropropositions

No. Macropropositions Propositions

(n)

M1 _{Lawmaker „tried to bribe court official‟} 12

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3.4.2 Data presentation on the level of superstructures

On this level the text is observed in the terms of news schemata categories.

Table 3.3 Sample of superstructures analysis

Text Category 1 Category 2 Category 3

Lawmaker „tried to bribe court official‟ Introduction Headline Bagus BT Saragih and Adianto P

Simamora, The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | Sat, 05/21/2011 8:00 AM

Introduction Lead

Constitutional Court chief justice Mahfud MD informed President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono of a bribe attempt by Democratic Party lawmaker M.

Nazaruddin, adding another blow to the

lawmaker‟s political career.

Specification Situation Episode

on Friday Specification Situation Background

Mahfud said Nazaruddin, who is caught up in other graft allegations, had once threatened Constitutional Court secretary-general Janedjri M Gaffar

Specification Comment Verbal Reaction

after Janedjri refused to accept

S$120,000 (US$97,160) in cash from the lawmaker.

Specification Situation Background

Table 3.3 above shows how the data are categorized into news schemata.

For complete analysis see Appendix 3.1. After the data were categorized, the data

are presented in a table such as following.

Table 3.4 Distributions of news schemata

Category Frequency Percent

Introduction 2 4.08%

Headline 1 2.04%

Lead 1 2.04%

Specification 47 95.92%

Comment 26 53.06%

Verbal Reaction 26 53.06%

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Category Frequency Percent

Situation 21 42.86%

Episode 6 12.24%

Background 15 30.61%

Total 49 49 47 100.00% 100.00% 95.92%

3.4.3 Data presentation on the level of microstructures

On this level, the data are classified into several terms, such as

participants, communicative roles, positive-negative representations, and

occupational roles.

Table 3.5 Sample of microstructures analysis

Text Participant Communicative

roles Sayer Representation

Occupational Roles

Lawmaker Muhammad Nazaruddin Producer Negative Democratic Party

„tried to bribe

court official‟ Janedjri M. Gaffar Recipient Neutral Constitutional Court Constitutional Court

chief justice Mahfud MD

Mahfud MD Producer Positive Constitutional Court

on Friday informed President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Recipient Neutral Democratic Party

of a bribe attempt by Democratic Party lawmaker M. Nazaruddin

Muhammad Nazaruddin Producer Negative Democratic Party

adding another blow to

the lawmaker‟s political

career.

Muhammad Nazaruddin Recipient Negative Democratic Party

Mahfud Mahfud MD Sayer Positive Constitutional Court

said

Nazaruddin, Muhammad Nazaruddin Producer Mahfud MD Negative Democratic Party

who Muhammad Nazaruddin Producer Mahfud MD Negative Democratic Party

is caught up in other

Janedjri M. Gaffar Recipient Mahfud MD Positive Constitutional Court

after

Janedjri Janedjri M. Gaffar Producer Mahfud MD Positive Constitutional Court

refused to accept S$120,000 (US$97,160) in cash from

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Table 3.5 above shows how the data are classified into several terms on the

level of microstructures. For a complete table see Appendix 4.1. After the data

were classified, the data are distributed in table (Table 3.6, Table 3.7, and Table

3.8) such as following.

Table 3.6 Occurrences of participants in terms of communicative roles

No. Participants Frequency Percent

Producer Recipient Total Producer Recipient Total

1 A Construction Company 1 1 2 1.03% 1.03% 2.06%

Table 3.7 Occurrences of participants in terms of positive-negative representations

No. Participants Frequency Percent

Positive Negative Neutral Total Positive Negative Neutral Total

1 Muhammad Nazaruddin 4 18 3 25 16.00% 72.00% 12.00% 100.00%

2 Mahfud MD 6 2 6 14 42.86% 14.29% 42.86% 100.00%

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Table 3.8 Occurences of participants’ occupational roles in terms of communicative roles

No. Occupational Roles Frequency Percent

Producer Recipient Total Producer Recipient Total

1 A Construction Company 1 2 3 1.03% 2.06% 3.09%

2 Constitutional Court 19 6 25 19.59% 6.19% 25.77%

3 Democratic Party 32 20 52 32.99% 20.62% 53.61%

4 Indonesian Survey Institute Political Analyst 3 0 3 3.09% 0.00% 3.09%

5 Industry Ministry 1 0 1 1.03% 0.00% 1.03%

6 KPK 0 2 2 0.00% 2.06% 2.06%

7 Maritim Affairs and Fisheries Ministry 1 0 1 1.03% 0.00% 1.03%

8 Nazaruddin's Housekeeper 2 0 2 2.06% 0.00% 2.06%

9 Police 7 1 8 7.22% 1.03% 8.25%

Total 66 31 97 68.04% 31.96% 100.00%

This chapter has briefly discussed the research methodology which

includes research design, data collection, and sample of data analysis. Next

chapters (Chapter 4) will explain how these theories are applied to interpret the

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This chapter presents the conclusions of the study as well the suggestions

for further studies.

5.1 Conclusions

The present study has analized five headline news of text taken from The

Jakarta Post. This study is aimed to investigate the ways of The Jakarta Post

report the bribery attempt case in terms of news schemata, to describe how the

participants are reported in the text, and to uncover meanings constructed from

texts. This study has applied Van Dijk (2009) approach, Sociocognitive Approach

(SCA); the data has been analyzed on the level of macrostructures,

superstructures, and microstructures.

The study concludes that The Jakarta Post prefers to use people

comments or verbal reactions than its own comments or conclusions. Thus, The

Jakarta Post lets the readers draw their own conclusions. This can be understood

that probably The Jakarta Post tries to be objective, in a sense that it does not give

its opinion straightly, but it uses people comments. However, in an attempt to be

seen as objective as possible, the newspaper inevitably will lean towards

something or someone. What matter is whether the newspaper has sided with

something considered right or not. In addition, that mass media like The Jakarta

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the readers have to be smart. When we consume media such as newspapers, we

should not immediately believe in what has been reported, and we have to

suspend our adjustment considering that the mass media are never neutral.

Newspapers, in specific The Jakarta Post, is a powerful institution,

because it can create opinion. It has full authority to choose and select specific

language to make representations. These representations can create a person’s

position as good or bad. Someone will be seen as a good or a bad because of the

representations made in the newspaper. This can be seen from the differences of

representations between Nazaruddin and Mahfud in The Jakarta Post; Nazaruddin

is represented negatively while Mahfud is represented positively. In this respect, it

can be assumed that mass media, in specific newspapers, can reflect and distort

reality (Hermawan, 2007).

Moreover, representation of someone can affect the representation of

institution in which he or she works in or member in. The present study has shown

that Democratic Party and Constitutional Court in which Nazaruddin and Mahfud

member in are represented as same in the way as Nazaruddin and Mahfud;

Democratic Party is represented negatively while Constitutional Court is

represented positively.

5.2 Suggestions

As there would be many dimension of a particular problem to study, the

present study recommends that further studies analyze news reports consisting

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representation of the participants, and meanings in each issue, for instance the

political issue and disaster issue.

Hopefully, the present study will give a contribution for the readers of the

newspapers to read critically. It is suggested that the readers not to take for

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