SUSTAINABLE URBAN TOURISM IN AN ASIAN ME

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SUSTAINABLE URBAN TOURISM IN AN ASIAN MEGA-CITY: A CASE STUDY OF KA WA SAN JALAN JAKSA

(JAKSA STREET AREA) JAKARTA, INDONESIA

by

Hendra Yusran Siry

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

Examination Committee:

Nationality: Previous Degree:

Scholarship Donors:

Research Donors:

Prof. Walter Jamieson (Chairman) Prof. Dr. John C. S. Tang

Dr. L.A.S. Ranjith Perera

Indonesia

Bachelor of Science in Marine Science University of Riau

Pekanbaru, Indonesia

AIT Partial Scholarship The Ford Foundation -Jakarta

Canadian Universities Consortium (CUC)/

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) The Ford Foundation - Jakarta

Asian Institute of Technology

School of Environment, Resources and Development Bangkok, Thailand

(2)

Abstract

Trough the range of complex and interacting issues surrounding tourism in Asian megacities is vast; research on these issues is rare and limited. The challenge is to examine and to explore the sustainability of tourism activities in Asian megacities. This study focuses on tourism activities in Jakarta, with using Jalan Jaksa, a central backpackers’ and youth independent tourist district as the study area. The study examines how Jalan Jaksa exists within the context increasing demand for quality tourism and barriers to sustainable tourism. A SWOT analysis and SWOT matrix as well some other considerations are used to develop recommendations.

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TOWARDS THE REHABILITATION OF THE OPEN SPACE AND FOOTPATHS IN A RESIDENTIAL ESTATE: THE CASE OF KHLONG CHAN

RESIDENTIAL ESTATE, BANGKOK, THAILAND

by

Sukumaporn Jongpukdee

Scholarship Donors:

Professor. Walter Jamieson (Chairman) Dr. Willi Zimmermann

Dr. Yongtanit Pimonsathean

Thai

Bachelor of Architecture Chulalongkom University Bangkok, Thailand

Canadian International Development Agency! Asian Institute of Technology-Canadian Universities Consortium/Partnership Project (CIDA/AIT-CUC/PP)

National Housing Authority, Thailand

(4)

Abstract

The basic unit of a city is a neighborhood. A neighborhood environment is an important domain of the quality of life. Good neighborhood environments enhance life’s satisfaction, and the individual’s overall sense of well being. It also supports effective and efficient improvement of physical and moral health of neighborhood’ inhabitants; therefore, it must be well designed and well maintain. The most significant neighborhood environment is open space that includes street. The study aims at exploring the present mechanisms and present rehabilitation processes and to recommend suitable mechanisms and processes in a neighborhood rehabilitation program in which neighborhood’s citizen play a role of professional about life in the community, while professionals play a crucial role of technical support and feasibility of such rehabilitation program.

Khlong Chan Residential Estate is a government-built neighborhood that has been housed low and middle-income people of Bangkok since 1953. The physical environments especially open space and footpaths have been deteriorating and dilapidating. The daily needs of inhabitants for having recreational space near their accommodation did not meet. Additionally, the encroachment of the footpaths by some neighborhood’s residents for operating their businesses causes difficulties for walking pedestrians especially children, elderly and disabled people.

Responsible government agencies have been cooperating with community organizations to relocate street vendors and rehabilitate the open space and footpaths. However, the process is very slow. Furthermore, the rehabilitation program did not effectively involve all of the inhabitants-especially tenants, which is now half of the neighborhood’s residents, in the process resulting the dissatisfied-product and absence of commitment from the inhabitants to maintain the rehabilitation’s outcome. The low management skills of the community organizations’ members and ineffective corporation among government agencies are among the reasons. It was also found that different types of inhabitants have different needs and preferences towards the open space and footpaths development especially children.

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STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE COMPOSTING IN NAMDINH, VIETNAM

By

Tran Ngoc Quang

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

Examination Committee

Nationality

Previous Degree(s)

Scholarship Donor Research Donor

Prof. A.T.M. Nurul Amin (Chair) Dr. Willi Zimmermann

Dr. Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh

Vietnamese

Bachelor of Civil Engineering

Hanoi University of Civil Engineering Vietnam

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)

Canadian International Development Agency/Canadian

Universities Consortium (CUC-CIDA)

Canadian International Development Agency/Canadian Universities Consortium (CUC-CIDA)

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Abstract

Like other developing cities, Namdinh is faced with solid waste management problems. Solid waste is, with high proportion of organic matter, increasing rapidly. Due to the various limitations, Namdinh Urban Environmental Company (URENCO) cannot manage the solid waste properly. It leads to many environmental problems. Because of high proportion of organic waste in solid waste, composting is considered a practical solution to deal with this problem. Yet, the market of compost is still limited. With this in view, this research aims to study the factors that affect the compost market and then to propose strategies to promote composting in order to solve the solid waste problem in Namdinh.

To carry out this research, the primary data were collected by questionnaire survey, observation and interview. The necessary secondary data were also collected. SPSS software was used as the main tool to analyse the data. The multiple regression was used to determine the factors that affect the compost demand and estimate the potential demand of compost in the rural area of Namdinh.

On the supply side (urban area), it is clear, from the field survey, that quantity of organic waste is large (30,090 ton/year). Fortunately, Namdinh people usually segregate food waste and recyclable waste. It is a good foundation for separating organic waste at source and undertaking composting program. However, public awareness on the organic waste management is rather low. At the same time, waste collection service, as offered by Namdinh URENCO, strongly determine waste separation. Hence, for success of waste separation and composting program, educational campaign for all Namdinh citizens is essential. Similarly, the local municipality should create more economic incentives to encourage the people to do the waste separation. More importantly, Namdinh URENCO has to provide basic facilities such as separate waste bins to facilitate waste separation and collection.

On the demand side (rural area), the potential use of compost for farming is found large (50,054 ton/year). The local farmers presently use organic fertilizer. Their use of compost fertilizer is still limited due to high price, inadequate information of compost quality and application, and lack of compost advertisement and compost use campaign. Therefore, to promote compost market, appropriate quality and affordable price of compost need to be set up. At the same time, the propagation, campaign and application guideline for farmers are very important and necessary.

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INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT AT LOCAL LEVEL: A CASE STUDY OF TWO INDUSTRIAL ESTATES IN YANGON, MYANMAR

by

Aung May Oo

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science

Nationality

Previous Degrees

Scholarship Donor

Prof. A.T.M. Nurul Amin (Chairman) Dr. Willi Zimmermann

Prof. Nguyen Cong Thanh

Myanmar

Bachelor of Civil Engineering

Diploma in Environmental Engineering Yangon Institute of Technology

Yangon, Myanmar

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)

(8)

Abstract

The study aims at introducing pollution control measures for industrial wastewater into the industrial estates developed by the Department of Human Settlement and Housing Development located within Yangon City boundary. These measures are based on theoretical knowledge as well as practical experience on the application of regulatory instruments, economic instruments and suasive measures.

The study focuses on two industrial estates (Hlaingthayar & Shwepyitha) to assess the existing infrastructure conditions and seriousness of the pollution in order to point out internal situations (within the study area) that need to be improved. The study reviews the present legal and institutional framework for industrial wastewater pollution control in Myanmar to compare with other countries’ practices in order to highlight external actions that need to be modified. Here, external actions mean the legal instruments and responsible institutions for pollution control at industrial estate level.

The country studies are patterned on a format of legal framework, institutional framework, effluent standards, permitting systems, and monitoring and enforcement. According to these studies, it can be seen that the United States Environment Protection Agency the example of an environmental agency of a developed country — carry out all the tasks that fulfill the requirements for implementing pollution control at all levels. In case of Thailand, the National Environment Board the example of an environmental agency of a developing country — has to share the duties of pollution control to other ministries and agencies in order to implement pollution control measures at both national and local (industrial estate) levels.

In Myanmar, in terms of legal provision, the city-level law (basic requirement to promulgate standards, rules, and regulations for controlling pollution in the industrial estates) already does exist though specific standards and detail regulations that can cope with the pollution problem are not in place yet. The National Commission for Environmental Affairs can not perform satisfactorily the tasks on industrial pollution control. It needs to collaborate with other relevant agencies. Neither the Pollution Control & Cleansing Department, (PCCD) — which resembles with Publicly Owned Treatment Works in US nor the Department of Human Settlement and Housing Development, (DHSHD) — which resembles with Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand — provides services for industrial wastewater collection, treatment and disposal in the industrial estates. The coordination between PCCD and DHSHD is essential for implementing pollution control measures at industrial estate level according to their current roles and responsibilities (i.e., PCCD as a service provider and DHSHD as a developer of the study area). They also need technical assistance that can be obtained from the Department of Regional Industrial Coordination & Inspection and the Myanmar Scientific & Technological Research Department.

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WASTE WATER AUDIT IN RIBBED SMOKED SHEET FACTORY

by

Arthapong Saicharoen

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering.

Nationality Previous Degree:

Scholarship Donor:

Prof. Samom Muttamara (Chairman) Dr. Preeda Parkpian

Dr. Per H. Nielsen

Thai

B. Eng. (Civil)

Royal Thai Air Force Academy, Don-muang, Bangkok, Thailand.

Royal Thai Government-Queen Scholarship

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Abstract

The factory “A” is a small scale Ribbed Smoked Sheet industry, located in Songkhla, Thailand. The average production of ribbed smoked sheet is 1.5 tons RSS/ day. The average water consumption is 3.38m3/ ton field latex and producing 3.82m3 wastewater. The wastewater contains high organic of rubber composition and chemical used in the processing. Characteristic of wastewater are 2,250 mg/L BOD, 3,427 mg/L COD, 126 mg/L TKN, 13.5 mg/L NH3-N, 21 mg/L TP, 20 mg/L Sulfate, 280 mg/L SS, 5,708 mg/L TS and pH 4.7-5.0. The fluctuate flow rate of wastewater enter to treatment plant depend on amount of field latex supplied to the factory. The existing wastewater treatment system comprised of 1-anaerobic pond, 1-aerated lagoon, and 1-polishing pond but the system is failure because an area that the factory located has no electricity and there have not treatment plant operator or the worker who has knowledge about their treatment system. The effluent from the treatment plant is not met Thailand industrial effluent standard.

Laboratory scale experiment of aerated lagoon system and waste stabilization pond system was conducted to investigate the efficiency of both systems to treat wastewater from Ribbed Smoked Sheet factory. The result of laboratory scale experiment, efficiency of aerated lagoon is 98.4% BOD and 96.0% COD removal at 4 days HRT. And the efficiency of baffle waste stabilization pond is 96.2% BOD and 93.0% COD removal at 15 days HRT.

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HEAVY METAL LEACHING FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL BY ACETIC ACID

by

Tran Hong Giang

Scholarship Donor:

Prof. Nguyen Cong Thanh (Chairman) Dr. Kensuke Fukushi

Dr. Preeda Parkpian

Vietnamese

Bachelor of Science (Chemistry) Hanoi University of Sciences Hanoi, Vietnam

CEC-DAAD

(12)

Abstract

This study was carried out to evaluate and determine the applicability of using acetic acid in removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.

With acetic acid at pH 2.8, produced easily from organic wastes, soil was treated with the highest efficiency. The acid solution was applied in column experiment by surface flooding to increase to the solubility and mobility of metals in the soil, that is Cd and Ni were removed from soil after estimated about 120 days of treatment.

When acetic acid solution at pH 2.8 was applied to treat the soil, soil pH was reduced from initial value of 5.2 to 3.9. However, acetic acid can be a food source for microorganism in soil, when organic acid reduced, soil pH was increased to initial values after 80 day, that may not cause negative effect to plant growth. Because the treatment of the soil removes the large part of available metals, so after a certain time, the population of microorganisms significantly increased.

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PILOT SCALE EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MEMBRANE FILTRATION FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER REUSE

by

Suwanna Kitpati

Scholarship Donor:

Prof. C. Visvanathan (Chairman) Dr. Ajit P. Annachhatre

Dr. Preeda Parkpian Dr. Seung-Hwan Lee

Thai

Bachelor of Industrial Engineering Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Asian Institute of Technology-Partial Scholarship

(14)

Abstract

The increasing industrial production in Asia leads to over exploitation of water resources and discharge of significant pollution load. Water and wastewater reuse is the solution to conserve the fresh water resources of many countries. Membrane filtration is an advanced technology, which has been improving in design and decreasing in capital cost. It offers the superior quality water for reuse, than the conventional systems.

Pilot scale microfiltration membrane experiments were conducted to investigate stability and reliability of surface water and treated wastewater treatment. Bench scale chemical cleaning experiments were carried out to study on effect of chemical composition and concentration. Finally, financial analysis and reuse potential were also discussed.

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LEVELS AND PHASE DISTRIBUTION OF AIRBORNE POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) IN THE BANGKOK METROPOLITAN REGION

by

Prapat Pentamwa

Scholarship Donor:

Dr. Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh (Chairman) Dr. Supat Wangwongwatana

Dr. Preeda Parkpian Dr. Seung-Hwan, Lee

Thai

Bachelor of Science (Public Health) Khon Kaen University,

Khon Kaen, Thailand

Royal Thai Government

School of Environmental, Resources and Development Bangkok, Thailand

(16)

Abstract

In this study, the airborne PCBs in Bangkok urban area (tropical climate) was evaluated. The two major tasks were undertaken: (1) the evaluation level and phase distribution of airborne PCBs by using active sampling method, and (2) the evaluation levels of airborne PCBs by using passive sampling method and comparison of levels of airborne gas phase PCBs obtained by active and passive sampling method.

The active sampling method employed an 8 stages size fractionating cascade impactor (Anderson low volume sampler) in combination with PUF adsorbent tube connected in series. Out of 12 PCB analyzed only seven congeners were detected (PCB 28, 31, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) by GC/ECD. The Anderson low volume sampler connecting with PUF cartridge proved to be a suitable alternative monitoring methods providing the PCBs both in gas and particulate phase (fine and coarse). The concentration of suspended particulate matters (SPM) with diameter size range over 2.1 µm (coarse particle) were ranging from 74-189 µg/m3 and less than 2.1 µm (fine particle) were ranging from 45-148 µg/m3. A bimodal form demonstrated the mass size distribution with high accumulation in coarse size range. Total PCB (sum of 7 detected congeners) was found to be ranged 0.77-3.3 ng/m3. The lighter and lower chlorinated PCB species such as PCB 31 and 52 presented at higher concentration than higher chlorinated PCB species such as PCB1O1, 138, 153, and 180. The PCBs was presented mainly in gas phase particularly lower molecular weight PCBs such as PCB28, 31, 52, 101, and 138 (62.5%, 80.7%, 70.3%, 63.4%, and 75.6%, respectively) while PCB 153 and 180 were detected only in particulate phase. PCBs content were abundant in fine particle phase (0.03-3.51 pg/µg). Concentrations of PCBs were higher at Din Deang city center (3.3 ng/m3) than in BKK U.2 suburban area (0.77 ng/m3).

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DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN FOR CHROMALLOY (THAILAND) LTD.

by

Harnpon Phungrassami

Scholarship Donor:

Prof. C. Visvanathan (Chairman) Dr. S. Kumar

Dr. P. H. Nielsen

Thai

B. Chemical Engineering, Thammasat University, Thailand

General Chavalit Yongchaiyodh Scholarship

(18)

Abstract

This study was conducted at Chromalloy (Thailand) Ltd, which is a jet engine component repair factory. This factory has already obtained ISO 9002 and IS014001 certification.

In view of the environmental management performance of the factory, this study was conducted using the Eco-mapping. It was found that there were two major problems which affected the workers had the negative thinking. One problem was Air pollution and another one was Noise pollution in the work place.

The produced airborne particulate matter satisfies the Thailand standard. Noise level in the building is not higher than standard. However, the factory should create a strict rule for all the workers who work in dangerous areas, such as: Blending, Vibro room and LPT (Low Pressure Turbine) blade area.

After conducting a pollution prevention in the chemical room, This study shows that a spray system which can reduce water used could be employed. 90% of rinsing water can be saved. Energy used could be reduced by 3 kWh per tank if the labourers open the tank heater less than 1 hour in the current operation. The simple in-plant modifications such as: closing of tap water after using, repair of leaky valves and connections and avoiding plastic bags and rubber ring from entering the wastewater stream could be adopt.

The wastewater generated from rinsing operation, fluorescent penetrant solution and chemical use in the factory. Currently the factory generates 17 m3/day from domestic wastewater and 15 m3/day from industrial wastewater. Domestic wastewater treatment plant and industrial wastewater treatment plant are over designed by 2 times and 10 times, respectively. The removal efficiencies of industrial sedimentation tank were 38% of SS and 62% of Ni, indicating very low removal efficiency.

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RESPONSE OF NITRIFYING BIOFILM TO INHIBITORY SHOCK LOADS

by

Binod Kumar Rajbhandari

Scholarship Donor:

Dr. Ajit P. Annachhatre (Chairperson) Prof. Chongrak Polprasert

Dr. Ole Mark

Nepalese

Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Hons.) University of Roorkee,

Roorkee, India

Her Majesty the Queen of Thailand

(20)

Abstract

Response of nitrifying biofilm to inhibitory shock loads was investigated using aniline as an inhibitory compound. Effect of bulk aniline concentration as well as exposure time on activity of nitrifying biofilm was investigated. A lab scale continuous down flow biofilm reactor with flow rate of 20 ml/min and hydraulic retention time of 32.55 mm was operated for this purpose. Experiment were conducted under the conditions where ammonium and DO were not limiting factor. While inhibitor concentration in feed was varied to quantify the inhibitory effects on nitrifying biofilm. Synthetic wastewater containing constant NH4-N concentration of about 25 mg/l was used as feeding solution. pH of the system was maintained between 6.8 to 7.5. Pure oxygen was supplied and maintained DO between 9 to 18 mg/l. Recirculation ratio of 1:6 was applied to achieve completely mix condition.

Experiments were conducted with various possible combinations of feed aniline concentration varied between 2-10 mg/l and exposure time of 6-18 times of HRT (space-time). The experimental results revealed that the degree of inhibition to nitrifiers depends upon concentration as well as exposure time of toxic compound. Aniline concentration higher than 6 mg/l was found to be significantly toxic to nitrifiers. The maximum observed reduction in nitrification rate due to aniline application rate of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/l exposed to 12 HRT were around 9, 20, 25, 62 and 80% respectively. Effluent nitrate concentration was found to be varying exponentially during exposure as well as recovery phase.

It was observed that lower concentration of aniline with long exposure might have higher degree of inhibition than higher aniline concentration with short exposure. In case of 6mg/I of feed aniline exposed to 18HRT effluent N03-N concentration was reduced by about 11 .2mg/l. While about 8.7mg/l reduction in effluent N03-N was observed at 8mg/l of feed aniline exposed to 6HRT. Maximum effluent N03-N reduction of about l3mg/l and 15.5mg/l was found due to feed aniline concentration of 8mg/l exposed to 9HRT and 12 HRT respectively. While the reduction was about 10.lmg/l due to feed aniline concentration of 10mg/l exposed to 6HRT.

(21)

EFFECT OF CYANIDE FISHING ON CORALS

by

Ulla Luhtasela

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Inter-University Program in a field of Environmental Toxicology, Technology and Management.

Scholarship Donor

Dr. Preeda Parkpian(Chairman) Dr. Hansa Chansang

Dr. Jutamaad Satayavivad Prof. Nguyen Cong Thanh

Finnish

Equivalent studies of the Bachelor in Chemistry

University of Turku Turku, Finland

European Union, PTS programme

Asian Institute of Technology, Chulabhorn Research Institute,

And Mahidol University Bangkok, Thailand

(22)

Abstract

Cyanide fishing is an illegal fishing method widely used in a number of countries in Southeast Asia. It is used to stun the fish to make them easier to catch. As this deadly poison spreads around the coral reef, it has an adverse impact on marine life, including fish, corals and other invertebrates. Initial, high concentration of sodium cyanide (NaCN) is known to kill coral polyps. As the cyanide dilutes and spreads around the reef, corals are exposed to low concentrations of free cyanide for prolonged periods of time, causing chronic effects.

In this experiment, corals were exposed to NaCN in two concentrations (10-5 and 10-6 mol/l) for 6 hours and given 2 weeks recovery period after the exposure. Treatment was repeated twice in this experiment. Changes in chlorophyll —a and -c2 concentrations and zooxanthellae density were measured in the laboratory. Bleaching is the discoloration phenomenon of stressed corals. It can be caused by the loss of symbiotic algae, chlorophyll concentrations or both together.

No significant changes were found in zooxanthellae densities after any treatments, indicating that the selected coral species, Porites lutea does not expulse its symbiotic algae from its tissue at these concentrations and duration of cyanide exposure.

Significant changes of chlorophyll -a and -c2 concentrations were found in a group a (10-5 mol/l) immediately after both exposures. After 2 weeks of recovery, concentrations returned to normal levels as compared with the control groups. Group b (10-6 mol/l) did not show any significant changes in either of the analysis.

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STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES AND THE EMERGING HOUSING MARKET IN HANOI, VIETNAM

by

Hoang Long

Examination committee:

Scholarship Donor:

Dr. Seisuke Watanabe (Chairman) Prof. Hans Detlef Kammeier Dr. Willi Zimmermann

Vietnamese

Bachelor of Architecture

Hanoi Architectural University, Vietnam

Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)

School of Environment Resources and Development Bangkok, Thailand

(24)

Abstract

Ten years after the “Doimoi” policy, ten years laying aside its main role to private sector, recently State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) return as an important actor in creating housing in Hanoi. However, several SOEs inefficient performance in housing projects generates difficulty for achieving the housing development target of Hanoi city.

Taking into account case studies in Nghia Do Dich Vong housing project and corporate analysis, this study focuses on investigating special circumstances and constraints, which are common to the project implementation. Through the case study analysis the monopoly, lacking of transparency m implementation process and delaying in compensation turned out to be the main obstacles of the SOEs housing projects. Finally, recommendations for specific policies to enhance, sustain improve the SOEs performance are offered.

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IMPACTS OF URBAN SPRAWL ON HOUSEHOLDS: A CASE STUDY OF TWO HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN PATHUMTHANI, THAILAND

by

Pornkasem Laudhittirut

Nationality Previous Degree

Dr. Seisuke Watanabe (Chairman) Prof. A.T.M. Nurul Amin

Prof. Yap Kioe Sheng Dr. Orapan Na Bangchang

Thai

Bachelor of Architecture

King Mongkut’ s Institute of Technology Lad Krabang, Bangkok, Thailand

School of Environment. Resources and Development Bangkok, Thailand

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(27)

Abstract

Due to rapid economic growth before economic crisis in 1997, the population in Bangkok Metropolitan Area (BMA) experienced the economic acceleration that led to the city expansion and housing demand in urban fringe area where land and housing price were cheaper with better transportation route. Combined with the promotion of decentralization and deconcentration of Bangkok to other areas especially its vicinity, the creation of commercial and industrial sector directly increased the settlements in those areas led to sprawl development in suburban area with lack of development control and complete provision of urban infrastructure, facility and service from related authorities.

As the people decided to live in the suburban area, it created the new community with infrastructure, facility and service in the area with concentration of settlement and good accessibility which can be considered as urban area for that location. As most of the residents moved from the city, Bangkok, they still travel daily and work in the city. Those with lower income have to live in the housing project with further distance from the urban area due to their low affordability. So, they did trade-off between low cost housing and additional distance of location. This additional distance results in their extra cost for transportation with difficulty of living as the housing project is located beyond serviced coverage area of various urban facility and service. These contribute the problems not only to the individual household units but also to the society in various issues; i.e. economic, social and environmental issue, in macro level.

Regarding this issue, this research study attempts to depict those problems effected to the residents due to the additional distance and the lack of infrastructure, facility and service. It also includes the residents’ behaviour as well as attitude towards housing with statistical data support. This helps to illustrate the weaknesses of location for living with the limitation of urban service and the behaviour of homebuyers with less concern of those problems which can affect their living in long run. As the problems and facts are shown, this research provides the recommendations which aim to manage sprawl development and maintain the good living condition for the residents which can help to solve the problems and led to more efficient urban land management with better development.

(28)

by

Binod Kumar Rajbhandari

Examination Committee: Dr. Ajit P. Annachhatre (Chairperson)

Prof. Chongrak Polprasert

Dr. Ole Mark

Nationality: Nepalese

Previous Degree: Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Hons.)

University of Roorkee,

Roorkee, India

Scholarship Donor: Her Majesty the Queen of Thailand

(29)

Abstract

Response of nitrifying biofilm to inhibitory shock loads was investigated using aniline as an inhibitory compound. Effect of bulk aniline concentration as well as exposure time on activity of nitrifying biofilm was investigated. A lab scale continuous down flow biofilm reactor with flow rate of 20 ml/min and hydraulic retention time of 32.55 min was operated for this purpose. Experiment were conducted under the conditions where ammonium and DO were not limiting factor. While inhibitor concentration in feed was varied to quantify the inhibitory effects on nitrifying biofilm. Synthetic wastewater containing constant NH4-N concentration of about 25 mg/l was used as feeding solution. pH of the system was maintained between 6.8 to 7.5. Pure oxygen was supplied and maintained DO between 9 to 18 mg/l. Recirculation ratio of 1:6 was applied to achieve completely mix condition.

Experiments were conducted with various possible combinations of feed aniline concentration varied between 2-10 mg/l and exposure time of 6-18 times of HRT (space-time). The experimental results revealed that the degree of inhibition to nitrifiers depends upon concentration as well as exposure time of toxic compound. Aniline concentration higher than 6 mg/l was found to be significantly toxic to nitrifiers. The maximum observed reduction in nitrification rate due to aniline application rate of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/l exposed to 12 HRT were around 9, 20, 25, 62 and 80% respectively. Effluent nitrate concentration was found to be varying exponentially during exposure as well as recovery phase.

It was observed that lower concentration of aniline with long exposure might have higher degree of inhibition than higher aniline concentration with short exposure. In case of 6mg/l of feed aniline exposed to 18HRT effluent NO3-N concentration was reduced by about 11.2mg/l. While about 8.7mg/l reduction in effluent NO3-N was observed at 8mg/l of feed aniline exposed to 6HRT. Maximum effluent NO3-N reduction of about 13mg/l and 15.5mg/l was found due to feed aniline concentration of 8mg/l exposed to 9HRT and 12 HRT respectively. While the reduction was about 10.1mg/l due to feed aniline concentration of 10mg/l exposed to 6HRT.

(30)

EFFECT OF CYANIDE FISHING ON CORALS

by

Ulla Luhtasela

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Inter-University Program in a field of Environmental Toxicology, Technology and Management.

Examination Committee: Dr. Preeda Parkpian(Chairman)

Dr. Hansa Chansang

Dr. Jutamaad Satayavivad Prof. Nguyen Cong Thanh

Nationality: Finnish

Previous Degree: Equivalent studies of the Bachelor in Chemistry

University of Turku

Turku, Finland

Scholarship Donor European Union, PTS programme

Asian Institute of Technology, Chulabhorn Research Institute,

And Mahidol University- Bangkok, Thailand

(31)

Abstract

Cyanide fishing is an illegal fishing method widely used in a number of countries in Southeast Asia. It is used to stun the fish to make them easier to catch. As this deadly poison spreads around the coral reef, it has an adverse impact on marine life, including fish, corals and other invertebrates. Initial, high concentration of sodium cyanide (NaCN) is known to kill coral polyps. As the cyanide dilutes and spreads around the reef, corals are exposed to low concentrations of free cyanide for prolonged periods of time, causing chronic effects.

In this experiment, corals were exposed to NaCN in two concentrations (10-5 and 10-6 mol/l) for 6 hours and given 2 weeks recovery period after the exposure. Treatment was repeated twice in this experiment. Changes in chlorophyll –a and -c2 concentrations and zooxanthellae density were measured in the laboratory. Bleaching is the discoloration phenomenon of stressed corals. It can be caused by the loss of symbiotic algae, chlorophyll concentrations or both together.

No significant changes were found in zooxanthellae densities after any treatments, indicating that the selected coral species, Porites lutea does not expulse its symbiotic algae from its tissue at these concentrations and duration of cyanide exposure.

Significant changes of chlorophyll –a and -c2 concentrations were found in a group a (10-5 mol/l) immediately after both exposures. After 2 weeks of recovery, concentrations

returned to normal levels as compared with the control groups. Group b (10-6 mol/l) did not show any significant changes in either of the analysis.

(32)

DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN FOR CHROMALLOY (THAILAND) LTD.

by

Harnpon Phungrassami

Examination Committee: Prof. C. Visvanathan (Chairman)

Dr. S. Kumar

Dr. P. H. Nielsen

Nationality: Thai

Previous Degree: B. Chemical Engineering, Thammasat University, Thailand

Scholarship Donor: General Chavalit Yongchaiyodh Scholarship

(33)

Abstract

This study was conducted at Chromalloy (Thailand) Ltd, which is a jet engine component repair factory. This factory has already obtained ISO 9002 and ISO14001 certification.

In view of the environmental management performance of the factory, this study was conducted using the Eco-mapping. It was found that there were two major problems which affected the workers had the negative thinking. One problem was Air pollution and another one was Noise pollution in the work place.

The produced airborne particulate matter satisfies the Thailand standard. Noise level in the building is not higher than standard. However, the factory should create a strict rule for all the workers who work in dangerous areas, such as: Blending, Vibro room and LPT (Low Pressure Turbine) blade area.

After conducting a pollution prevention in the chemical room, This study shows that a spray system which can reduce water used could be employed. 90% of rinsing water can be saved. Energy used could be reduced by 3 kWh per tank if the labourers open the tank heater less than 1 hour in the current operation. The simple in-plant modifications such as: closing of tap water after using, repair of leaky valves and connections and avoiding plastic bags and rubber ring from entering the wastewater stream could be adopt.

The wastewater generated from rinsing operation, fluorescent penetrant solution and chemical use in the factory. Currently the factory generates 17 m3/day from domestic wastewater and 15 m3/day from industrial wastewater. Domestic wastewater treatment plant and industrial wastewater treatment plant are over designed by 2 times and 10 times, respectively. The removal efficiencies of industrial sedimentation tank were 38% of SS and 62% of Ni, indicating very low removal efficiency.

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LEVELS AND PHASE DISTRIBUTION OF AIRBORNE POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) IN THE BANGKOK METROPOLITAN REGION

by

Prapat Pentamwa

Examination Committee: Dr. Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh (Chairman) Dr. Supat Wangwongwatana

Dr. Preeda Parkpian Dr. Seung-Hwan, Lee

Nationality: Thai

Previous Degree : Bachelor of Science (Public Health) Khon Kaen University,

Khon Kaen, Thailand

Scholarship Donor: Royal Thai Government

(35)

Abstract

In this study, the airborne PCBs in Bangkok urban area (tropical climate) was evaluated. The two major tasks were undertaken: (1) the evaluation level and phase distribution of airborne PCBs by using active sampling method, and (2) the evaluation levels of airborne PCBs by using passive sampling method and comparison of levels of airborne gas phase PCBs obtained by active and passive sampling method.

The active sampling method employed an 8 stages size fractionating cascade impactor (Anderson low volume sampler) in combination with PUF adsorbent tube connected in series. Out of 12 PCB analyzed only seven congeners were detected (PCB 28, 31, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) by GC/ECD. The Anderson low volume sampler connecting with PUF cartridge proved to be a suitable alternative monitoring methods providing the PCBs both in gas and particulate phase (fine and coarse). The concentration of suspended particulate matters (SPM) with diameter size range over 2.1 µm (coarse particle) were ranging from 74-189 µg/m3 and less than 2.1 µm (fine particle) were ranging from 45-148 µg/m3. A bimodal form demonstrated the mass size distribution with high accumulation in coarse size range. Total PCB (sum of 7 detected congeners) was found to be ranged 0.77-3.3 ng/m3. The lighter and lower chlorinated PCB species such as PCB 31 and 52 presented at higher concentration than higher chlorinated PCB species such as PCB101, 138, 153, and 180. The PCBs was presented mainly in gas phase particularly lower molecular weight PCBs such as PCB28, 31, 52, 101, and 138 (62.5%, 80.7%, 70.3%, 63.4%, and 75.6%, respectively) while PCB153 and 180 were detected only in particulate phase. PCBs content were abundant in fine particle phase (0.03-3.51 pg/µg). Concentrations of PCBs were higher at Din Deang city center (3.3 ng/m3) than in BKK U.2 suburban area (0.77 ng/m3).

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PILOT SCALE EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MEMBRANE FILTRATION FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER REUSE

by

Suwanna Kitpati

Examination Committee: Prof. C. Visvanathan (Chairman) Dr. Ajit P. Annachhatre

Dr. Preeda Parkpian

Dr. Seung-Hwan Lee

Nationality: Thai

Previous Degree: Bachelor of Industrial Engineering

Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Scholarship Donor: Asian Institute of Technology- Partial Scholarship

School of Environment, Resources and Development Thailand

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Abstract

The increasing industrial production in Asia leads to over exploitation of water resources and discharge of significant pollution load. Water and wastewater reuse is the solution to conserve the fresh water resources of many countries. Membrane filtration is an advanced technology, which has been improving in design and decreasing in capital cost. It offers the superior quality water for reuse, than the conventional systems.

Pilot scale microfiltration membrane experiments were conducted to investigate stability and reliability of surface water and treated wastewater treatment. Bench scale chemical cleaning experiments were carried out to study on effect of chemical composition and concentration. Finally, financial analysis and reuse potential were also discussed.

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HEAVY METAL LEACHING FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL BY ACETIC ACID

by

Tran Hong Giang

Examination Committee: Prof. Nguyen Cong Thanh (Chairman) Dr. Kensuke Fukushi

Dr. Preeda Parkpian

Nationality: Vietnamese

Previous Degree: Bachelor of Science (Chemistry) Hanoi Uneversity of Sciences Hanoi, Vietnam

Scholarship Donor: CEC-DAAD

(39)

Abstract

This study was carried out to evaluate and determine the applicability of using acetic acid in removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.

With acetic acid at pH 2.8, produced easily from organic wastes, soil was treated with the highest efficiency. The acid solution was applied in column experiment by surface flooding to increase to the solubility and mobility of metals in the soil, that is Cd and Ni were removed from soil after estimated about 120 days of treatment.

When acetic acid solution at pH 2.8 was applied to treat the soil, soil pH was reduced from initial value of 5.2 to 3.9. However, acetic acid can be a food source for microorganism in soil, when organic acid reduced, soil pH was increased to initial values after 80 day, that may not cause negative effect to plant growth. Because the treatment of the soil removes the large part of available metals, so after a certain time, the population of microorganisms significantly increased.

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WASTEWATER AUDIT IN RIBBED SMOKED SHEET FACTORY

by

Arthapong Saicharoen

Examination Committee : Prof. Samorn Muttamara (Chairman)

Dr. Preeda Parkpian

Dr. Per H. Nielsen

Nationality : Thai

Previous Degree : B. Eng. (Civil)

Royal Thai Air Force Academy, Don-muang, Bangkok, Thailand.

Scholarship Donor : Royal Thai Government-Queen Scholarship

(41)

Abstract

The factory “A” is a small scale Ribbed Smoked Sheet industry, located in Songkhla, Thailand. The average production of ribbed smoked sheet is 1.5 tons RSS/ day. The average water consumption is 3.38 m3/ ton field latex and producing 3.82 m3 wastewater. The wastewater contains high organic of rubber composition and chemical used in the processing. Characteristic of wastewater are 2,250 mg/L BOD, 3,427 mg/L COD, 126 mg/L TKN, 13.5 mg/L NH3-N, 21 mg/L TP, 20 mg/L Sulfate, 280 mg/L SS, 5,708 mg/L TS and pH 4.7-5.0. The fluctuate flow rate of wastewater enter to treatment plant depend on amount of field latex supplied to the factory. The existing wastewater treatment system comprised of 1-anaerobic pond, 1-aerated lagoon, and 1-polishing pond but the system is failure because an area that the factory located has no electricity and there have not treatment plant operator or the worker who has knowledge about their treatment system. The effluent from the treatment plant is not met Thailand industrial effluent standard.

Laboratory scale experiment of aerated lagoon system and waste stabilization pond system was conducted to investigate the efficiency of both systems to treat wastewater from Ribbed Smoked Sheet factory. The result of laboratory scale experiment, efficiency of aerated lagoon is 98.4% BOD and 96.0% COD removal at 4 days HRT. And the efficiency of baffle waste stabilization pond is 96.2% BOD and 93.0% COD removal at 15 days HRT.