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TEORI RINGKAS

ACTIVE/PASSIvE, PARTICIPLE, CONCORD, MODALS

ACTIVE/PASSIVE PARTICIPLE Active participle ialah verb + ing

Passive participle ialah verb 3, yang dapat digunakan sebagai

a.

noun modifier

b.

clause modifier

A.

Noun Modifier terdiri dari

Active/passive participle sebelum kata benda Contoh: • • • • • • • • •

The dancing girl is my sister The singing bird is a murai

(the dancing girl is a girl who is/was dancing) The broken car was sold

Active participle/passive participle phrases Contoh

The man wearing a cap is my father The boy riding the buffalo is my brother The man killed in the field is my aunt

Keterangan : The boy riding that buffalo dapat diubah menjadi: The boy who is/was riding that buffalo atau

The boy who rode that buffalo The man killed the field berarti The man who is killed in the field

B.

Active participle/Participles phrases sebagai clause modifier Contoh:

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• • • • • • • • • • • •

Surrounded by mountains, Bandung has cool climate Keterangan

Because he is old,he has to wear glasses While he was shouting,he kicked the door

Because Bandung is surrounded by mountains it has cool climate Penggunaan active participle

1.

Bila dua pekerjaan dikerjakan oleh subjek yang sama pada waktu yang bersamaan maka salah satu kalimat tadi dibentuk menjadi active participle

Contoh:

He rode away.He whistled as he went He rode away whistling

The children came.They ran to meet us The children came running to meet us

2.

Bila suatu perbuatan diikuti oleh perbuatan lainnya dan dilakukan olehsubjek yang sama,maka perbuatan yang pertama dinyatakan dengan active participle

Contoh

He opened the drawer and took out a revolver Opening the drawer,he took out a revolver

Active participle dapat menggantikan as/since/because + subject + verb Contoh

Because he was a student, he was naturally interested in museum = Being a student,he was naturally interested in museum

As he didn’t know the answer,he kept silent = Not knowing the answer, he kept silent

3.

Bila dua pekerjaan dikerjakan oleh subjek yang sama dan pekerjaan yang satu sudah selesai dikerjakan lalu diikuti oleh pekerjaan lainnya maka pekerjaan yang sudah selesai,dinyatakan dengan active participle

Contoh

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II. CONCORD

Concord adalah persesuaian antara subject dengan predikat Contoh-contoh dalam bentuk sederhana adalah sebagai berikut: I fly to menado once a week

He flies to Menado once a week •

• •

I have been to Bali He has a nice car

You are always complaining in she is good at maths seeking a job Contoh-contoh lainnya

1. Ada beberapa kata benda yang nampaknya tunggal tetapi mempunyai arti jamak . Yaitu cattle, public, police, people, poultry

Contoh :

The cattle are grazing in the field The police enforce the law

2. beberapa kata benda yang kelihatannya jamak tetapi mengandung arti tunggal. Yaitu : economics, statistics, billiards, mathematics, measles, mumps. Contoh:

• Mathematics is difficult • Measles is a contagious disease

3. Beberapa kata benda yang bisa jamak, bisa tunggal

Yaitu: jury, committee, team, crowd, class, family, crew, army, congress, press. Contoh :

• The jury consists of ten person • The jury are arguing among themselves

Notes : Kalau yang dilihat itu kesatuannya maka mengandung arti tunggal. Tetapi kalau yang dilihatnya itu anggotanya maka mengandung arti jamak

4. contoh-contoh kalau subject digabungkan dengan kata either…or; neither…nor; both…and.

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• • • • •

Neither I nor he likes coffee (kata yang dilihat kata setelah ‘nor’).

Both you and your sister work well (subjeknya jamak karena terdiri dari you and your sister)

Not only Rudy but also his brother are actors. Not only does Rudy teach math but also English. Rudy teaches not only math but also English 5. penggunaan each, either, dan neither of, every, one of.

kalau dalam sebuah kalimat dimulai dengan kata each, either, atau neither maka sudah pasti kata kerjanya harus berbentuk singular

Contoh :

• Neither of the films is interesting

• My school has ten class rooms; each is equiped by the over head projector 6. penggunaan ‘as well as’bila dua subjek tunggal dihubungkan dengan kata as well as

maka kata kerja yang digunakannya untuk subjek tunggal Contoh :

• an apple as well as an orange is good for our health • a television as well as a radio is the source of information

bila kedua subjeknya tidak sama jumlahnya maka yang dilihat (disesuaikan) adalah subjek yang ditulis terdahulu

Contoh :

• The students as well as the teacher have worked hard; A banana as well as oranges is going to be sent to you

7. lama waktu, jarak, berat, volume, selalu diikuti dengan kata kerja untuk subjek tunggal.

Contoh :

• Five hours is not long for me to wait • Two hundred kms is not far away nowadays

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• Five kgs is heavy to carry,eight is enough

8. kata-kata berikut ini selalu diikuti oleh predikat untuk benda jamak tweezers, binoculars, glasses, shoes, pyjamas, pliers, trousers. tetapi bisa ditunggalkan dengan kata ‘a pair of’ (sepasang) bandingkan :

• My glasses are on the table

• A pair of glasses is on the table; two pairs of glasses are on the table 9. kata benda yang bentuk tunggal dan jamaknya sama

deer, sheep, salmon, mackerel, aircraft, vietnamese, chinese, japanese, Contoh :

• I saw two japanese in that hotel

• There are hundred and hundred of deer in the palace garden III. MODALS

Modal adalah kata kerja atau auxilliary verb yang terdiri dari:

Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, need, dare, used to

Kata-kata tersebut diatas diikuti verb. Contoh

Shall : Dipakai untuk

1

Untuk menyatakan future dengan subjek I/We

Contoh:

I shall leave for America tomorrow

2

Janji

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Contoh:

You shall be punished if you do that Should :

1. Bentuk past dari shall,kalau berada pada anak kalimat

Contoh:

I say that I shall leave I said that I should leave

2

Mangandung arti seharusnya dalam bentuk present

Contoh:

You should obey your parents You ought to obey your parents

3

Mengandung arti sebaiknya suggestion/advice

Contoh:

If you are tired,you should take a rest Will :

Dipakai

1. Untuk bentuk future Contoh:

I will go to Jakarta tomorrow 2. Untuk janji

Contoh:

I will come to your house if it doesn’t rain 3. Untuk polite request

Contoh:

Will you open the window please! Would :

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pada anak kalimat

Contoh:

• He says he will come • He said he would come 2. More polite request

Would you open the door, please! 3. Berarti want kalau ditambah ‘like’ (would like=want)

Would you like a cup of tea?= Do you want a cup of tea ? Can:

Mengandung arti 1. ability at present

Contoh: I can speak English 2. Permission

Contoh: Can I go out? 3. Request

Contoh : can you help me 4. Present Possibility

He can be at home Could:

Mengandung arti

1. Past dari can kalau berada pada anak kalimat

Contoh:

I said that I could go with you 2. ability in the past

Contoh:

When I was young, I could play tennis well 3. Permission (izin yang lebih halus dari can)

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May: Berarti

1.

Permission

Contoh:

May I go home now Bolehkan..)

2.

Possibility

Contoh:

He may come late (mungkin) Might:

Berarti

1.

Past dari may kalau berada pada anak kalimat He said that he might go home (boleh)

2.

Probability

Contoh:

She might be late (mungkin) Must :

Mengandung arti 1. Harus (obligation)

Contoh : You must study hard 2. Pasti (conclusion)

Contoh : Andi has many luxurious cars; he must be rich Need :

Dapat dipakai

1. Sebagai kata kerja biasa Contoh:

Do you need a new book? 2. Sebagai kata kerja bantu

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Need you go so soon?

MODAL PERFECT

(Subject-Modal-Have-Verb 3-Object etc) Contoh

1.

I could have lifted the box just now (saya bisa mengangkat peti itu tetapi tidak saya lakukan)

Artinya suatu kemampuan di waktu lampau yang tidak dikerjakan

2.

He might have gone by train early this morning (mungkin dia pergi dengan kereta api tadi pagi-pagi)

Artinya suatu kemungkinan di waktu lampau

3.

The road is wet it must have rained last night (pasti tadi malam hujan buktinya jalan basah)

Suatu kesimpulan di waktu lampau

4.

I would have returned your bicycle (saya ingin mengembalikan sepedamu tetapi tidak bisa)

Suatu keinginan yang tidak terpenuhi

5.

I should have given him some money (seharusnya saya memberi dia uang tetapi tidak saya lakukan)