A THESIS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of aSarjana SastraDegree in English Language and Literature
By
Ronanda Ayu Wulandari 08211144008
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
v
“If I am not for myself, who will be for me? If I am not for others, what am I?
And if not now, when?”
(Rabbi Hillel)
“The certainty in this world is uncertainty, and God keeps the
uncertainty to all mankind so that they can always learn and dream”
(Arman Marwing)
“You may say I’m a dreamer…but I’m not the only one”
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This work is lovingly dedicated to:
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Merciful, Allah SWT, who has always given me His blessing and grace, without which I would never have finished this thesis.Sholawat andsalamare devoted to Muhammad SAW, the Prophet.
At this moment of accomplishment, first of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my first consultant, Erna Andryanti, S.S, M.Hum, and my second consultant, Siti Mukminatun, S.S, M.Hum who have guided me, and shared their ideas, knowledge and time with all their patience during my writing process. Thanks for their help, without them I probably cannot finish this thesis well.
I am also indebted to my academic supervisor, Susana W, S.S, M.A for her kind guidance during my years of study, to all lecturers for teaching me well, and to all staffs for their help during my study. Moreover, a million of thanks go to my beloved parents, Pak Nono and Buk Atik, who always love, understand, and support me. My special thanks go to my fiancé, Abi, who always knows me well whenever I need his supports. Then, a cup of thanks is for my little sister, Ivana, for her laugh which flowers my writing process.
I would like to extend huge, warm thanks to all friends in Linguistics 2008 for their invaluable help and support. Many thanks go to Bang Arman who has suggested me to use From Paris with Love as my source of data. Last but not least, I would like to thank all people who have sincerely helped me finish this thesis, and all of whom I cannot mention one by one.
Finally, I do realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, I would gratefully accept any constructive comments and suggestions for the betterment of this thesis.
Yogyakarta, 9 August 2012
ix Data and Source of the Data……... Instrument of the Research ………... Technique of the Data Collection ……….. Technique of Data Analysis…….………...
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Findings………... 31
1. Types of Swearing………... 31
2. 3.
Reasons of Swearing……… Relationship between Swearing and Social Class…...
31 32
B. Discussions……….. 34
1. Types of Swearing………... 34
a. 2. Reasons of Swearing……….... 43
a.
x b.
c. d.
Middle Class to Middle Class………... Middle Class to Lower Class……… Lower Class to Middle Class………
57 60 61
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. B.
Conclusions... Suggestions...
63 65 REFERENCES... 66 APPENDICES... 69
xi A. Figure
Figure1.Analytical Construct... 25 B. Tables
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Format of Types and Reasons of Swearing in From Paris with Lovemovie……….. Data Findings of Types of Swearing in From Paris with Love………..…. Data Findings of Reasons of Swearing in From Paris with LoveMovie………... Data Findings of Relationship between Swearing and Social Class………...
27
31
32
33 C. Appendices
xii ES : Expletive Swearing
ABS : Abusive Swearing
HS : Humorous Swearing
AUS : Auxiliary Swearing
HSS : Hearing something strange EE : Expressing Emotions
FRU : To express frustration or anger SUR : To express surprised or shocked
SHO : To shock
AMU : To amuse
INS : To insult someone
xiii 08211144008 ABSTRACT
This research examines swearing occurring in From Paris with Love movie using a sociolinguistic approach. The research is aimed to analyze the types of swearing, reasons of swearing, and the relationship between swearing and social class which are portrayed fromFrom Paris with Lovemovie.
This research employed descriptive qualitative method. The data were dialogues containing swearwords uttered by the characters in the movie and the context surrounding the interaction. Meanwhile, the source of the research was divided into two, i.e. primary source and secondary source. The primary source of the data was From Paris with Love movie. Then, the secondary source was the script ofFrom Paris with Love movie downloaded from the internet. The primary research instrument was the researcher herself. She acted as the planner, the data collector, the data analyzer, and the data reporter of the research. The secondary instrument was the data sheet. To ensure the trustworthiness of the data, this research applied triangulations by applying source triangulation and investigator triangulation.
The findings of the research show that the types of swearing found in From Paris with Love movie could be categorized into 4 (four). The first type is Expletive Swearing (ES) with 25 data (23.8%). The second is Abusive Swearing (ABS) with 53 data (50.5%). The third is Humorous Swearing (HS) with 11 data (10.5%). The last one, Auxiliary Swearing (AUS), has 16 data (15.2%).The findings show that Abusive Swearing is the dominant type because swearing is mostly used to abuse someone else. Based on the reasons of swearing, only expressing emotions reason which occurs, which furthermore is specified into 6 (six) reasons. The first reason is to express frustration or anger with 36 data (34.3%). The second is to express surprise or shock with 21 data (20%). The third is to shock with 8 data (7.6%). The fourth is to amuse with 5 data (4.8%). The fifth is to insult with 27 data (25.7%). The last one is to assert identity in a group or indicate friendship with 8 data (7.6%). These findings show that the dominant reason influencing people to swear is to express frustration or anger. The last finding illustrates that people coming from upper class swear to people who belong to the middle class, middle class to middle class, middle class to low class, and low class to middle class. Thus, it shows that people who belong to upper class tend to swear to people who come from the class under them because they have power to control people under them.
1 A. Research Background
Swearing is a form of linguistic expression which is often referred to bad language because all swearwords are taboo, although not all taboo words are swearwords (Karjalainen, 2002: 18). In fact, many people always associate swearwords with something bad. That is why, they prefer not use them in a conversation. However, there are some other people who still employ them in their conversation, especially to express their feeling. This is in line with what Svensson (2004: 01) says that some people find swearing to be rude and disrespectful, while others find it quite useful in their everyday vocabulary. There are differences in occupation as a function of gender and status, men are always expected to swear more than women in equivalent occupations and higher status personnel (e. g., dean) are expected to swear less than lower status and there are also myths that grow in society that only the undereducated speakers swear ( Jay, 1992; 2009).
influencing people to swear, e.g. to express surprise or shock, to indicate friendship, and to amuse.
People cannot deny that swearing is a part of social life. This fact is supported by a survey conducted by American Demographic Magazine which shows that among 60 people, 72% of them like swearing in public (Grimm, 2004 in Fagersten, 2005: 04). Knowing the fact that swearing is a part of social life, some script writers and directors of movie still do not avoid using swearing in the dialogues because movie is a representation of a real life.
A movie entitledFrom Paris with Lovewhich is directed by Pierre Morell tries to represent the real life of society, especially people who are in the drug markets society. In this movie, there are many swearwords which are uttered by some characters. Through this movie people can see that swearwords can be used for any reasons depending on the situational contexts. This can be seen in the following dialogue.
(When Wax drives the car back to get Reese’s file in his own car, but Wax crashes the police car up against some parking cars. Then, Reese’s car is exploded. It makes Reese shocked.)
Reese: What thef***67Wax? (Smiling)
Wax: Af***ing68boom. Work for you? Reese: You'ref***ing69crazy.
Data 67 and 69 show thatf***can be used to express shock, and datum 68 shows that swearing can be used to insult someone although in a humorous way.
B. Research Focus
Jay (1992), in Cursing in America,proposes a classification system of bad language, covering 1) cursing, 2) profanity, 3) blasphemy, 4) taboo, 5) obscenity, 6) vulgar, 7) epithets, 8) insults and slurs, 9) scatology, and 10) slang. However, not all the ten categories are explored, but only the forth one, because swearing which becomes the focus of this research is a part of taboo.
Swearwords are a potential trouble for many people because not all people can understand the meaning and the reasons why others utter swearwords, specifically for the non-native English. The reasons that influence people to swear can be very various, i.e. to follow the others who have used it previously, and to imitate the dialogue in the movie to make them seem cool, although actually the meaning of the swearwords that they use is very rude and impolite.
Regardless of the controversy over whether swearing is good or not, today people can find swearwords in the entertainment world easily, i.e. movies, songs, and TV’s program.From Paris with Loveis one of the movies that represents the real life of the society, especially the characters whose original country is America. The use of swearwords in this movie can be seen from the situation when the characters express anger, frustration, surprise, shock, insult, friendship and amusement. The phenomenon of swearing related to the society in From Paris with Lovemovie leaves several problems that can be identified.
The second problem is related to the reasons why the characters of From Paris with Love movie frequently swear in the dialogues. In fact, swearing is not only used to express anger or to insult other people, but it can be used to indicate friendship and express surprise.
The third problem is whether swearwords are identical with lower social status and undereducated person since there are opinions that higher status personnel (i.e. dean) are expected to swear less than lower status and the myths that only undereducated speakers swear still exist. This movie portrays the real life of some Americans who live in French. Although they belong to educated people, they still swear to express their feeling.
In addition, there is also a problem which can be identified related to racism issue in From Paris with Love. The problem emerges when some American characters insult Pakistani drug sellers and terrorists.
Moreover, swearing based on gender is an interesting topic to analyze since in this movie swearwords are not only uttered by men, but women characters do so. This movie shows the fact that women also swear which is portrayed through Caroline and Nicole characters.
C. Formulation of the Problems
Based on the limitation of the problem, the problems of the research are formulated as follows:
1. What are the types of swearing which occur in From Paris with Love
movie?
2. What are the reasons influencing the characters of the movie to swear? 3. How the relationship between swearing and social class in society as
illustrated in the movie?
D. Objectives of the Research
In relation to the formulation of the problem, the objectives of this research are stated as follows:
1. to identify and to describe the types of swearing which occur in From Paris with Love,
2. to describe the reasons influencing the characters of the movie to swear, and
3. to explain the relationship between swearing and social class in society as illustrated in the movie.
E. Research Significances
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discussion covers sociolinguistics, bad language, taboo, swearwords, types of swearing, reasons influencing people to swear, social class, and From Paris with Lovemovie.
A. Sociolinguistics
It cannot be denied that the existence of language cannot be separated from society. This phenomenon is studied in sociolinguistics. It is reinforced by Trudgill (1974: 32) who says that sociolinguistics is a part of linguistics which is concerned with language as a social and cultural phenomenon. It investigates the field of language and society & has close connections with the social sciences, especially social psychology, anthropology, human geography and sociology. This is in line with what Downes (1984: 15) says that sociolinguistics is the branch of linguistics which studies the properties of language and languages which require reference to social, including contextual, factors in their explanation. Moreover, Chaika (1982: 02) says that sociolinguistics is the study of the ways people use language in social interaction. Then, according to Holmes (1974: 01), there is a relationship between language and society because sociolinguistics examines the way people use language in different social contexts and the way people signal aspects of their social identity through their language.
“carry out” hate, and through language people can reveal or conceal their personal identity, their character, and their background, often wholly unconscious that people are doing so. Moreover, Whorf via Popenoe (1983: 57) states that the vocabulary of a language can reflect the culture and environment of its speakers. It can be seen from Indonesian people who eat rice as the main food, have so many different words for rice i.e.padi,gabah,berasandnasi.
Finnegan (1997: 436) states that language is a major symbol of one’s identity. People can indicate others’ original country through their way of speaking. Language can also be used as an indication of social class as stated by Bourdieu (1984) via McEnery (2006: 09).
if a taste for fine wine is supposed to be a token of high social status, then on seeing somebody pouring a drink from such a bottle of wine, other factors aside, one might assume they were of a certain social class. Similarly, if one sees somebody drinking a pint of beer, and this is a marker of low social class, other factors aside, one may also infer their social class.
In this case, Bourdieu relates language with wine and beer as a social class marker. He also argues that type of speech is already associated with certain social class. The wrong use of language is identical with lower classes because they do not have enough money to get a good education.
them to adapt the way that they speak. In making that adaptation they are tacitly acknowledging the supposedly superior form of speech that they are shifting to when that shift takes place. (Bourdieu, 1984 via McEnery, 2006: 09)
Those bring us to the concept of good and bad language. In fact, according to Dinwoodie (2003: 16), the notion of good and bad language has been commented on by many researchers such as Trudgill (1974), Romaine (2000), Menzies (1991), Macauley (1977), Macafee (1994), Andersson and Trudgill (1990), and then Cameron (1995). The label “standard” English implies “correct” English and therefore anything which deviates from this is “incorrect”. Moreover, she argues that most linguists argue against the ideas about correctness and rather focus on the diversity or differences between one variety from another. None will say that “Standard English” is better but all would agree that most laymen do feel that way, and will promote speaking “well”, “more politely”, or “properly” over their own varieties which are by definition are “worse”, “less polite” and “improper”. Then, Trudgill (1974: 28-34) states that most nonstandard language, which sounds like a version of English, is thought to be bad or lower than what people “should” speak. According to Shelton (2007: 66), many groups of people believe that varieties in language can be labeled as “good” or “bad”. Wheeler and Swords (2004: 473) support that statement by defining it clearly:
Regardless of the controversy related to the concept of bad and good language, in this study the researcher follows Trudgill’s theory (1974: 28-34) that bad and good language as language which “should” and “should not” be spoken, not based on grammatically correct or incorrect, and Standard (RP) or non Standard.
B. Bad Language
According to Anderson and Trudgill (1992) in Doyle (2006: 02), sociolinguists have various classification systems for “bad language”. Although each is somewhat different, sociolinguists who have studied “bad language” agree in general about the need for various classes and also agree that the relative “badness” of language is constantly changing; what is previously thought to be “bad language” may become “standard language”.
language, h) insults and slurs, to treat someone with insolence, indignity, or contempt, to make fun of because of their racial or ethnic background, sexual orientation, or physical characteristics, appearance, and disabilities, i) scatology, the research of excrement; interest in or the treatment of obscene matters, j) slang, is very informal and sometimes offensive words that are used by a sub-groups of people, such as young people, drug dealers, baseball players, etc. From the ten classifications, this research tries to explore taboo. It is because swearing which becomes the focus of this research is a part of taboo.
C. Taboo
The termtaboocomes from Tongan which refers to sacred places reserved for gods, kings, priests and chiefs. The word was borrowed into English by Captain James Cook in his book entitledVoyage to the Pacific Oceanpublished in 1777 (Ljung, 2011: 05).
This is in line with what Jay (2009: 01) says that people’s ability to swear is not innate.
“…no one is born with knowledge of taboo words. It is only when we mature enough that we are aware of institutional standards. We learn about taboos through socialization of speech practices, which creates an oral of folk knowledge of swearing etiquette.”
The British anthropologist, Leach, via Andersson and Trudgill (1990: 15) divide taboo words into three major groups, i.e. 1) ‘dirty’ words having to do with sex and excretion, such as b***er and s**t, 2) words that have to do with the Christian religion such as Christ and Jesus, and 3) words which are used in ‘animal abuse’ (calling a person by the name of an animal), such asbitchandcow. Taboo words are often related to taboo behavior, such as sex and bodily functions. Taboo does not necessarily mean that it is forbidden to have sex, go to the bathroom etc, but what Andersson and Trudgill mean by taboo behavior is that there are conscious and unconscious rules of how people do it in a socially acceptable manner.
In addition, most European languages have “blasphemic” utterances. Blasphemy means words or phrases connected with the Christian religion in a disrespectful way, for example: Oh, for God’s sake. The word h**l, as a swearword, obviously has religious terminology. It can be used in several different situations, for example: The h**l with it, Like h**l, Go to h**l or perhaps Bloody H**l. The word d**n is also a blasphemic utterance and is by most people connected with the religious term ‘d**nation’, though it might in the beginning have had a connection with the word d**n, which means animal mother(Andersson and Trudgill, 1990: 15).
Karjalainen (2002: 18) states that taboo words or words that refer to taboo are swearwords, although all swearwords are taboo, not all taboo words are swearwords. This statement is supported by Ljung (2011: 12):
That the taboo words used in swearing do not retain their literal meaning and that, conversely, taboo words used with literal meaning cannot be regarded as swearing.
Moreover, Ljung also divides taboo into two groups, i.e. swearing and non-swearing. In this case he uses Pinker’s dictum to support his statement:
The dividing line between terms that are merely dysphemistic and those that cross over to taboo is mysterious. For many people, excrement has a far more unpleasant connotation than s**t, because excrement is reserved for descriptions of filth and squalor whereas s**tis used in a wider range of idioms and casual contexts. Nonetheless, s**t is less acceptable than excrement. People treat an unpleasant word as taboo to the extent that everybody else treats it as taboo… (Pinker, 2007: 357)
S**t = taboo word = swearword Excrement = tabooswearword
Further, Ljung (2011: 15-16) says that there are some differences between swearing and non - swearing in which both of them are a part of taboo. The difference can be seen from the following examples.
1. He made her life hell. 2. Oh h**l! H**l! 3. Who the h**l. . . 4. All hell breaks loose. 5. (As) guilty as h**l.
6. The fungus is hell on grasshoppers. 7. Come hell or high water.
8. For the hell of it. 9. Neighbors from hell.
10. She got hell for being absent. 11. They gave her hell for being absent. 12. Go to h**l!
13. The place went to hell (in a hand basket). 14. Hell for leather.
15. H**l’s bells! 16. A/one h**l of a(n)-17. Get the h**l out.
18. Hell’s half acre ‘a great distance’. 19. It hurt like h**l.
20. Like h**l (it is)! 21. Not a hope in hell.
22. The rough road played hell with the tires. 23. There will be hell to pay.
24. Damn it to h**l!
25. To h**l with her objections! 26. Wait until hell freezes over.
D. Swearwords
1. Definition and Characteristics
There is a relation between swearing and swearwords. Swearing is the activities which produce swearwords. This relation is clearly explained by Andersson and Trudgill (1990: 53) who say that swearing can be defined as a type of language use in which the expression
a. refers to something that is taboo and/or stigmatized in the culture; b. should not be interpreted literally;
c. can be used to express strong emotions and attitudes.
Further, Karjalainen (2002: 18-20) says that swearwords are a part of taboo words. Taboo words or words that refer to taboo are swearwords. Although all swearwords are taboo, not all taboo words are swearwords. Moreover, he says that when defining a swearword, it is important to keep in mind that not all foul language is swearing. Most people would agree that the use of swearwords is an instance of foul or poor use of language. However, the reverse is not, true-foul language does not always automatically involve swearing. For instance, the sentence “They were f**kinglike rabbits” may be regarded as poor or foul use of language. The word f**k in this example is an instance of swearing, since it is used in a technical sense, or in other words, used to signify the actual act of having intercourse.
used to disparage a woman. In line with the requirement of non-technicality, the word Jesus in the sentence “The life and teachings of Jesus forms” is not a swearword but becomes one when used in an exclamation like “Jesus f***ing Christ!”. He adds that a word or an expression should also be used in an emotive way to be classified as a swearword. In this case, he makes a difference between “emotive” and “emotional”. The key to the difference between emotive and emotional is the degree of control a speaker has over a situation, if a person accidentally drops a hammer on his or her foot, he or she probably feels a certain amount of pain, but not enough to lose control, this may result in an emotive expression to vent frustration and anger, e.g. “D**n!” However, if the same person drops a largish anvil on his or her foot, this likely leads to a highly emotional, inarticulate groan or cry of pain.
c) excrement, d) death, e) the physically or mentally disabled, f) prostitution and g) narcotics and crime. Considering the overlap of the use of theory, the research adopts Andersson’s idea about the characteristics of swearwords (1985: 79).
2. Types of Swearing
Andersson and Trudgill (1990: 36-37) classify swearing into four types. a. Expletive swearing
Expletive swearing expresses personal emotions and it is not directed to other people. For example:H**l!S**t!andGod d**n it!
b. Abusive swearing
Abusive swearing is usually derogatory and directed to others, like name – calling and other kinds of cursing. For example:You *sshole! Go to h**l!
c. Humorous swearing
Humorous swearing does not have to be emotional. It can be found in humorous scenes in which it is directed to others but it is not derogatory. It takes mostly the form of abusive swearing but has the opposite functions where the playfulness is the key and not the offensiveness. For example: Get your *ss in gear!
d. Auxiliary swearing
3. Reasons Influencing the Use of Swearing
According to Adeoye (2005), there are two reasons influencing the use of swearing.
a. Hearing something strange
It usually happens when people hear something that they have never heard before. They tend to give a negative respond to it.
b. Expressing emotions
Swearing is regarded as an emotive or expressive function of language (Crystal, 1997). People are likely to swear when they want to express frustration or anger, surprise or shock, to shock, to amuse, and to insult someone, but sometimes they swear to assert their identity in a group or to indicate friendship (Andersson, 1985).
E. Social Class
1. Upper Class
Chambers (1995: 37) in Fabricius (2002: 357) states that upper class consists of people with inherited wealth and privileges. Meanwhile, Groot (2002: 02) assumes that the higher class people are people who are likely to be assumed or be given to control over people, places, systems, information, property, etc. A key to uprooting classism as well as racism, sexism, and other forms of oppression is the redistribution of control. The upper classes currently have enormous control over much of the everyday lives of everyone else, for it is the upper classes who decide who gets what and how come. In many cases the control is held in place by the buffer teachers, police, security, social workers, etc. People in the upper classes tend to hold on control in large and small things because this is what they are taught. At the same time, people in the “under classes” are systematically trained to give up control.
In addition, Gibert (1998) in Shepard (2003: 255) states that “aristocracy” is at the top of this class. Its members represent the old-money families whose names appear in high society, such as Ford,Rockefeller,Vanderbilt, and du Pont. The basis for membership in this most elite of clubs is blood rather than sweat and tears. Parents in this class send their children to the best private schools and universities. Investors, heirs, and chief executive officers are also categorized in this class.
2. Middle Class
“middle classes”, including managers and bureaucrats, whose wealth was not linked to capital or property. That statement is supported by Milroy (1992: 18). He states that doctors, lawyers, teachers, welfare personnel, and the like are categorized in the middle class.
This condition also happens in the United States as Shepard (2003: 255) state that most Americans think of themselves as Middle Class, but in reality, only 40 to 50 percent of Americans fit this description. They also add that the middle class is composed variedly of those who have been successful in business, the professions, politics, and the military. They are typically educated in a college and have high educational and career goals for their children. However, owners of small business and farms, independent professionals (small-town doctors and lawyers), and other professionals (clergy, teachers, nurses, social workers and police officers) are categorized in this class.
3. Lower Class
F. From Paris with LoveMovie
From Paris with Loveis a spy thriller movie directed by Pierre Morel. The script is written by Luc Beson and Adi Hasak. This movie involves some big Hollywood artists such as John Travolta, Jonathan Rhys Meyers, and Kasia Smutniak
This movie tells about a personal aid to the U.S. Ambassador in France, James Reese (Jonathan Rhys Meyers), who has an enviable life in Paris and beautiful French girlfriend, but his real passion is his side job as a low- level operative for the CIA. Reese actually wants to become a bona fide agent and see some real actions. Thus, when he is offered his first senior-level assignment, he cannot believe his good luck until he meets his new partner special agent, Charlie Wax (John Travolta).
Reese’s first test is to have Wax released from airport detention by the French Customs when Wax does not surrender the cans of his favorite energy drink. Despite the apparent triviality of an energy drink that Wax could probably purchase in Paris, Wax keeps orally abusing French Customs until Reese places a Diplomatic Mail sticker on Wax’s luggage containing the energy drink which makes them immune from Customs and Quarantine requirements.
Then, when Reese and Wax against some Pakistani terrorists in an apartment, they discover that Reese is the target of the same crime ring they are trying to arrest, and it makes him shocked and confused. Finally, they realize that the mission that they are facing is really a mission to trace the money back to a circle of Pakistani terrorist. In the Pakistani center which becomes cocaine market and prostitution center, they find some explosive vest on the tables in a room which prove that the Pakistanis are terrorists in France.
Ultimately, Reese learns that the terrorist, who he and Wax wiped out mostly, are targeting a summit and that his fiancée, Caroline (Kasia Smutniak) is one of them. Caroline tries to be a suicide bomber who will explode the summit, while the last remaining terrorist tries to attack the US Motorcade with a car that has a bomb. However, before the Pakistani crashes his car to the motorcade, Wax successfully explodes the terrorist’s car with AT4 rocket launcher. In the summit, Reese tries to convince Caroline to stop her action, and is apparently successful at first, but when she reaches to trigger her bomb, he has no choice but to shoot her head. Wax disarms the bomb and the threat is over. Later, after that incident, Reese becomes an official agent of CIA, escorts Wax to his plane. Wax offers for Reese to be his full - time partner, but Reese refuses it.
G. Previous Research
objectives. Both of the researches try to investigate why the actors of the movie swear.
The difference of this current research from the previous one is based on the object and the aims of the research. The object of this research is the dialogues of From Paris with Love movie. Meanwhile, Cipto’s is the dialogues in Jackass: the Movie. Then, this research identifies the types of swearing, reasons of swearing, and the relationship between swearing and social, while the previous one only investigate the characteristics and reasons.
H. Theoretical Framework
This research aims to investigate From Paris with Love covering three important points of objectives, i.e. types of swearing, reasons influencing the use of swearing, and the relationship between swearing and social class in the society based on the situation in From Paris with Love. This research was conducted based on sociolinguistics approach, considering that sociolinguistics is the study of the ways people use language in social interaction. It does not only study about good language, but also bad language or dirty language which is often prohibited to be spoken in society.
To answer the first question, this research uses Andersson and Trudgill’s classification of types of swearing (1990: 36-37). They are expletive swearing, abusive swearing, humorous swearing, and auxiliary swearing.
To get the reasons influencing the use of swearing which occur inFrom Paris with Love, this research employs Adeoye’s theory (2005) that there are two reasons behind the use of swearing, they are hearing something strange and expressing emotions. In expressing emotion, people swear when they want to express frustration or anger, surprise or shock, to shock, to amuse, and to insult someone, but sometimes they swear to assert their identity in a group or to indicate friendship.
Notes:
ES : Expletive Swearing HSS : Hearing something strange SHO : To shock
ABS : Abusive Swearing EE : Expressing emotions AMU : To amuse
HS : Humorous Swearing FRU : To express frustration or anger INS : To insult someone
AUS : Auxiliary Swearing SUR : To express surprised or shocked FR : To indicate friendship or assert identity in a group 25
Society Language
Good Language Bad Language
Age Social Class Gender
Slang Scatology Epithets Vulgar Obscenity Taboo Blasphemy Profanity Cursing
Swearing
Types Reasons
ES ABS HS AUS HSS EE
High Middle Low
Non - Swearing Insults & Slurs
FRU SUR SHO AMU INS FR
26
A. Type of the Research
This research employed qualitative method. According to Vanderstoep and
Johnston (2009: 167), this method emposes cultural, social, and personal identity,
and its purpose is more descriptive than predictive. This is in line with what the
researcher aimed in this research, to identify and to describe the types of swearing
which occur in From Paris with Love, to describe the reasons influencing the
characters of the movie swear, and to explain the relationship between swearing
and social class in society based on the situation in the movie.
B. Data and Source of the Data
The data of this research were dialogues containing swearwords uttered
by the characters of From Paris with Love movie. Meanwhile, the source of the
research was divided into two, i.e. primary source and secondary source. The
primary source of the data wasFrom Paris with Lovemovie. Then, the secondary
source was the script of the movie downloaded from the internet.
C. Instruments of the Research
In qualitative research, according to Moleong (2009: 56), the researcher
acts as the main instrument. The researcher is the planner, the data collector, the
data analyzer, and the data reporter of the research. In this research, the researcher
was the main instrument. In addition, the secondary instrument which helped the
swearing and reasons for swearing. The format of the data sheet is illustrated in
the following table.
Table 1:Format of Types and Reasons of Swearing
N
Reese: Caroline, I'm sorry, I meant to call you.
Caroline: You just disappeared. Where are you? suddenly his hand phone battery is
00:16:44 : Hour: 00; Minute: 16; Second: 44 ES : Expletive Swearing
ABS : Abusive Swearing HS : Humorous Swearing AUS : Auxiliary Swearing
HSS : Hearing something strange EE : Expressing Emotions
FRU : To express frustration or anger SUR : To express surprised or shocked SHO : To shock
AMU : To amuse
INS : To insult someone
FR : To indicate friendship & assert identity in a group
D. Technique of Data Collection
This research employed simak dan catat technique to collect the data
from From Paris with Love movie. According to Sudaryanto (1993: 133 – 135),
continued by taking note. Meanwhile, the process of collecting the data takes the
following steps:
a) WatchingFrom Paris with Lovemovie,
b) Downloading the transcript of From Paris with Love movie from
http://movieman49.blogspot.com/2010/04/from-paris-with-love-screenplay.html,
c) Re - watching the movie to check the accuracy of the transcript,
d) Reading and giving highlight the swearwords in the transcript, and
e) Classifying and transferring the selected dialogues containing
swearwords as the raw data.
E. Technique of Data Analysis
Having finished the procedures of data collection, the researcher finally
got the raw data to analyze. According to Bungin (2007: 107), the relation
between data collection and data analysis is inseparable. It means that when the
researchers collected the data, they actually have started conducting data analysis.
Then, the remaining steps of data analysis of data are described as follows.
1. Categorizing
After getting the raw data, the researcher made a categorization system
which was drawn to a table which is shown in Table 1. The table is used to
categorize the types of swearing and reasons for swearing.
2. Classifying
The next step to do after the categorization system was done was putting
3. Analyzing
After the classification was finished, the researcher started analyzing the
data. In this research, the data analysis employed quantitative method since it
involved numbers to get the percentage of each phenomenon in the table. Then,
those fixed percentages are used to support the interpretation of the data.
4. Discussing
After analyzing and getting the data finding, the researcher did not only
confirm the findings to some employed theories but she also explained and
elaborated why the findings could be so to answer the research questions.
5. Reporting
The last step was reporting the findings and the discussions of the
findings. In this research, the researcher also added some points of conclusions
and suggestions.
F. Triangulation / Trustworthiness
To confirm the trustworthiness of the data, a check is needed to test the
data analysis. To do so, the researcher employed triangulations which included
source and investigator triangulation to check the validity of the data.
Triangulation is a cross – checking for the existence of certain phenomena and the
veracity of individual accounts by gathering the data from a numbers of
informants and sources, subsequently comparing and contrasting one account with
another in order to produce a study as full and balanced as possible (Bell, 1999:
Source triangulation involved gathering sources in the forms of research
books, papers, journals, and some written sources from the internet related to
taboo and swearwords. Meanwhile, investigator triangulation involved using
multiple researchers to interpret the data in order to minimize and understand any
differences, or biases the researcher may have. The researcher triangulated the
data by confirming the research data to two supervisors. As the second consultant,
she asked two friends from Linguistics concentration as the triangulation partners,
31
presents the result of analysis in relation to the problems stated in Chapter I
covering the types of swearing, reasons of swearing, and the relationship between
swearing and social class. The second one presents the explanation of each result
of analysis and its examples.
A. Findings
1. Types of Swearing
The result of the data analysis reveals that there are 105 swearwords. Of
the 105 items, there are 12 different swearwords. Those swearwords are mother
f***ing, mother f***er, s*cking, *ss, h**l, bulls**t, f***, s**t, d*mn, God d*mn,
G*d’s s*ke, and b*tch.
Then, these 12 kinds of swearwords are classified into four types of
swearing. Below is the table of types of swearing and its respective quantity.
Table 2:Types of swearing
Types of Swearing Quantity Percentage (%)
a. Expletive Swearing(ES) 25 23.8
b. Abusive Swearing(ABS) 53 50.5
c. Humorous Swearing(HS) 11 10.5
d. Auxiliary Swearing(AUS) 16 15.2
Total 105 100
2. Reasons of Swearing
Table 3 shows that the general reasons of swearing used by the characters
hearing something strange, which there is no data found. The second one is
expressing emotions, with 105 data (100%). Then, the expressing emotion reasons
are specified into 6 (six) reasons. First is to express frustration or anger with 36
data (34.3%). Second is to express surprise or shock with 21 data (20%). Third is
to shock with 8 data (7.6%). Fourth is to amuse with 5 data (4.8%). Fifth is to
insult with 27 data (25.7%). The last one is to assert identity in a group or indicate
friendship with 8 data (7.6%). From the expressing emotion reason, it can be seen
that to express frustration or anger has the biggest occurrence, followed by the
other two reasons, to insult and to express surprise or shock.
Table 3:Reasons of Swearing
Reasons of Swearing Quantity Percentage
(%)
1. Hearing Something Strange(HSS) - 0
2. Expressing Emotions(EE)
a. To express frustration or anger 36 34.3
b. To express surprise or shock 21 20
c. To shock someone 8 7.6
d. To amuse someone 5 4.8
e. To insult someone 27 25.7
f. To assert identity in a group or indicate friendship
8 7.6
Total 105 100
3. Relationship Between Swearing and Social Class
Regarding the relationship between swearing and social class, the findings
reveal that there are 7 people from different classes who swear. They are US
Secretary of Defense, Ambassador Bennington, Charlie Wax, Reese, Caroline,
Nicole, and a boss street gang. In addition, it can also be seen that there are a
them have not been mentioned above. They are a French Custom officer, Personal
Security Agent of CIA, and Asian gangsters, and an old Pakistani man.
The following table illustrates the relationship between swearing and
social class.
Table 4:Relationship between Swearing and Social Class
Social Class Person who swears Person who is sworn
1. Upper Class to Upper Class -
-2. Upper Class to Middle Class Ambassador Bennington Reese
US Secretary of Defense Personal Security Agent
of CIA
3. Upper Class to Lower Class -
-4. Middle Class to Upper Class -
-5. Middle Class to Middle Class Charlie Wax French Custom Officer
Charlie Wax Reese
Charlie Wax Caroline
Reese Charlie Wax
Reese Caroline
Caroline Reese
Caroline Charlie Wax
Nicole Charlie Wax
6. Middle Class to Lower Class Charlie Wax A street boss gang
Charlie Wax An old Pakistani man
Charlie Wax Pakistani terrorists
Charlie Wax Asian gangsters
Reese A street boss gang
7. Lower Class to Upper Class -
-8. Lower Class to Middle Class A street boss gang Charlie Wax
A street boss gang Reese
-B. Discussions
1. Types of Swearing
The findings show that there are 105 swearwords occur. They are
classified into four types of swearing, i.e. expletive swearing (ES), abusive
swearing (ABS), humorous swearing (HS), and auxiliary swearing (AUS). Each
type is explained and completed with the examples.
a. Expletive Swearing (ES)
This type of swearing expresses personal emotions and it is not directed to
other people. There are 25 items (23.8 %) of swearing in this type. The example
of this type of swearing is clearly illustrated in the following dialogue.
(1) (In a toilet, Caroline calls Reese.)
Reese : Caroline, I'm sorry, I meant to call you. Caroline : You just disappeared. Where are you? (Reese’s hand phone battery is low)
Reese :S**t19!
No. datum: 19, Code: ES-EE-FRU/ 00:35:20
Dialogue (1) is a part of telephone conversation between Caroline and
Reese after leaving the China town and Reese calling Ambassador Bennington to
complain that Wax’s way in discovering a case is a bit unorthodox. This dialogue
happens in a toilet. Caroline calls Reese because he does not call her and does not
appear along day. It makes Caroline very worried and mad. Then, he wants to
clarify that actually he wants to call her because he knows that Caroline is very
worried about him, but before explaining, suddenly his hand phone battery is low.
In dialogue (1), S**t, which is uttered by Reese, belongs to expletive swearing
he only wants to express his frustration because his hand phone battery is low
which makes him cannot explain his condition to her.
(2) (In an apartment, Reese calls Caroline.)
Caroline : Well I don't like you living means working guys like him.
Reese : Caroline! I don't like it either.
Caroline : Then stop doing whatever it is you're doing and bring your friend for dinner if you want. But please come home.
Pakistani man : Open up the door! Reese :S**t36...
Pakistani man : Open up.
Reese : I’m gonna have to call you back, okay?
No. datum: 36, Code: ES-EE-FRU/ 00:41:10
Dialogue (2) is a part of telephone conversation between Reese and
Caroline when he is in an apartment with Wax. He calls to clarify about what
happens in the elevator when she saw him with a prostitute and Wax. He has not
explained it because his hand phone battery which is low. He knows that she is
very angry and jealous, so that he tries to calm her. In their conversation, she
forces him to tell who Wax is. Firstly, he refuses to answer it because he is
prohibited to tell all about his job to other people because it can invite a serious
danger for him as a secret agent. After seeing that the situation is safe to speak,
then he confesses to her that Wax is his partner, but she does not believe it
because Wax has a rowdy appearance and does not seem like an embassy officer.
Then, he says that Wax is an officer who handles some special and secret cases.
After that, she asks Reese to stop his activity with Wax, and asks him to invite
Wax to have dinner in their apartment. Before responding to Caroline’s opinions,
Reese must stop the conversation because suddenly some people knock the door
uttered by Reese, is categorized as expletive swearing because he does not want to
insult or direct his swearing to Caroline who is talking to him or other people. He
only expresses his feeling for being angry because he has to stop his conversation
with Caroline for the disturbance done by Pakistanis who knock the door roughly.
(3) (Wax and Reese are fighting against some Pakistani terrorists, while they are talking to each other via microphone.)
Wax : Are you in position?
Reese : Yeah! You want me inside?
(Wax sees the bomb is set behind the door.) Wax :H**l60! No! They got the door wired!
No. datum: 60, Code: AS-EE-SUR/ 00:49:12
Dialogue (3) occurs in a building used as Pakistani’s drug market. Wax is
fighting against some Pakistanis in a room, while Reese is in the outside of the
room trying to arrest the terrorists. They are communicating via microphone.
Then, Reese offers his help to enter the room because Wax is battling against
many terrorists, so that he thinks that it is impossible if Wax can conquer the
terrorist but Wax refuses it. Wax refuses Reese’s help because he sees the bomb
which is set behind the door, and then he forbids Reese to enter the room. In this
dialogue, h**l is categorized as expletive swearing since this swearing is not
directed to Reese who is talking to him and to Pakistani people who are fighting
against him. Wax swears as an expression of surprise after realizing that the door
is wired and it will be a fatal problem if Reese opens the door because the
b. Abusive Swearing (ABS)
Abusive swearing is usually derogatory and directed to others, like name –
calling and other kinds of cursing. There are 53 items (50.5 %) belonging to this
type of swearing. The following dialogues illustrate the use of this swearing type.
(4) (In a French custom office, Wax is being investigated.)
Wax : Look, it's corn syrup, caffeine and water and a cool label, that's all it is. Try it.
Custom officer: It will never enter France.
Wax : Well that's all we got here,Mother F***er.1 Custom officer: Mother f***er?
Wax : Don't get your panties up in a bunch because I use the M word as an adjective? As when I landed at the airport. I was confronted by an American hating frog leg eating snail s*cking2 motherf***ing3cockins*cking4 bureaucrat. Cos I rather use it as a noun as in this motherf***er5 hates Americans so much. Even though we saved his country's *ss6 in not only one world war but two. He still wouldn't let me bring in my cans.
No. datum: 1, 2,3,4,5 & 6 Code: ABS-EE-INS/00:16:44
Dialogue (4) occurs at French Customs and Quarantine office when Wax
is being investigated by the Customs because he insists on bringing his energy
drink to enter France. He tries to assure the officer by offering him to taste his soft
drink but he does not respond it, he still does not let Wax to bring his soft drink. It
makes Wax resentful and then he mocks and tries to insult the officer as a protest
to the officer by calling him motherf***er but the officer does not understand
what Wax says. In this case, both motherf***er, which are uttered by Wax are
categorized as abusive swearing since they are directed to the French Customs
officer who makes him angry because the officer does not let him to enter France
with his soft drink. Meanwhile, s*cking and motherf***ing are directed to the
and prohibits a product from other country enters France which makes him cannot
bring his soft drink.
(5) (Wax is still pointing his pistol to Caroline head.)
Reese : Whoa, whoa, wait, wait, wait! Before we started dating... I had her completely checked. She's totally clean, Wax!
Caroline: What? You have me checked out?
Wax : Obviously not enough. She's working for the f***ing82 people who took your picture man!
Reese: I don't believe you.
ABS-EE-FRU/01:01:07
Dialogue (5) occurs in Reese’s apartment after Wax shoots Nicole’s head
because he indicates that Nicole is one of Pakistani members. Then, Wax points
his pistol to Caroline because he is sure that she is also a terrorist although she is
not a Pakistani. Wax makes Reese sure that Nicole is working with the Pakistani
terrorists by explaining and giving some evidences, like Caroline is Nicole’s good
friend, and it is impossible for a person who does not have any business with the
Pakistani terrorists to enter the Pakistani drugs market. However, Reese still does
not believe him. He argues that he has completely checked her before they start
dating and he is sure that his fiancée is not related to the terrorists. Wax is angry
because Reese does not believe him. He still tries to make Reese sure that
Caroline is working with the Pakistani terrorists who have his pictures found in an
apartment in Pakistani drug market which becomes a terrorist center. In this case,
f***ing people is directed to Pakistani terrorists who have employed Caroline to
spy Reese by acting as his fiancée.
(6) (Wax calls Reese.)
Reese : Like the ones we found in that apartment? No way, she wouldn't do that.
Wax : The b*tch98 ain't going to the summit to make some speech. Reece!
ABS-EE-INS/ 01:15:15
Dialogue (6) occurs when Wax calls Reese, who is walking to the summit,
after he realizes that Caroline is not in the car which he is tracing and that she is
going to be a suicide bomber. Then, he tells Reese that Caroline is going to
explode the summit as a suicide bomber who is wearing an activated vest like one
which they found in Reese’s apartment. However, Reese does not believe him and
tends to believe his fiancée who has cheated and shot him. Wax still makes Reese
sure that Caroline is one of the terrorists who is set as a suicide bomber, and she
goes to the summit not to make some speeches, but to explode it. In this dialogue,
b*tch, uttered by Wax, is directed to Caroline who has become one of the
Pakistani terrorists, and has cheated her fiancé, Reese. He is angry with Caroline
who has used Reese to access the summit by taking Reese ID card to explode the
summit.
c. Humorous Swearing (HS)
Swearing does not have to be emotional. Swearing can also be employed
in a joke or humorous conversation. It can be found in humorous scenes in which
it is directed to others but it does not contain derogatory. It takes mostly in the
form of abusive swearing but has the opposite functions where the playfulness is
the key and not the offensiveness. There are 11 items (10.5 %) of swearing inHS
(7) (In Reese’s car, Reese is confused with what they will do with the cocaine.)
Reese : What about this? Evidence?
Wax : Evidence my*ss12. Where we're headed that's better than cash.
Reese : As long as it's all official business, right?
Wax : Well, if you knew this car was a girl name Charlotte. Reese : Charlotte!
Wax : Yeah. Scored some s**t at that Chinese restaurant and next thing you know she was overdosing.
No. datum: 12, Code: HS-EE-INS/ 00:24:32
Dialogue (7) occurs when Reese and Wax are in Reese’s car after leaving
the Chinese restaurant and getting a vase of cocaine. In the restaurant, Wax gives
a message to one of the restaurant’s waiters to deliver his message to the boss.
Then, Wax and Reese follow the Chinese waiter. Reese asks Wax naively about
the cocaine which they got from the Chinese restaurant. Reese asks it because as a
low CIA officer who works under US Embassy in France, he never faces a big
and dangerous case. Wax swears by sayingevidence my *ssthen laugh at Reese to
insult Reese’s naivety. In this case, *ss is categorized as humorous swearing. It
can be seen from Wax’s respond. He laughs at Reese’s naivety and insults him
although it favors humor.
(8) (Reese and Wax are at parking area, and then some Asian men named Dragon’s head come.)
Reese : Oh S**t14!
Wax : Use your Cambridge level 2...Tell them you're interested in what they're selling.
Reese : These are Dragons head's, I think we should just buy what they're selling and get the h**l15outta here.
Wax : Man! I just gave you a straight up Hong Kong, Shaw brother. Kung Fu motherf***ing16 Chop Sui show and you'll worry about this candy*ss17street gang.
Dialogue (8) occurs at a parking area after Reese and Wax leave the
Chinese restaurant to trace a waiter who was given a message from Wax to his
boss. Suddenly Reese is shocked and panicky by the coming of Dragon’s head
gang. This gang is a group of Asian men who sell drugs. Then, he forces Wax to
buy the stuffs that they are selling and then leave the place immediately to avoid a
conflict with them. However, Wax refuses Reese’s idea and decides to face them.
He asks Reese to fight against the gangsters, and he tries to make Reese more
confident in facing them.
In the dialogue above,motherf***ingand*ssare categorized as humorous
swearing because although those are used to insult, but they favor humor which
can be seen from the way Wax speak. Those swearing are used by Wax to insult
the Asian gangsters to make Reese more confident and calm in facing them.
Furthermore, the use ofthis candy *ss17street gangis to give impression to Reese
that he should not be afraid because they are not strong enough to fight against
Wax and Reese who are CIA agents and have more experience that the gangsters.
d. Auxiliary Swearing (AUS)
Swearing can be used as an auxiliary, directed towards a person or
situation. Auxiliary swearing is used as a way of speaking or sometimes called
lazy swearing and often or always non-emphatic. There are 16 items (15,2%) of
swearing belonging to AUS category. This type of swearing is illustrated in the
following examples.
Wax : The cool thing about French chicks you know? Is as uptight as Americans girls.
Reese : Well she's not very French like that, Wax! And she's definitely gonna want know what I was doing in that elevator. With you and…and her!
Wax : Yeah well maybe you should be asking her what she was doing in this part of town.
Reese : She was buying fabric. She makes her own clothes. What am I supposed to do now? I'm totallyf***ed29!
No. datum: 29, Code: AUS-EE-FRU/00:39:15
This dialogue occurs when Wax, Reese and a prostitute in the elevator.
Caroline sees Wax kissing a woman whom she has never known before. Then, she
gets angry and leaves that place. Reese worries if Caroline thinks that he also
makes love with that prostitute. Then, he protests Wax because what Wax has
done puts Reese’s relationship with Caroline in a danger. Wax responds Reese’s
protest calmly and asks him to ask Caroline about what she has done in the
Pakistani’s drug market building because it is impossible for a person who does
not have any business with the drug sellers to enter this area. In this dialogue,
f***ed, which is uttered by Reese, is categorized into auxiliary swearing because
it is not directed towards a person or situation. It is a way of speaking. The
swearword used in this context can have a function as a verb or adjective.
(10) (Wax and Reese are trying to leave an apartment in the drug market area.)
Wax : Let's go. C'mon let's go!
Reese : They're heading to the tenth floor. The door is rigged. They'll be blown to pieces.
Wax : NO! It's not a f***ing65 option you go out there. You go out there and drag us into it. It's over.
No. datum: 65, Code: AUS-EE-SHO/00:53:23
This dialogue occurs when Wax and Reese are in a building of Pakistani
car. Reese will come to them to prevent them from entering the tenth floor whose
door is wired with a bomb. However, Wax stops him and forces Reese to leave the
building because it can put them in danger. In this case,f***ing,uttered by Wax,
is categorized as auxiliary swearing. It strengthens the wordoptionto give a stress
that Reese is absolutely forbidden to come closer to the cops because it can put
himself in a fatal danger.
(11) (Reese confesses that he will not continue his job with Wax.) Reese : You don't need me. Wax!
Wax : Oh! You’re f***ing71 kidding! Tell them we are not a perfect pair.
(Reese gets a message from Caroline to dinner, and then he offers Wax to join.)
Reese : Dinner?
Wax : Why the h**l not.
No. datum: 71, Code: ABS-EE-SUR/00:57:08
This dialogue occurs after Wax and Reese give the evidences to the two
CIA agents. Then, they sit on the roadside. In that occasion, Reese confesses that
he will not continue his job with Wax because he realizes that he does not have an
ability to be a good agent after failing to kill the terrorist. Reese’s confession is
shocking Wax. In this case, f***ing, which is uttered by Wax, is categorized to
auxiliary swearing because it is used as a way of speaking. In this context,f***ing
has a function as adverb. It strengthens the word kidding to give a stress that
Reese is just kidding and he does not mean to leave Wax.
2. Reasons of Swearing
Related to the reasons of swearing, the 105 swearwords are classified into
two categorizations. The first reason is Hearing Something Strange (HSS). There
shows this category. The second one is expressing emotions with 105 data
(100%). Then, this reason is specified into 6 (six) reasons; to express frustration
or anger with 36 data (34.3%), to express surprise or shock with 21 data (20%), to
shock with 8 data (7.6%), to amuse with 5 data (4.8%), to insult with 27 data
(25.7%), and to assert identity in a group or indicate friendship with 8 data
(7.6%). Each reason is explained and completed with the examples.
a. To Express Frustration or Anger (FRU)
There are 36 items (34.3%) of swearwords belonging to FRU category.
Some examples of this reason in the movie are provided below.
(12) (Wax and Reese are in an elevator.) Wax : You wanna share? Go ahead.
Reese : Hey! I thought this wasn't about you squash coke?
Wax : It's not. It's about us wanting to go over the edges so that we can make it home alive.
Reese : Wouldn't you rather one of us actually have his wits about him?
Wax : I would rather not get shot because someone spotted you as an embassy gopher.
Reese : Well that's your problem, because I'm not sticking thats**t20up my nose.
No. datum: 20, Code: ABS-EE-FRU/00:36:21
Dialogue (12) occurs when Reese and Wax are in an elevator moving to
the top of Eiffel tower. Wax offers the cocaine to Reese but Reese refuses it and
becomes angry because Wax sniffs the cocaine up to his nose in a public area.
Reese thinks that what Wax has done can invite danger to them because people
will recognize them as criminals or drug sellers. However, Wax thinks differently.
Wax argues that sniffing the cocaine in the public area can make them does not
anytime. In the dialogue above, Reese swears to express his anger to Wax who
has put them in danger.
(13) (Reese calls Caroline to explain that what she saw is not like what she thinks.)
Reese : I swear what you saw is not like what it seems. Caroline : Well it seems like my fiancé’s riding up the
elevator with a hooker and his pimp.
Reese : Yes, she is a hooker. And no that guy is not her pimp.
Caroline : What theh**l35is he then? Tell me. Reese : You know I can't discuss my work.
No. datum: 35, Code: ABS-EE-FRU/00:40:37
This dialogue is a part of telephone conversation between Reese and
Caroline when he is in the building in Pakistani market building. After getting a
charger from the fat man, Reese calls Caroline who is angry with him. He wants
to clarify about what happens in the elevator when Caroline saw him with a
prostitute and Wax. He knows that Caroline is very angry and jealous, so that he
tries to calm his fiancée. In their conversation, Caroline forces Reese to tell who
Wax is, but Reese refuses to answer it because he is prohibited to tell all about his
job to other people because it can invite a serious danger for him as a secret agent.
However, she does not believe him and then forces him angrily to tell who Wax
is. From the explanation above, Caroline swears to express her anger because she
does not believe to Reese’s explanation and still thinks that Reese has a
b. To Express Surprise or Shock (SUR)
There are 21 items (20%) of swearwords belonging to SUR category.
Some examples of this reason are provided below:
(14) (Reese and Wax are in a Chinese restaurant which is promoted as the number one Chinese restaurant in France.) Wax : Excuse me! Sir!
Waiter : Yes, Sir
Wax : How do you say 'egg' in Chinese?
Waiter : I'm sorry, I'm fourth generation... I'm born in Bristow. I don't speak Chinese.
(Wax pulls the waiter’s scarf.)
Reese : Hey take it easy the guy says he doesn't speak Chinese.
Wax : Maybe this is something he does speak. (Wax points his pistol to the waiter’s head)
Reese : What thef***11! Wax that guy's just a waiter. No. datum: 11, Code: ES-EE-SUR/ 00:20:44
This dialogue occurs in the Chinese restaurant in Paris after Wax leaves
the France Customs and Requirement office. He is dissatisfied with the taste of
the Chinese foods. Then, Reese tries to explain that they must give an excuse
because the food does not have an original taste, but it has applied them with
France taste to make it eatable to French. Reese’s explanation about why the
Chinese food in the number one Chinese restaurant in Paris has dissatisfied taste
cannot be accepted by Wax, so that he calls one of the waiters. Then, he tests the
waiter’s ability in speaking Chinese but the waiter cannot speak Chinese at all.
Suddenly he pulls the waiter’s scarf and then points his pistol to the waiter’s head.
Those all make Reese very shocked. In this case, Reese swears by saying What
thef***to express his surprise because of Wax’s treatment toward the waiter.
(15) (Suddenly Wax brakes the car and the cocaine is spilled out) Reese: Oh! S**t27!F***28…
