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S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T
E G A P E L T I
T ... E
G A P L A V O R P P
A S ... E
G A P N O I T A C I D E
D ... Y
T I L A N I G I R O S ’ K R O W F O T N E M E T A T
S ...
I S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E
P ... T
C A R T S B
A ...
K A R T S B
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N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A S ... S
T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... S
E L B A T F O T S I
L ... S
E R U G I F F O T S I
L ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I L
.I R E T P A H
C INTRODUCTION... .... .
A ResearchBackground... .. .
B ResearchProblems ... ... .. .
C ProblemLimtiaiton ... .. .
D ResearchObjecitve s... .
E ResearchBeneftis ... .
F Deifniitono fTerms... R
E T P A H
C II . REVIEWOFRELATEDLITERATURE ... . .. .
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1 TheDe ifniitono fAdveritsement ...
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2 Rheto irca lDevices... .
a Schemes. ... .
b Trope s... .
3 Rheto irca lDevicesi nAdveritsement... .
4 Reason sf ortheUseo fRheto irca lDevicesi n t
n e m e s it r e v d
A s ... .
a GivingPersuasiveQualtiy ... .
b GainingAtteniton. ... .
c Easet heMessageProcessing ... .
d Leadingt oGreate rMemorablitiyandRecall. .. .
B Theoreitca lFramework... E
T P A H
C R II . I RESEARCHANDMETHODOLOGY....…...………..
.
A ResearchMethod ... .. .
B ResearchSetitng... .
C ResearchSubject s... .
D Insrtuments andDataGathe irngTechnique ... .
E DataAnalysi sTechnique ... .
F ReasearchProcedure ... R
E T P A H
C VI . RESEARCHRESULTSANDDISCUSSION ... .. .
A Type so fRheto irca lDevice sin Engilsh Adveritsemen t s
e n il d a e
H ... .
B Possible Reason sf or the Use o fRheto irca lDevice sin s
e n il d a e H t n e m e s it r e v d A h s il g n
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ii i x D N A S N O I S U L C N O C . V R E T P A H
C RECOMMENDATIONS. . ....
.
A Conclusion s... .
B Recommendaitons... S
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7 9
1 I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
s t n e s e r p r e t p a h c s i h
T thebackground oft hestudy .Thebackground oft he o t r e d r o n I . y d u t s e h t f o t n e t n o c e h t d n a e r u t a n e h t t u o b a n o it a m r o f n i s r e v o c y d u t s
t , c it a m e t s y s e
b he informaiton i s presented in six patrs , namely research m
e l b o r p h c r a e s e r , d n u o r g k c a
b s ,problem ilmtiaiton ,research objecitves ,research .s
m r e t f o n o it i n if e d d n a , s ti f e n e b
.
A ResearchBackground
r o f r a il i m a f e m o c e b s a h t n e m e s it r e v d
A modern peoplenowadays .People e
r
a being exposed to hundreds, even thousand so fadveritsement severy day . s
t n e m e s it r e v d a e s e h
T can be found easliy ni TV , magazines , newspapers , s
d r a o b ll i
b ori nterne.tGlisonandBerkman( 1980) ,even ,statet ha t“adveritsemen t il
a i c o s n i s r o t c a f t n a tr o p m i e r a y r r a c y e h t n o it a m r o f n i e h t d n
a zaiton”( p .4 .)
n o it a m r o f n i e v i s a u s r e p t u o b a s i t n e m e s it r e v d a , ) 6 0 0 2 ( s n e r A o t g n ir r e f e R
h c i h w ) s a e d i d n a , s e c i v r e s , s d o o g ( s t c u d o r p f
o i susually paid by a company ,
. n o it u ti t s n i r o , n o it a z i n a g r
o Conside irng ti starge t audience which i sa large u
n mbe ro fpeople ,no tan individual ,adveritsement si sa n -on persona lo rmas s .
n o it a c i n u m m o
e h t s i t n e m e s it r e v d a n a n i e
b intenit on to bepersuasive – even provocaitve .The e n o m o r f t n e r e f fi d o s l a s i s t n e m e s it r e v d a n i d e s u s e c i v e d l a c ir o t e h r f o e c i o h c
. r e h t o n a o t t n e m e s it r e v d a
lr i g e g a n e e
T magazine st hat focu son teenage gi lr and fashion may use n o i h s a f n o s u c o f s tI . s t n e m e s it r e v d a r i e h t n i s e c i v e d l a c ir o t e h r f o d n i k t n e r e f fi d
s r e d a e r t e g r a t d n
a may affectt hechoiceo fstyleint headveritsements .Therefore , e
h t t u o d n if o t s t n a w r e ti r w e h t , y d u t s s i h t h g u o r h
t types fo rheto irca ldevices used n
i Engilsh adveritsement headilnes found in teenage gi lr magazine sissued in h
c r a
M -M ay 2012 , which cove r CosmoGirl ! Indonesia , Gogir!l , CHIC, ,r
e t s i S , N E E T d n E h g i
H dan rG li friend Indonesia .Fu trher ,the wrtie rwant sto n
o s a e r e l b i s s o p e h t e z y l a n
a s fo the use of rheto irca l devices in Engilsh s
e n il d a e h t n e m e s it r e v d
a found in teenage g ri lmagazine sissued in March-May 2
1 0 2 .
.
B ResearchProblems
r e ti r w e h t , d n u o r g k c a b h c r a e s e r n i d e t n e s e r p d n u o r g k c a b e h t g n ir e d i s n o C
n i s m e l b o r p e h t s e t a l u m r o
f theformo fquesitona silstedbelow . .
1 Wha t are the type s o f rheto irca l device s used in Engilsh adveritsemen t n
i d n u o f s e n il d a e
h teenagegi lrmagazines? .
2 Wha tare the possible reason sfo rthe use of rheto irca ldevice sin Engilsh s
e n il d a e h t n e m e s it r e v d
.
C ProblemLimtia iton
e s u e h t n o y lr a l u c it r a p , e l y t s s ti f o s m r e t n i e u q i n u s i e g a u g n a l g n i s it r e v d A
n o s u c o f l li w h c r a e s e r s i h T . s e c i v e d l a c ir o t e h r f
o two problem sa sformulated i n t
s ri F . s m e l b o r p h c r a e s e
r , ti is t o ifnd out t he types fo rheto irca ldevices used i n h
s il g n
E adveritsement headilnes found in s xi teenage gi lr magazines issued in h
c r a
M -M ay 2012. Since the study i sabou t ifnding ou tthe type so frheto irca l n
i d e s u s e c i v e
d teenagegilrmagazinesi ssuedi n March-M ay2012,t hewrtierwli l l a c ir o t e h r y n a e r o n g i d n a s e n il d a e h t n e m e s it r e v d a h s il g n E e h t n o s u c o f y l n o
t n e m e s it r e v d a r e h t o n i s e c i v e
d patr s(subheads ,body copy ,slogans ,seal ,s l ogos , .
) e r u t a n g i s d n
a Second, t hi sresearch intend sto ifnd the possible reason so ft he f
o e s
u rheto irca ldevice sin adveritsemen theadilnes ,paritculalry in teenage lrgi s
e n i z a g a
m issuedi nMarch-M ay2012.
.
D ResearchObjecitves
e h
T rearet woobjecitve stha twli lbeobtainedt hroughthisr esearcha s w
o l e b d e t s
il .
.
1 Identfiying the type so f rheto irca ldevice s used in Engilsh adveritsement e
n il d a e
h s foundi nteenagegilrmagazinesissuedi nMarch-M ay2012. .
2 Identfiying the possible reason sf or the use of rheto irca ldevices in Engilsh h c r a M n i d e u s s i s e n i z a g a m l ri g e g a n e e t n i d n u o f s e n il d a e h t n e m e s it r e v d
a -May
.
E ResearchBeneftis
e h
T ifndingoft hestudyi sexpected t ogivebeneftist ot hestudent so fthe i
n U a m r a h D a t a n a S f o m a r g o r P y d u t S n o it a c u d E e g a u g n a L h s il g n
E verstiy .Frist ,
s e v i g h c r a e s e r s i h
t a cleare r concep t on the use o f rheto irca l device s in t
n e m e s it r e v d
a headil sne ,especially which are found in teenage gilr magazine s n
i d e u s s
i March-Ap ir l2012 .By knowing the concep tand ti ssigni ifcan tuse in t
n e m e s it r e v d
a headilnes ,hopefully the student so fthe ELESP can i ncrease t hei r ll
i k s g n it ir
w ,paritcularl iy nt heuseo frheto irca ldevices.
.
F Deifni itono fTerms
t r e d r o n
I o avoidmisconcepiton o rmisunderstandingaboutt het ermsused s
i h t n
i research ,thewrtie rgive sab ire fexplanaitonaboutt het ermsasf ollow .s .
1 Rheto irca lDevices
) 6 2 4 . p , 0 9 9 1 ( tt e b r o
C statesthatr heto irca ldevices, o rhecalleda s ifgure s g n i k a e p s f o e d o m y r a n i d r o e h t m o r f s n o it a i v e d l u ft r a y n a “ o t d e t a l e r s i h c e e p s f o
g n it ir w r
o ”. Whereas, Leech( 1969 )callsi tasr heto irca l ifgure swhichi sdescirbed .
n o it a i v e d c it s i u g n il s
a Rheto irca ldevice sare divided into schemes and rtopes . o t r a il i m a f e h t m o r f d e g n a r y l e d i w e r a s e p o rt d n a s e m e h c s e s e h t f o s r e b m e m e h T
M d n a e ir r a u Q c M ( e n o e r u c s b o e h
t ick ,1996) .Thi sresearch focused on the s
e c i v e d l a c ir o t e h
r whichappearedi nt heEngilshadveritsemen theadilnesfoundi n e
g a n e e
t gri lmagazines, CosmoGirl !Indonesia ,Gogir!l ,CHIC ,HighEndTEEN , ,r
e t s i
S dan rG li friend Indonesia, issued in March-May 2012, which are used a s e
l p m a s h c r a e s e r e h
.
2 AdveritsementHeadilne
6 0 0 2 ( s n e r A o t g n i d r o c c
A ) ,the roles fo adveritsemen thead ilne sare to ,
e c n e i d u a e h t e g a g n
e toexplaint hevisual ,andtolead t heaudiencei ntot hebody ,
e r o f e r e h T . t n e m e s it r e v d a e h t f
o thep irmary funciton o fadveritsemen theadilne s g
n it c a rt t a y b t n i o p g n il l e s y e k e v e i h c a o t s
i the consumers ’atteniton (Wells , M
d n a t t e n r u
B o iratry ,1992 ;Leigh ,1994 .) In thi sresearch, the adveritsemen t e
n il d a e
h sreferto phrase so rsentence splaced i n t he t op o fan adveritsemen tand e
g g i b n i d e p y t y ll a u s
u r size. Fu trher ,since adveritsemen theadilnes ea r the ones e
b gi n analysed i nt hisr esearch ,adveritsemen theadilnesi nt hisr esearchalso play e
l o r e h
t ast heresearchs ample tisel.f
.
3 TeenageGri lMagazines
e n o s i e n i z a g a
M o ef t h p irn tmedia which are issued a tregula rinterva,l , r e v e w o H . d e ir a v e b n a c e n i z a g a m e h t f o t n e t n o c e h T . y l h t n o m r o y l k e e w
t n e t n o c e h t t a h t s e t a t s ) 0 0 0 2 ( n il h g u o L c
M s o famagazinecove raritcles , ifciton o h w e l p o e p f o p u o r g n i a tr e c n o s e s u c o f e n i z a g a m , y ll a r e n e G . s h p a r g o t o h p d n a
e v a
h thesamespeciali nterestort hesamegender ,such asspor tmagazine,f emale e
n i z a g a
m ,o rbusines smagazine .Therefore, t eenage gri lmagazinei samagazine s
ti h c i h
w targeted reader saret eenagegilrs .Theconten to fthemagazine wli lbe o
t d e t a l e
r the teenage gi lrs’ lfie ,such as lfie style ,school ,and fashion. In thi s lr
i g e g a n e e t , h c r a e s e
r magazines ,which cove rsix dfiferen tmagazine sissued in h
c r a
M -M ay 2012, are used as t he sample of t he research .They are CosmoGir!l C
I H C , !l r i g o G , a i s e n o d n
8 I I R E T P A H C
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R
s i h
T chapteri sdividedi nto t womain patrs ,namelyt heoreitca ldescirpiton
n I . k r o w e m a r f l a c it e r o e h t d n
a the theoreitca ldesc irpiton, the wrtie rreview sthe
h c i h w s e ir o e h t n i a
m aredriecltyr elatedandusedast her eferencest ot heresearch.
t n
I he las t par t o f thi s chapter , theoreitca l framework , the wrtier draw s a
e h t n o d e s a b k r o w e m a r
f theo ire sprovided i n t heoreitca ldescirpitont oanswert he
.s n o it s e u q h c r a e s e
r
.
A Theoreitca lDescrip iton
n
I thetheoreitca ldesc irpiton,t hewrtierdescirbe ssomet heo ire swhichare
e r a y e h T . h c r a e s e r e h t o t d e t a l e
r adveritsemen t deifniiton , magazine s a s
, t n e m e s it r e v d a t n ir p r o f t a m r o f , a i d e m t n e m e s it r e v d
a rheto irca ldevices , and
g n i s u f o s n o s a e
r rheto irca ldevicesi nadveritsements.
.
1 TheDeifniitono fAdveritsement
s it r e v d a , ) 6 0 0 2 ( s n e r A o t g n i d r o c c
A ement i s a form o f non-persona l
h c i h w n o it a c i n u m m o
c i susually persuasive in nature .Since adveritsement i sa
n o
n -persona l communicaiton , i t i s targeted to a numbe r o f people . The
m r o f n
i aitoncariredi nt headveritsementi sabou tproducts( good ,ss ervice ,si deas.)
y lr a li m i
e n if e d ) 0 8 9 1
( adveritsemen ta s“any paid form o fn -on personal presentaiton o f
r e s r o , s d o o g , s a e d
i vice sby an idenitifed sponsor” (p .11) . I tmean stha tthe
k r e B d n a n o s li G n i d e n o it n e m ” r o s n o p s d e if it n e d i
“ man deifniiton should pay an
r e s r o , s d o o g , s a e d i s ti t n e s e r p o t y e n o m f o t n u o m
a vicest ot hes ociety .
,r e h tr u
F Glison and Berkman (1980 ) add two more point s o f
. n o it i n if e d s ’t n e m e s it r e v d
a Frist ,anadveritsemen tha spersuasivequaltiy .Having
s t n e m e s it r e v d a t a h t s n a e m y ti l a u q e v i s a u s r e
p are able to persuade the readers .
r e h t , d n o c e
S oleo fanadveritsementi sa samarkeitngt oo.lTherefore ,Glisonand
e d ) 0 8 9 1 ( n a m k r e
B if ne adveritsemen t a s “persuasive media communicaiton
, o t d n o p s e r o t d e n g i s e
d andhelpachieve ,markeitngobjecitves”( p .11 .)
s e d i s e
B ,Goddard( 1998 )descirbe sadveritsement sa sat ex twhoseaim i st o
s r e d a e r e h t m o r f n o it n e tt a n i a
g .However ,shenotest ha tno tal ltexts, whichmake
o t n o it n e tt a r i e h t y a p s r e d a e r e h
t , areadveritsement .Thereareothe rcharacteirsitc s
t a h
t shouldbepossessedbyat extt obeclassi ifeda sadveritsement .Givingbeneif t
s i t n e m e s it r e v d a e h t d n i h e b y n a p m o c e h t o
t oneoft hecharacteirsitc stha tshould
e
b possessed by an adveritsement .Thi sbenefti ,according t o Goddard (1998 ,) i s
n i y l n o t o
n the form o fmoney o rothe rmateirals ,bu talso in a les stangible
. ) 7 . p ( ” e g a m i r o s u t a t s f o t n e m e c n a h n e “ s a h c u s t n e m n i a tt a
, r e h tr u
F Goddard (1998) also descirbes adveritsement a s a form o f
. e s r u o c s i
d She see sadveritsement a sa system o flanguage where reader shave
y r a t n e m o
m “conversaiton” wtih t headveritser s(p .5 .) Thi smeans t ha tGoddard
a s a t n e m e s it r e v d a s e e
s form o fcommunicaiton .Besides ,she also add stha t
t n e m e s it r e v d
o t e v a h s r e d a e
r work hard t o decode message .s Hence ,adveritsement, according
) 8 9 9 1 ( d r a d d o G o
t , can besimply descirbed a saform o fcommunicaiton which
y n a m o t d e s s e r d d a s i d n a , d n i h e b y n a p m o c e h t o t ti f e n e b e v i g , e d a u s r e p o t s m i a
. e l p o e p
.
a Magazinea sAdveritsementMedia
. t c u d o r p a e s it r e v d a o t d e s u e b n a c t a h t a i d e m y n a m e r a e r e h
T Aren s
s n o it n e m ) 6 0 0 2
( tha tthere are ifve adveritsemen tmedia .These adveritsement
e r a a i d e
m p irnt ,elecrtonic ,digtialinteracitve ,driec tmali ,andout- fo -homemedia.
. s c it s ir e t c a r a h c t n e r e f fi d s a h m e h t f o h c a
E Since t he focu sof t hi sresearch is i n
s i h t , a i d e m t n ir
p research wli l discus s more on the p irn t media , especially
e h t s a e n i z a g a
m adveritsementmedia.Accordingt oArens( 2006 ,p .127), thet erm
a i d e m t n ir
p refer sto any commercially pubilshed , p irnted medium , us ch a s
,s e n i z a g a m d n a s r e p a p s w e
n tha t sell s adveritsement space to a vairety o f
.s r e s it r e v d
a Compared to newspaper ,according to Bovee and Aren s(1986) ,
e n i z a g a
m s offe r more advantage s and effecitveness to both reader s and
s r e s it r e v d
a .They men iton seven thing swhich can make magazine become an
r o f a i d e m e v it c e f f
e adveritsement(BoveeandArens ,1986 ,pp .418- 941 ) .
)
1 Selecitvtiy
s r e d a e r e v it c e l e s y r e v h c a e r y ll a r e n e g s e n i z a g a
M . BoveeandArens( 1986 ,
.
p 418)statetha t“magazine soffe rselecitvtiyby t argeitng vairou sspeci ifcgroup s
l a i c e p s y l p m i s r o , c i n h t e , s u o i g il e r g n i d u l c n
t s e r e t n i n i a tr e c r o f d e h s il b u p s e n i z a g a
m ,such asBusines sWeekfo rbusinessmen d
n
a Seventeen rf o teenagegilr .s
)
2 Flexiblitiy
e n i z a g a M . s r e d a e r d n a s r e s it r e v d a h t o b r o f y ti li b i x e lf s r e f f o e n i z a g a M
, e z i s , e p y t , s a h c u s t i n i d e r e f f o s e r u t a e f l a r e v e s e s u o t s r e s it r e v d a s w o ll a
. t u o y a l d n a , t n e m e c a l
p Forr eaders ,magazineoffersawider angeo fchoice .They
e r
a regiona la swel la snaitona lediitons ,or ,maleorf emalemagazines .Magazine s
r e f f o o s l
a many kind soft ype so rvairety . Theset ype so rvairety i ncludelengths ,
.s e n o t l a ir o ti d e d n a , s e h c a o r p p a
)
3 Visua lpleasure
d e r a p m o
C to newspaper ,magazine win sthi sfeature .Magazine present s
s t n e m e s it r e v d a r o l o c l l u
f .These ful lcolo radveritsements ,according Boveeand
,) 6 8 9 1 ( s n e r
A atrtac tthe readers ’atteniton .Fu trher ,Bovee and Aren s(1986 ,p .
a m i s e c n a h n e r o l o c “ t a h t e t a t s ) 8 1
4 geandi denitife spackages”.
)
4 Authortiyandbeilevablitiy
) 9 8 9 1 ( s n e r A d n a e e v o B o t g n i d r o c c
A , peoplebeilevewha tmagazines ays .
. s e ri s e d d n a , s n o i n i p o , s a e d i s ’ e l p o e p e c n e u lf n i n a c s e n i z a g a m , e r o f e r e h
T Fu trher ,
s i h t ,) 6 8 9 1 ( s n e r A d n a e e v o B o t g n i d r o c c
a ab litiy t o i n lfuenceallow smagazine s
e n il d a e
h s should on tbet oocuteo rcleve.rI nstead,t hehead ilneshouldusesimple
u d o r p e h t r e v o c h c i h w s t n e m e t a t
s c’t smosti mpo tran tbeneif.t
e l p m a x
E [1 :] Speakaf oreignl anguagei n30day so ryou rmoneyback .
)
2 Newsi/nformaitonheadilne
n
A ewsi/nformaiton headilne i sformed by statements .These statements
e s o p r u p a e v a
h togivei nformaiton tot her eaders .Therefore, thestatement sused
e n il d a e h f o e p y t s i h t n
i mus tbebeilevable.
e l p m a x
E [2 :] I’t sagir.l
)
3 Provocaitveheadilne
f o n o it a t n e s e r p e r l a u t c a e h t g n i v a h s a d e r e d i s n o c e b n a c e n il d a e h s i h T
f o e s o p r u p e h T . e d a u s r e p o t s i h c i h w , t n e m e s it r e v d
a a provocaitveheadilne si to
. y ti s o ir u c ’ s r e d a e r e h t e k o v o r
p By doing so, t heheadilnecan l ead t hereaders t o
. y p o c y d o b s a h c u s ,t n e m e s it r e v d a e h t f o t s e r e h t d a e r
e l p m a x
E [3 :] Betchacan’ teatj us tone
)
4 Quesitonheadilne
n o it s e u
Q headilnei si ntheformo fquesiton .Thepurposeoft hi sheadilne
e h t f o y d o b e h t n i r e w s n a e h t t u o g n i d n if n i s r e d a e r e h t e g a r u o c n e o t s i
.t n e m e s it r e v d
a Inothe rword ,st hi sheadilneaimst oi nvolvet her eaders’r esponse.
e l p m a x
)
5 Commandheadilne
e n il d a e h d n a m m o
C i so tfen seeme d negaitve .Thisi sbecauseacommand
e n il d a e
h ma s i toordert her eaderst odos omething( Arens ,2006 ,p .420) .Yet,t hi s
e v it c e f f e s i e n il d a e h f o d n i
k ingainingt heattenitonoft her eaders.
e l p m a x
E [5]: Pleasedon t’s queezet heCharmin
.
2 Rhetorica lDevices
. s tr e p x e y b d e r e f f o s e c i v e d l a c ir o t e h r t u o b a s n o it i n if e d y n a m e r a e r e h T
ir r a u Q c M n i s e h tr a
B eand Mick (1996 ,p .424 )statestha tsincetheanitqutiy t he
c ir o t e h r f o e n il p i c s i
d i s about t he Western t hinking o fpersuasion .According t o
) 6 2 4 . p , 0 9 9 1 ( t t e b r o
C , rheto irca ldevices ,o rhe calls a s ifgure so fspeech, i sa
r o g n i k a e p s f o e d o m y r a n i d r o e h t m o r f s n o it a i v e d l u ft r a y n a f o m r e t c ir e n e g “
g n it ir
w ”. Meanwhlie, Leech ( 1969 )u sesdfiferentt ermf orr heto irca ldevices .He
m r e t e h t s e s
u rheto irca l ifgure i nstead o frheto irca ldevices .Leech (1986), then,
s e b ir c s e
d rheto irca ldevicesa silnguisitcdeviaiton.
According to Belryne (1971 )in McQuarire and Mick (1996 ,p .426),
ir o t e h
r ca ldevices“provide smeanst o makefamiila rsrtange” .Seen from G irce’ s
g n i h t e m o s , s e l u r e h t o t n o it a l o i v s a n e e s e b n a c n o it a i v e d , n o it a s r e v n o c f o s e l u r
. y r a n i d r o e h t d n o y e
b Fu trher ,Genette in McQuarire and Mick (1996 ,p .426 )
s n o it n e
m tha t“any ifgurecarryatl eas toneaddiitona lmeaning”.
9 1 ( h c e e L d n a ) 0 9 9 1 ( tt e b r o C h t o
B 6 )9 dividetheserheto irca ldevicesinto
e m e h c
s s and rtopes .Corbet t(1990 ,p .427 )states tha tscheme sdea lwtih the
h ti w l a e d , d n a h r e h t o e h t n o , s e p o rt d n a t n e m e g n a r r a s d r o w e h t f o n o it a i v e
. s d r o w f o g n i n a e m e h t f o n o it a i v e
d Meanwhlie ,Leech (1969 ,p .74 )deifne s
r g e r o f “ s a s e p o rt d n a ” n o i s s e r p x e f o n o it it e p e r d e d n u o r g e r o f “ s a s e m e h c
s ounded
t n e t n o c f o y ti r a l u g e r
ri ” .Scheme sand rtopes,l ate,r aredivided again i nto smalle r
s e ir o g e t a
c .According to Corbet t(1990 )and Leech (1969), the classiifcaiton o f
e h
r to irca ldevicesi sasf ollow .s
.
a Schemes
d e b ir c s e d s
A in earile rpatr ,scheme sdea lwtih the deviaiton o fword s
r r
a angement (Corbett , 1990) . Fu trher , Leech (1969 ) descirbe s scheme s a s
. n o it it e p e r l a c i g o l o n o h
p According t o Corbett( 1990 )and Leech ( 1969) ,scheme s
o t n i d e d i v i d e r
a 3 0type sasf ollow .s
)
1 Prosthesis
s d d a h c i h w s e c i v e d l a c ir o t e h r f o e p y t a s i s i s e h t s o r
P a syllable in the
g n i n n i g e
b o fwords .Even though thi srheto irca ldevice i sformed by adding a
m o r f t n e r e f fi d s i e c i v e d l a c ir o t e h r s i h t , d r o w e h t f o t n o r f n i e l b a ll y
s adding a
h c i h w , x if e r
p wli lchange the meaning .The addiiton o fa syllable in prosthesi s
t o n s e o
d changethemeaningo rthepar tofs peechoft heword.
e l p m a x
E [6 :] Belovedfo rloved
)
2 Epenthesis
y b d e m r o f s i e c i v e d l a c ir o t e h r s i h
T adding a syllable in the middle o fa
d r o
w . sA in prosthesis ,the addiiton o fa syllable in the middle o fa word in
s i s e h t n e p
e l p m a x
E [ 01 ]: prosprou sfo rprosperous
)
6 Apocope
y b d e m r o f s i e c i v e d s i h T . s i s e r e a h p a f o e ti s o p p o e h t s i e p o c o p A
d r o w f o d n e e h t m o r f e l b a ll y s a g n it c a rt b u
s . Thi sdevice i salso used a sapoeitc
e c i v e
d ; tof aclitiatet her hymeort her hythmo fa ilneo fverse.
e l p m a x
E [ 11 ]: evenfo revening
)
7 Metathesis
h t y b d e m r o f s i e c i v e d s i h
T e rtansposiiton o f letter s in a word .
n o it i s o p s n a r
T meanst hatt hedevice change so rswtiche stheplaceo rposiiton o f
s e g n a h c e s e h T . d r o w a n i s r e tt e
l do no tchanget he meaning oft heword though .
h c e e p s s ’ n e r d li h c n i n o m m o c s i e c i v e d s i s e h t a t e m s i h
T , which i s done
t i o d y a m , s t e o p y ll a i c e p s e , e l p o e p , r e v e w o H . y l s u o i c s n o c n
u on purpose .Poets ,
. e c i v e d c it e o p a s a s i s e h t a t e m e s u , e l p m a x e r o f
e l p m a x
E [ 21 ]: clapsefo rclasp
)
8 Anitsthecon
l a c ir o t e h r s i h
T devicei sf ormed bychanging t hesound oft heword .Thi s
f o g n i g n a h c s i h T . d r o w e h t f o g n i n a e m e h t e g n a h c t o n s e o d d n u o s f o e g n a h c
n o d n u o
s lyf unciton sa sapoeitcdevice .“A sapoeitcdevice”heremeanst hatt hi s
s n a e m s e d i v o r p e c i v e
d to create the rhyme o rthe rhythm o fa ilne o fverse ,
y ll a i c e p s
e inpoerty.
e l p m a x
) 2
1 Parenthesis
) 1 3 4 . p , 0 9 9 1 ( t t e b r o C n o d e s a
B , parenthesi si sthe “inseriton o fsome
e h t f o w o lf l a c it c a t n y s l a m r o n e h t s t p u r r e t n i t a h t n o it i s o p a n i t i n u l a b r e v
e c n e t n e
s ” .Event hought hei nseritono fparenthesisi sno tnecessaryi ngramma,ri t
. s t c e f f e l a c ir o t e h r t c e lf e r s e o
d Fu trher ,Corbet t(1990 )descirbes i ta sgiving
.s r o h t u a e h t m o r f e s n e s l a n o it o m e r o t n e m m o c l a n o s r e p
e l p m a x
E [17]: Bu twhereinanymani sbold– Iamspeakingf ooilshly – Ialsoam .
d l o b
) 3
1 Apposiiton
o c o w t n e h w s r u c c o n o it i s o p p
A -ordinate element sare placed in side by
o c d n o c e s e h t f o e l o r e h T . n o it i s o p e d i
s -ordinate elemen ti sto give addiitona l
n o it a m r o f n
i .Beside ,st her oleoft hesecondco-ordinatei salsot omodfiythef ris t
.t n e m e l e
e l p m a x
E [18]: John Morgan, t hepresiden toft heSon soft heRepub ilc ,could no t .
e n o h p y b d e h c a e r e
b
) 4
1 Elilpsis
s e b ir c s e d ) 2 3 4 . p , 0 9 9 1 ( tt e b r o
C elilpsi sa s“deilberateomissiono fwordo r
t x e t n o c e h t y b d e il p m i y li d a e r e r a h c i h w s d r o w f
o ” .Fu trher ,Corbet t(1990 )
n o it n e
m s tha tthe use o felilpsi scan be ef ifcient, o rborrowing Corbet’t sterm
p x e y m o n o c e g n ir u c e s f o s n a e m g n it s e r r a “ ) 2 3 4 . p , 0 9 9 1
( ression” .Howeve,r t he
. e l b it a p m o c y ll a c it a m m a r g e b d l u o h s d e s u s d r o w
e l p m a x
.
c Specia lemphasis:
l g n E g n i k a t m a I r e t s e m e s s i h
T ishandhistoryand biologyandmathemaitc s .
n o it a c u d e l a c is y h p d n a y g o l o i c o s d n a ) 7
1 Alltieraiton
s i n o it a r e ti ll
A therepeititonofi niita lo rmedia lconsonants(Corbett ,1990 ;
) 9 6 9 1 , h c e e
L .However ,Leech ( 1969 ,p .90 )addst hatt herei sapossib litiyoft he
i m e s f o e c n e r r u c c
o -alltieraiton . Semi-alltieraiton i s the repeititon o f parita l
d r o w e h t n e e w t e b n o it a l e r e h t f o e l p m a x e n a s e v i g e H . r e t s u l c t n a n o s n o
c s good
d n
a glad .They can be considered a semploying semi-alltieraiton since both o f h
ti w n i g e b m e h
t / , g/ atlhough the iniita lconsonan tcluster s/g /and /gl /are no t
. l a c it n e d i
0 9 9 1 ( tt e b r o C o t g n i d r o c c
A ,p .434 ,) t heuseo falltieraiton i n poerty i st o
s r e v d n i b
“ est ogether”. Fu trher ,hestatestha talltieraiton i nmodern erai sused t o
c e f f e l a i c e p s e v i
g ts i n adveritsement and also t o give humorou seffect. Besides ,
t a h t s e t a t s ) 9 6 9 1 ( h c e e
L alltieraiton i sone o fmany ilnguisitc tool swhich can
. d e z i n a g r o e r o m t x e t e h t e k a m
e l p m a x
E [ 22 ]: TheChampagneo fBottleBe - e r Brewedonlyi nMilwaukee
) 8
1 Assonance
e c n a n o s s
A , ilke alltieraiton, deal swtih repeititon .The d fiference among
t a h t t c a f e h t n i s e il m e h
t assonance repeat ssimlia rvowe lsound swhich are
d r o w a n i s l e w o v l l a t o n , r e v e w o H . s t n a n o s n o c t n e r e f fi d y b d e w o ll o f d n a d e d e c e r p
s l e w o v y l n O . d e t a e p e r e r
e l b a ll y s d e s s e rt s n i l e w o v r a li m i s e h t f o n o it it e p e r e h t s i ti e c n i
S s,t herei sa
i m e s f o e c n e rr u c c o e h t f o y ti li b i s s o
p -assonance (Leech , 1969 ,p .93) .Semi
s a r a li m i s t u b l a c it n e d i t o n e r a d e t a e p e r g n i e b s l e w o v e h t n e h w s r u c c o e c n a n o s s a
s d r o w e h t n
i can and car .The word can i spronounced wtih the vowe l/æ ./ w
e h t ,s a e r e h
W ordcari spronouncedwtiht hevowel/ /:. e
l p m a x
E [ 32 :] Anold ,mad ,blind ,despised ,anddyingking. )
9
1 Anaphora
s e t a t s ) 0 9 9 1 ( tt e b r o
C tha tanaphorai stherepeititonoft hesameword o ra
n e t n e s f o g n i n n i g e b e h t t a s d r o w f o p u o r
g ces ,clauses ,o rphrases .Fu trher ,hesays
e s u o h w s r o h t u a t a h
t anaphora surely use i tfo rsome purposes .Corbet t(1990 )
s n o it n e m o s l
a tha tthe use o fanaphora help sto bu lid a specia lrhythm o fa
. n o s i s a h p m e o t s t n a w r o h t u a e h t e r e h w e s u a l c f o e c n e u q e s
e l p m a x
E [ 42 :] Thisi stheessence– thisi sthehear t– thisi stheday- ot -daystuf f , s n o i s n a m r e it h g i m d li u b o t :t i e e s e w s a y l b m e s s A s i h t n i y t u d r u o f o
.s n o it a N d e ti n U e h t g n i n e h t g n e r t s p e e k o t
) 0
2 Episrtophe
p
E isrtophei st heoppostieo fanaphora . tIi sa“repeititonoft hesameword
r
o group o fword sa tthe end o fsuccessive clauses” (Corbett ,1990 ,p .435) .
) 0 9 9 1 ( tt e b r o
C alsomenitons thatt hef uncitonoft hi sschemei sno tonlyt ocreate
s i s a h p m e l a i c e p s a p u t e s o t o s l a t u b m h t y h
r tot hes entence( p .436 .)
e l p m a x
E [25]: When Iwa sa chlid , Ispoke ilkea chlid ,It hough t ilkea chlid , I a
e k il d e n o s a e
) 1
2 Epanalepsis
s i s p e l a n a p e n
I , awordplacedint hebeginningo faclausei sbeingr epeated
. e s u a l c e h t f o d n e e h t t
a Corbet t(1990 )states tha tthi sscheme relfect sintense
e h , e r o f e r e h T . n o it o m
e suggests tha tthe use o fthi sscheme should be in an
w e c n e t n e s r o e s u a l c e h t s s e l n u , t x e t n o c d n a e m it e t a ir p o r p p
a o uld seem to be
. d r a w k w a t a h w e m o s d n a e g n a rt s
e l p m a x
E [26]: Bloodhathbough tblood ,andblowshaveanswer’dblows )
2
2 Anadiplosis
e h t f o d r o w t s a l e h t n e h w s r u c c o s i s o l p i d a n
A iniital clausei srepeated a t
. e s u a l c g n i w o ll o f e h t f o g n i n n i g e b e h
t According t o Leech (1969) t he pattern o f
s a d e t a l u m r o f e b n a c s i s o l p i d a n
a (…a ()a…) .Corbet t(1990 )also meniton stha t s
i s i s o l p i d a n
a used to show a conneciton between one clause and the following
e s u a l
c .
e l p m a x
E [27 :] Labo rand care are rewarded wtih success ,success produce s e
c n e d if n o
c , con ifdence relaxe s indu tsry , and negilgence ruin s .
d e si a r d a h e c n e g il i d h c i h w n o it a t u p e r )
3
2 Cilmax
r e d r o e h t n o d e s a b s e s u a l c r o , s e s a r h p , s d r o w f o t n e m e g n a r r a e h t s i x a m il C
. e c n a tr o p m i g n i s a e r c n i f
o Therearet wo t ype so fcilmax .Frist , tii ssimplyat ex t
r a s i h c i h
w ranged i n an orde ro fgradually irsing i mpo tranceasi n Example[ 28] .
.s i s o l p i d a n a f o n o it a n i b m o c e h t s i ti , d n o c e
S Therefore, thepattern oft het ex tcan
s a d e t a l u m r o f e
b (…a ()a…) and i ti sarranged in an orde ro f gradually irsing e
c n a tr o p m
e l p m a x
E [28]: Le ta manacknowledgeobilgaitonst o hisf amliy ,hi scounrty ,and .
d o G s i h )
4
2 Anitmetabole
e s r e v e r n i , e s u a l c e v i s s e c c u s n i ,s d r o w f o n o it it e p e r “ e h t s i e l o b a t e m it n A
f o n o i s s e r p x e e h t s t c e lf e r e m e h c s s i h T . ) 7 3 4 . p , 0 9 9 1 , tt e b r o C ( ” r e d r o l a c it a m m a r g
t h g u o h
t . Fu trher , Corbet t (1990 ) adds tha t clause s o r sentence s which use
f o e s u a c e b e l b a r o m e m e b l li w e l o b a t e m it n
a wha tCorbet t(1990 ,p .437 )says sa
f o r i a e h t g n i v a h
“ nealtyt urnedphrase”. e
l p m a x
E [29]: Youmay ilkei ,ti tilke syou . )
5
2 Polyptoton
s d r o w f o n o it it e p e r e h t s i n o t o t p y l o p , ) 0 9 9 1 ( t t e b r o C o t g n i d r o c c
A which
d e v ir e d e r
a from t he same root .Leech (1969, p .82 )adds tha tpolyptoton i s t he
o h p r o
m logica l counterpar t o f anaphora . Thi s mean s tha t polyptoton i s the
o it it e p e
r nwtihint hes rtuctureo fwords.
e l p m a x
E [ 03 ]: Thei rbloodbleedsthenaitono ftiss anguineassurance. )
6
2 Symploce
l a c ir o t e h r s i h T . e h p o rt s i p e d n a a r o h p a n a f o n o it a n i b m o c e h t s i e c o l p m y S
d r o w l a n if d n a l a it i n i e h t s t a e p e r e c i v e
d s o faclause. According t o Leech ( 1969) ,
s a d e t a l u m r o f e b n a c e c o l p m y s f o e r u t c u rt s e h
t (a…b ()a…b).
e l p m a x
E [ 13 :] Iwillrecrutif o rmyseflandyoua s Igo;
) 9
2 Rhyme
s i e m y h
R theoppostieo fchiming .Thisr heto irca ldevicei sf ormedbyt he
s e l b a ll y s f o n o it it e p e
r sound att heend o fwordsi n aphrase, clause, o rsentence.
o t g n i d r o c c
A Leech (1969) , rhyme i s based on spelilng rathe r than on n
I . n o it a i c n u n o r
p os fa ra sthe spelilng system i sphonemic ,the phonologica l
s e c n e d n o p s e r r o
c arei ndeed r elfected i n w iritng.However ,headdst hat t herei sa
e h t t a h t y ti li b i s s o
p spelilng and the pronunciaiton are dfiferent .Therefore, the
d r o
w greatrhyme swtihmate, no twtihmeat(Leech ,1969 ,p.92 .) e
l p m a x
E [ 43 :] Whatt houwoulds thighly,
il o h u o h t t s d l u o w t a h
T ly
) 0
3 Freeverbalr epeititon
s e b ir c s e d ) 9 6 9 1 ( h c e e
L freeverbalr epeititon a sther epeititonofword sby
s d r o w t c a x e e h t g n i y p o
c ,phrases ,o reven sentences from the previou spatr .
s i h t f o c it s ir e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t s i s s e n il r e d r o s i d , s e c i v e d n o it it e p e r r e h t o e h t e k il n U
s i , r e v e w o h , n o it c n u f e h T . e c i v e
d ailke wtih the othe rrepeititon device swhich
e v i
g specia lemphasi so rsuppressed intenstiy o ffeeilng .Besides ,Leech also
e g a u g n a l f o y c a u q e d a n i e h t e t a c i d n i o s l a n a c n o it a ir a v l a b r e v e e r f t a h t s n o it n e m
) 9 7 . p , 9 6 9 1
( .
e l p m a x
E [ 53 :] Fo rLycidasi sdead ,deaderehi sp irme, g
n u o
Y Lycidas ,andhathnotl ef thi spee.r t
o n d l u o w o h
.
b Tropes
h ti w l a e d s e p o rt , ) 0 9 9 1 ( tt e b r o C o t g n i d r o c c
A thedeviaitonoft hemeaning
. s d r o w f
o Trope sarealso known ast he rtansferenceo fmeaning .Thisi sbecause ,
o t g n i d r o c c
a Leech (1969), rtope s create deviaiton on the semanitc level .
g n i d r o c c
A on Corbet t(1990) and Leech (1969) , rtope sare divided i nto fou treen
e ir o g e t a
c sasf ollow .s
)
1 MetaphorandSimlie
s i r o h p a t e
M understood a s“an i mpiled compairson betweent wo t hing so f
e v a h t e y t a h t e r u t a n e k il n
u something in common” (Corbett ,1990 ,p .438).
s , e li h w n a e
M imliei sunderstooda s“anexpilci tcompairsonbetweent wot hing so f
t e y t a h t e r u t a n e k il n
u have something in common” (Corbett ,1990 ,p .438).
n i d r o c c
A g t o Corbett ( 1990 ,) t heset wo rtope sshould be rteated i n thesameway
c u m o s e r a y e h t e c n i
s h ailke . Fu trher ,Corbet t (1990 ) states tha t the only
o w t e s o h t n e e w t e b e c n e r e f fi
d rtope si s iled in thei rmanne ro fexpressing the
. n o s ir a p m o c
e l p m a x
E 36:
.
a Metaphor :Ont he ifna lexaminaiton,s everals tudent swen tdowni n lfames. .
b Simlie:Likeanarrow,t heprosecuto rwen tdirecltyt ot hepoin.t
)
2 Synecdoche
s a n w o n k s i e h c o d c e n y
S a rheto irca ldevice where a par tstand sfo rthe
e l o h
w (Corbett ,1990). Meanwhlie , Leech (1969 )descirbe s synecdoche “the
e h t n i s e il e c n e r e f fi d e h T . e h c o d c e n y s f o n o it a t e r p r e t n i e m a s e h t e v a h y ll a u t c a
. e h c o d c e n y s e b ir c s e d o t d e s u y e h t m r e t
e l p m a x
E [37]: genus substtiuted fo rthe species: vessel fo rship ,weapon fo r d
r o w
s ,creature rfo man ,arms rfo rilfes ,vehicle rfo bicycle. )
3 Metonymy
e h t s a d e b ir c s e d s i y m y n o t e m , y ll a n o it i d a r
T substtiuiton o f some
s i t a h w r o f d r o w e v it s e g g u s r o e v it u b ir tt
a actually mean.t According to Corbet t
) 0 9 9 1
( , metonymyand synecdochearesomuchailket hat i tneed sgrea teffo trt o
. m e h t h s i u g n it s i
d Simlialry ,Leech (1969 ,p .152 )men itons t hat t hedeifniiton o f
e h T . e h c o d c e n y s e d u l c n i o t h g u o n e d a o r b n e tf o s i y m y n o t e
m i rdfiference iles i n
y m y n o t e m , e c it c a r p n i t a h t t c a f e h
t i “ s rteateda sar esidua lcategory i ncluding al l
f o s e it e ir a
v rtansference fo meaning apar t from those separately classed a s
e h c o d c e n y
s ”( Leech ,1969 ,p .152 .)
e l p m a x
E [38]: Crown fo rroyatly ,mtirefo rbishop ,weatlh fo rrich people ,botlte r
o f wine )
4 Puns
s e b ir c s e d ) 1 4 4 . p , 0 9 9 1 ( tt e b r o
C pun sa sar heto irca ldevicewhich makea
s d r o w n o y a l
p .He, then, classi ifes pun sinto antanaclasis ,paronomasia, and s
i s p e ll y
s . Meanwhlie ,Leech(1969 )classiifespunsi ntomorecatego ires .Theyare l
a c i g o l o m y t e , c it c a t n y s a , s m y n o t n a , n o it it e p e
r npu ,syllepsis ,and simliartiy o f n
o it a i c n u n o r
1 .
4 Antanaclasis
s ’t t e b r o
C antanaclasi sand Leech’ srepeititonaret hesame .Both oft hem n
u p e b ir c s e
d s ast her epeititon o fword i n t wo dfiferen tsenses(Corbett ,1990 ,p .
) 0 1 2 . p , 9 6 9 1 , h c e e L ; 1 4
4 .Dfiferen tsense sheremeanst ha tonewordmay b irng
. e c n e u q e s a n i g n i n a e m r o s e s n e s o w
t
e l p m a x
E [39 :] learnacra tfsot ha twhenyougrowolde ryouwli lno thavet oearn
y b g n i v il r u o
y cra tf.
2 .
4 Paronomasia
r o n o it a i c n u n o r p f o y ti r a li m i
S paronomasia ist heuseo fword swhich are .
g n i n a e m n i t n e r e f fi d t u b d n u o s n i r a li m i
s However ,Leech (1869 )descirbest hi s
a l p “ s a e c i v e
d yon simliartiy o fpronunciaiton” .Hearguest hatt hi sdevicecanno t
e t u l o s b a n a h t r e h t a r e t a m i x o r p p a n o e r o m s d n e p e d t i e c n i s n u p s a d e if i s s a l c e b
e m a s e h t s a h e c i v e d s i h t n a h t s n i a l p x e r e h tr u f h c e e L , s s e l e h t e n o N . y ti m y n o m o h
.s n u p s a t c e f f e
e l p m a x
E [40 :] I twa safoulactt os tea lmyfowl.
3 .
4 Syllepsis
e r a y e h t n e h w y lt n e r e f fi d d o o t s r e d n u e r a h c i h w s d r o w h ti w s l a e d s i s p e ll y S
. s d r o w t n e r e f fi d r e h t o h ti w r e h t e g o t t u
p Both Corbet t(1990 ,p .441 )and Leech
e b ir c s e d ) 9 6 9 1
( syllepsi sast he useo f“aword understood dfiferen lty i n r elaiton
s n r e v o g f o s e if i d o m t i h c i h w , s d r o w r e h t o e r o m r o o w t o
t ”.
e l p m a x
)
5 Anthimeira
, ) 2 4 4 . p , 0 9 9 1 ( tt e b r o C o t g n i d r o c c
A anthimeirai s “thesubsttiuitono fone
r e h t o n a r o f h c e e p s f o t r a
p ” .Thi sschemei sused when t here i sno tan avaliable
d r o
w whichcanr epresen twha tthewrtie rwantst oexpres .sTherefore,t heycreate
.t h g u o h t ri e h t s s e r p x e n a c h c i h w d r o w w e n a
e l p m a x
E [ 24 :] Il’ lunhai rthyhead.
)
6 Peirphrasis
“ e h t s i s i s a r h p ir e
P substtiuitono fadescirpitvewordo rphrasef o raprope r
e m a n e h t h ti w d e t a i c o s s a y ti l a u q r o f e m a n r e p o r p a f o r o e m a
n ”(Corbett ,1990 ,
) 3 4
4 . These prope rname sare rteated o rconsidered a scommon noun s(Leech ,
. ) 9 6 9
1 Corbet talso menitons tha tthe use o fthi sscheme in modern prose i sa
.s y a w n o m m o c n u n i s a e d i r a il i m a f s s e r p x e o t n a m u h n i e g r u e h t f o f o o r p
e l p m a x
E [ 34 :] Shemayno thavebeenaPenelope ,buts hewa sno ta sunfa tihfu la s s
p i s s o g e h
t madehe routt obe.
)
7 Personiifcaiton
s e v i g n o it a c if i n o s r e
P absrtaciton sori nanimateobject sthesenseo fhuman
s e it il i b a r o s e it il a u
q (Corbett ,1990 ;Leech ,1969). Accordingt o Leech( 1969)t he
f o s m r e t n i m e h t g n i y fi t n e d i y b l a e r s n o it c a rt s b a e k a m o t s i e p o rt s i h t f o n o it c n u f
n a c s r e d a e r e h t , n o it a c if i n o s r e p g n i s u y b t a h t s d d a o s l a e H . d lr o w e t e r c n o c e h t
.) 8 5 1 . p ( y l d i v i v e r o m s g n i h t e t a m i n a n i f o e r u t a n e h t p s a r g
) 1
1 Irony
e s u e h t s i ) 0 9 9 1 ( tt e b r o C y b d e b ir c s e d s a y n o r
I o fwordi nordert o presen t
) 9 6 9 1 ( h c e e L . g n i n a e m l a r e ti l s ti f o g n i n a e m e ti s o p p o n
a calls riony a samask i n
h c i h
w what i sbeing hid i swhati sactuallymeant .A sthe useo fltiotes edo sno t
n a e
m todeceive,t heuseo frionya lsodoes tno meantodeceiveanyone.
e l p m a x
E [48 :] Hi sdesign swere honourable ,as t he saying i s; that i ,s t o rob a .
e g a i r r a m f o y a w y b e n u t r o f r e h f o y d a l
) 2
1 Onomatopoeia
h c e e L . e s n e s e h t s t c e lf e r d n u o s h c i h w s d r o w f o e s u e h t s i a i e o p o t a m o n O
) 9 6 9 1
( desc irbes onomatopoeia a s“the purely mimeitc powe ro flanguage, sti
n o n y lt s o m ( r e h t o e t a ti m i o t y ti li b
a -ilnguisitc )sounds” (1969 ,p .97 .) Besides ,
l a n o it o m e t e s o t d e s u e b n a c a i e o p o t a m o n o t a h t s n o it n e m ) 7 4 4 . p , 0 9 9 1 ( t t e b r o C
.t x e t a f o e n o t l a c i h t e r o
e l p m a x
E [49 :] Thespraywa shissing hot ,and ahugej e to fwate rburs tup f rom .t
s d i m s ti
) 3
1 Oxymoron
s e t a t s ) 7 4 4 . p , 0 9 9 1 ( t t e b r o
C tha toxymoron i sthe combinaiton o ftwo
. y r o t c i d a rt n o c e r a h c i h w s m r e
t Fu trher , Corbet t menitons tha t the use o f
x
o ymoron can createwha thecallsa s“a sta trilng effect”(p .447 .) I tmeanst ha t
g n it s a rt n o c o w t t a h t n o it a t c e p x e e h t s e t a l o i v n o r o m y x o s y o l p m e h c i h w t x e t e h t
.r e h t e g o t t u p e b t o n n a c s m r e t
e l p m a x
) 4
1 HomonymandPolysemy
Homonymoccurswhenoneword ,wtiht hesamef ormand pronunciaiton s
a
h moret han onei nterpretaiton o rmeaning .Meanwhlie ,polysemyoccur swhen
. g n i n a e m e n o n a h t e r o m e v a h o t s n e p p a h d r o w e n
o According t o Leech( 1969), ti
s
i someitme s dfi ifcul t to dfiferenitate polysemy and homonym . Considered
e l p m a x
e 51.a below ,people may quesiton why should “mole” i staken to be
. s g n i n a e m o w t h ti w d r o w e n o n a h t r e h t a r s d r o w e t a r a p e
s Leech( 1969 )arguest ha t
e h t m o r f s e v ir e d y ll a c ir o t s i h d r o w a t o n r o r e h t e h w y g o l o m y t e e h t n o d e s a b s i s i h t
e t a it n e r e f fi d y l p m i s n a c e l p o e p t a h t s d d a o s l a e H . e c n e r e f e r r o e c r u o s e m a s
c it n a m e s f o n o ir e ti r c h g u o r a n o y l e r y l p m i s y b y m e s y l o p d n a m y n o m o h
m i
s liartiy .In et h case o fexample 51.a, the word s“mole” and “mole” can be
e t a r a p e s o w t s a d e d r a g e
r word ssincet herei sno obviou sconneciton o fmeaning
. ) 7 0 2 . p , 9 6 9 1 , h c e e L ( m e h t n e e w t e b
e l p m a x
E 51:
.
a Homonym
e l o
m (noun )= a's mal lanima'l e
l o
m (noun )= a' spo tont hes kin' .
b Polysemy
r e f e r
P =1.' promot 'e =2.' ilkebette 'r
, l a r e n e g n
I Corbet tandLeechhavet hes amei nterpretaitonabou trheto irca l
