CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
There are so many languages around the world and each language is unique, it is obviously different from each other. The diversity of the language can be a problem in the communication among countries, because every country has their own language. The problems need to be solved; translation is a way to solve the differences of language.
“Translation is the comprehension of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text, likewise called a "translation," that communicates the same message in another language. The text that is translated is called the source text, and the language that it is translated into is called the target language. The product is sometimes called target text. http://en. Wikipedia. Org/wiki/translation/ (Accessed on January, 18th 2014; 02:00 AM).
To solve this problem, linguistics as the science of language offers a particular study, which can be used in helping humans as speakers to understand meanings involved in words from different languages. Traditionally, translation was defined from the
perspective of linguistics. According to Nida (1969:126), the renowned American theorist on translation, "Translating consists in reproducing the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of language and secondly
dalam penerjemahan, dengan demikian seorang penerjemah tidak membuat kesalahan
seperti yang biasa dilakukan penerjemah pemula.
The importance of translation nowadays can be seen and felt in our daily life. We often hear or find an interpreter in court of law translating various cases involving foreigners who do not understand the source language. We can also see many interpreters in international seminars or conferences who do their job in translating the source language into the target one. And translators translating one language to other and spread the translation around the globe according to its nations and its languages.
Translation is also found in various books, newspapers, and magazines. These facts will indicate that the role of a translator is very important. In addition, the role of a translator should be clear enough in introducing a certain culture or civilization to his readers. Therefore, he has to understand the culture of the people who use the source language so that he can translate it properly.
Machali (2009:26) define Hatim and Mason (1990) definition of translation, she says,
Penerjemahan adalah kegiatan yang dapat membuktikan tentang peran
sebuah bahasa dalam kehidupan social. Melalui kegiatan penerjemahan,
seorang penerjemah menyampaikan kembali isi sebuah teks dalam bahasa
lain. Penyampaian ini termasuk kegiatan pergantian, karena penerjemahan
dalam hal ini melakukan kegiatan komunikasi baru melalui hasil kegiatan
komunikasi yang sudah ada ( yakani dalam bentuk teks).
Factually, translation brings some problem, among others shifts. Catford (1965:73) defines two major types of shifts. They are level shifts and category shifts. Level shifts,
where one Source Text (ST) item at one linguistic level (grammatical unit) has a Target Text (TT); equivalent at a different level (lexical unit), and category shifts which are divided into four types:
1. Structure-shifts, which involves a grammatical changing between the structure of the Source Text (ST) and that of the Target Text (TT);
2. Class-shifts, when a SL item is translated with a TL item which belongs to a different grammatical class, i.e. a verb may be translated with a noun;
3. Unit-shifts, which involves changes in rank;
4. Intra-system shifts, which occurs, when a Source Text (ST) singular becomes a plural in Target Text (TT).
As stated in the first paragraph, the diversity of the language can be a problem in the communication among countries. English and Indonesian head words are not the same. In Indonesian phrases, the head word is in the initial position (first word), while English head word is in the final position (last word), which is the core position of the phrase is
depends on the language. For example:
Stupid people Orang bodoh
(Modifier) (Head word) (Head word) (Modifier)
Therefore, this study tries to find out Shift in subtitling of The Pursuit of Happyness movie. In the subtitle text of the The Pursuit of Happyness movie, writer found some examples indicated as one of the Category Shift which shows the differences between English and Bahasa Indonesia grammatical structure position. There are:
Sentence (1) shows that structure shift occurs since the head of word in source Text (ST) “Budged” is in the final position (last word) while in Target Text (TT), the head Word is translated in the final position (last word).
1.2. Scope of the Study.
Catford classifies the shifts into two major types, namely level shift and category shift (Venuti 2000: 141). In avoiding an excessive explanation of doing a shift analysis, the elaboration of category shift would be merely focused on the structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra-system-shift. The data of the study taken from the subtitling text of The Pursuit of Happyness movie.
1.3. Problem of Study
In elaborating the case of category shift in this present thesis, some questions have been designed as the center to expand the analysis. The study should give answers to:
1. How category shifts are performed in the subtitling of The Pursuit of Happyness movie?
2. What is the dominant shift found in the subtitling of The Pursuit of Happyness
movie?
1.4. Objective of Study.
The objective of study is arranged to answer the problem appearing in the analysis. Regarding that statement, the objective of study from this present thesis is to
1. Find shifts in the subtitling of The Pursuit of Happyness movie.
2. Find out the dominant shifts in the subtitling The Pursuit of Happyness movie.
This thesis is intended to be helpful theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this thesis is expected to enlarge the knowledge of translation particularly to a better understanding of shift. This thesis may also be a reference for those who study shifts and its other related matter.
