J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.1 (2011)
Vol. 7, No. 1 Juni 2011 Akreditasi: No 816/D/08/2009 BOGOR, INDONESIA
JURNAL
BIOLOGI
INDONESIA
ISSN 0854-4425
JURNAL
BIOLOGI
INDONESIA
ISSN 0854-4425
Phylogenetic relationships within Cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes) Based on DNA Sequences of The Seventh intron of Nuclear β-fibrinogen gene
Dwi Astuti
1
Forest Condition Analysis Based on Forest Canopy ClosureWith Remote Sensing Approach Mahendra Primajati, Agung Budi Harto & Endah Sulistyawati
13
Genetic Variation of Agathis loranthifolia Salisb. in West Jawa Assessed by RAPD Tedi Yunanto, Edje Djamhuri, Iskandar Z. Siregar, & Mariyana Ulfah
25
Bird Community Structure in Karimunjawa Islands, Central Jawa
Niarsi Merry Hemelda, Ummi Syifa Khusnuzon, & Putri Sandy Pangestu
35
Morfologi Larva dan Pola Infeksi Falcaustra kutcheri Bursey et.al., 2000 (Nematoda : Cosmocercoidea: Kathalaniidae) Pada Leucocephalon yuwonoi (McCord et.al., 1995) Di Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia
Endang Purwaningsih & Awal Riyanto
45
Tingkat Eksploitasi Ikan Endemik Bonti-bonti (Paratherina striata) di Danau Towuti Syahroma Husni Nasution
53
Bentuk Sel Epidermis, Tipe dan Indeks Stomata 5 Genotipe Kedelai pada Tingkat Naungan Berbeda
Titik Sundari & Rahmat Priya Atmaja
67
Sintesis Alkil N-asetilglukosamina (Alkil-GlcNAc) dengan Enzim N-asetilheksosaminidase yang diisolasi dari Aspergillus sp. 501
Iwan Saskiawan & Rini Handayani
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 1 (2011)
Jurnal Biologi Indonesia diterbitkan oleh Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia. Jurnal ini memuat hasil penelitian ataupun kajian yang berkaitan dengan masalah biologi yang diterbitkan secara berkala dua kali setahun (Juni dan Desember).
Editor Pengelola
Dr. Ibnu Maryanto Dr. I Made Sudiana Deby Arifiani, S.P., M.Sc
Dr. Izu Andry Fijridiyanto
Dewan Editor Ilmiah
Dr. Abinawanto, F MIPA UI Dr. Achmad Farajalah, FMIPA IPB
Dr. Ambariyanto, F. Perikanan dan Kelautan UNDIP Dr. Aswin Usup F. Pertanian Universitas Palangkaraya Dr. Didik Widiyatmoko, PK Tumbuhan, Kebun Raya Cibodas-LIPI
Dr. Dwi Nugroho Wibowo, F. Biologi UNSOED Dr. Parikesit, F. MIPA UNPAD
Prof. Dr. Mohd.Tajuddin Abdullah, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Monica Suleiman, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
Dr. Srihadi Agungpriyono, PAVet(K), F. Kedokteran Hewan IPB Y. Surjadi MSc, Pusat Penelitian ICABIOGRAD
Drs. Suharjono, Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI Dr. Tri Widianto, Pusat Penelitian Limnologi-LIPI
Dr. Witjaksono Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI
Alamat Redaksi
Sekretariat
d/a Pusat Penelitian Biologi - LIPI
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Email : jbi@bogor.net; ibnu_mar@yahoo.com Website : http://biologi.or.id
Jurnal ini telah diakreditasi ulang dengan nilai A berdasarkan SK Kepala LIPI 816/ D/2009 tanggal 28 Agustus 2009.
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.1 (2011)
KATA PENGANTAR
Jurnal Biologi Indonesia yang diterbitkan oleh PERHIMPUNAN BIOLOGI INDONESIA edisi volume 7 nomer 1 tahun 2011 memuat 15 artikel lengkap dan 1artikel tulisan pendek, empat artikeldiantaranya telah dipresentasi pada seminar ATCBC di bali 2010. Penulis pada edisi ini sangat beragam yaitu dari Departemen Kementerian Pertanian Balai Penelitian Tanaman Kacang-kacangan dan Umbi-umbian, Fak. MIPA-Biologi Universitas Negeri Malang, Universitas Cenderawasih Jayapura, Universitas Islam Negeri Hidayatulah Jakarta, Jurusan Biologi FMIPA IPB, Program Studi Sarjana Biologi, Sekolah Ilmu dan Teknologi Hayati (SITH), ITB, Jurusan Konservasi Fakultas Kehutanan IPB, Puslit Biologi LIPI, Departmen Biologi FMIPA, University Indonesia, Puslit Limnologi LIPI-LIPI, Puslit Biologi-LIPI dan UPT Loka Konservasi Biota Laut Biak-LIPI. Topik yang dibahas pada edisi ini meliputi bidang Botani, mikrobiologi, zoologi, remote sensing.
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 1 (2011)
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH
Jurnal Biologi Indonesia mengucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan kepada para pakar yang telah turut sebagai penelaah dalam Volume 7, No 1, Juni 2011: Dr. Niken T. M. Pratiwi, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan IPB
Dr. Tike Sartika, Balitnak, Departemen Pertanian, Ciawi Sigit Wiantoro SSi, MSc, Puslit Biologi-LIPI
Drs. Awal Riyanto, Puslit Biologi-LIPI Drs. Roemantyo, Puslit Biologi-LIPI Dr. Andria Agusta, Puslit Biologi LIPI Ir. Titi Juhaeti MSi, Puslit Biologi-LIPI Dr. Nuril Hidayati, Puslit Biologi-LIPI Ir. Heryanto MSc, Puslit Biologi-LIPI
Drh. Taufik Purna Nugraha MSi, Puslit Biologi-LIPI
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.1 (2011)
DAFTAR ISI
Phylogenetic relationships within Cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes) Based on DNA Sequences of The Seventh intron of Nuclear β-fibrinogen gene
Dwi Astuti
1
Forest Condition Analysis Based on Forest Canopy ClosureWith Remote Sensing Approach Mahendra Primajati, Agung Budi Harto & Endah Sulistyawati
13
Genetic Variation of Agathis loranthifolia Salisb. in West Jawa Assessed by RAPD Tedi Yunanto, Edje Djamhuri, Iskandar Z. Siregar, & Mariyana Ulfah
25
Bird Community Structure in Karimunjawa Islands, Central Jawa
Niarsi Merry Hemelda, Ummi Syifa Khusnuzon, & Putri Sandy Pangestu
35
Morfologi Larva dan Pola Infeksi Falcaustra kutcheri Bursey et.al., 2000 (Nematoda : Cosmocercoidea: Kathalaniidae) Pada Leucocephalon yuwonoi (McCord et.al., 1995) Di Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia
Endang Purwaningsih & Awal Riyanto
45
Tingkat Eksploitasi Ikan Endemik Bonti-bonti (Paratherina striata) di Danau Towuti Syahroma Husni Nasution
53
Bentuk Sel Epidermis, Tipe dan Indeks Stomata 5 Genotipe Kedelai pada Tingkat Naungan Berbeda
Titik Sundari & Rahmat Priya Atmaja
67
Sintesis Alkil N-asetilglukosamina (Alkil-GlcNAc) dengan Enzim N-asetilheksosaminidase yang diisolasi dari Aspergillus sp. 501
Iwan Saskiawan & Rini Handayani
81
Eritrosit dan Hemoglobin pada Kelelawar Gua di Kawasan Karst Gombong, Kebumen,Jawa Tengah
Fahma Wijayanti, Dedy Duryadi Solihin, Hadi Sukadi Alikodra, & Ibnu Maryanto
89
Kajian Hubungan Antara Fitoplankton dengan Kecepatan Arus Air Akibat Operasi Waduk Jatiluhur
Eko Harsono
99
Dimorfisme Seksual, Reproduksi dan Mangsa Kadal Ekor Panjang Takydromus sexlineatus Daudin, 1802 (Lacertilia :Lacertidae)
Mumpuni
121
Serapan Karbondioksida (CO2) Jenis-Jenis Pohon di Taman Buah "Mekar Sari" Bogor, Kaitannya dengan Potensi Mitigasi Gas Rumah Kaca
N. Hidayati, M. Reza, T. Juhaeti & M. Mansur
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 1 (2011)
Analisis Fekunditas dan Diameter Telur Kerang Darah (Anadara antiquata) di Perairan Pulau Auki, Kepulauan Padaido, Biak, Papua
Andriani Widyastuti
147
Giving Formulated Pellet on Javan Porcupine (Hystrix javanica F. Cuvier, 1823): Effects on Feed Intake, Feed Conversion, and Digestibility in Pre-Domestication Condition Wartika Rosa Farida & Roni Ridwan
157
Profil Mamalia Kecil Gunung Slamet Jawa Tengah Maharadatunkamsi
171
TULISAN PENDEK
Kondisi Parameter Biologi Plankton dan Ikan di Perairan Danau Sentani Auldry F. Walukow
25 Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 7 (1): 25-34 (20111)
Genetic Variation of Agathis loranthifolia Salisb. in West Jawa Assessed
by RAPD
Tedi Yunanto, Edje Djamhuri, Iskandar Z. Siregar, & Mariyana Ulfah Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University Jl. Lingkar.
Email: genom_tedi@yahoo.com ABSTRAK
Variasi Genetika Agathis loranthifolia Salisb Jawa Barat Menggunakan Analisis RAPD.
Agathis loranthifolia Salisb merupakan salah satu tumbuhan hutan yang menghasilkan hasil
hutan bukan berupa kayu yaitu berupa getah. Untuk mengetahui derajad variasi genetika dari jenis ini maka dicoba dianalisis menggunakan RAPD. Sampel daun tumbuhan ini di peroleh dari Perum Perhutani Cianjur dan Garut. Variasi genetika populasi tumbuhan ini dari Cianjur sebesar He = 0.1952 atau lebih tinggi dari populasi asal Garut (He = 0.1125). Namun berdasarkan produksi copalnya menunjukkan bahwa variasi genetika pohon Lanang paling tinggi He = 0.2105
Kata kunci: RAPD, kopal, Agathis loranthifolia
INTRODUCTION
Agathis loranthifolia Salisb. is one
of the forest trees which produces wood and non wood products in the form of resin (copal). Forest products in the form of wood from agathis trees are com-monly used as raw materials for plywood, good quality veneer, and as knot connect-ing plate in wood roof construction (Rilatupa et al. 2004). On the other hand, the copals being produced are commonly used as paint materials, spirit, red lacquer, and varnishes (Nurhasybi & Sudrajat 2002).
Based on data from Directorate General of Forestry Production Devel-opment, production of copal in the year 2000 was as large as 647 tons, year 2001 as large as 428 tons, year 2002 as large
as 442 tons, year 2003 as large as 403 tons, and year 2004 as large as 318 tons (Dephut 2004). In the year 2007 the price of copal reached Rp. 284 200/ton. The high price of copal creates a bright prospect for copal as industrial raw ma-terials, so that the role of agathis forest as supplier for copal industries should be maintained by pursuing the stand sustainability and high production of co-pal.
In general, production of copal is determined by external factors (environ-ment) and internal factors. The external factors are: quality of growth site, tree density, climate, and sun light intensity. On the other hand, internal factors which influence the production of agathis resin are among other things tree age, tree di-ameter, number and size of resin canal,
26
Yunanto et al.
condition of nutrient supply, and condi-tion of water supply, particularly in the wounded part (Suharlan 1983). Other factor which influences copal production is the existence of agathis trees which are less productive in producing resin (dry of resin). Trees which are "dry of resin" existing in the field are known and identi-fied only after the first resin tapping, because it is physically difficult to distin-guish them from trees which are "abun-dant of resin" or from trees which are more productive in producing resin (Soesilotomo & Harbagung 1992).
One effort which can be conducted for increasing the productivity for agathis resin is by tree improvement activity in the form of provision of superior seeds, so that plantation forests which use qual-ity planting stocks (superior planting stocks) could be developed. Genetic improvement program for obtaining su-perior planting stocks with desirable traits could be started with genetic exploration activities through morphological analysis for distinguishing the morphological char-acter differences between trees which produce abundant resin and trees which do not produce resin, and conducting ge-netic improvement activities which utilize technology of molecular marker.
According to Finkeldey (2005), con-tent of particular secondary metabolism production which constitutes the result of complex metabolic flow is often con-trolled only by one or a small number of gene locus, so that by conducting DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) analysis, particu-lar marker gene locus could be obtained. Activities of DNA analysis could be con-ducted by utilizing technology of
molecu-lar marker, which among other things is RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA). Technique of RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) has supe-riority because it can rapidly detect DNA polymorphism, is relatively easy to be performed, and requires only a small number of DNA (Weising et. al. 2005).
RAPD marker could be used to discrimi-nate among the clones, characterization of varieties for salinity tolerance, develop a genus-specific probe, and estimation of genetic divergence among cultivars-geno-types (Roberts & Crawford 2000, Rahman et. al. 2002, Kurup et. al. 2009).
Benefit which is expected to be obtained from this research result is the collection of information concerning genetic vari-ability as the basis of genetic conserva-tion and genetic improvement program.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Plant materials used for genetic analysis were in the form of leaves origi-nating from three locations (populations), namely: 1). Year 1963 dammar planta-tion forest as large as 25 ha in Subdivi-sion of Forest Management Sub Units (RPH) Cibatu, Forest Management Sub Units (BKPH) Cibatu, KPH (Forest Management Unit) Garut, 2). Year 1959 dammar plantation forest as large as 5 ha in RPH Cijedig, BKPH Cianjur-Gede Timur, KPH Cianjur, and 3). Year 1957 dammar plantation forest as large as 3.3 ha in RPH Puncak, BKPH Cianjur-Gede Timur, KPH Cianjur.
Average resin production of popu-lation of KPH Garut was as much as 1.18 gram/ tree / day, and of KPH Cianjur as
27
Genetic Variation of Agathis loranthifolia Salisb in West Jawa
much as 2.29 gram/ tree / day. Selection of plus tree was conducted by using scoring system with minimum resin pro-duction of 2 grams/ tree / day. Numbers of trees obtained in selection of plus trees are as follows: 1). In KPH Garut there were selected as many as 16 plus trees in compartment 11b, RPH Cibatu, BKPH Cibatu, KPH Garut; and 2). In BKPH Cianjur, KPH Cianjur there were se-lected 9 plus trees, namely in RPH Puncak (3 plus trees) and RPH Cijedil (6 plus trees). Number of samples for genetic analysis could be seen in Table 1 and description on categorization of trees on the basis of resin production can be seen in Figure 1.
Activities of DNA isolation from leaves was conducted by using method of CTAB (Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide) which had been modified for obtaining DNA which were sufficiently pure (Siregar et. al. 2008). Sample of
leaves (2 cm x 2 cm) were ground by using liquid nitrogen in clean pestle. The ground products were afterwards trans-ferred to 1.5 mL tube, and were subse-quently added with 500-700 uL buffer exstract solution and 100 uL PVP 2%. Afterwards, the ground products were subjected to vortex to make them homo-geneous. Afterwards, there was
incu-bation process in waterbath for 45 min-utes-1 hour at temperature of 65oC.
For binding the DNA, there were addition of 500 uL chloroform and 10 uL phenol. Afterwards the mixture was shaken to make it homogeneous. Cen-trifugation was conducted for separating liquid phase and organic matter phase at speed of 13 000 rpm for 2 minutes (su-pernatant). Afterwards, the supernatant was taken and transferred to new tube. Toward the supernatant, there were ad-dition of 500 uL cold isopropanol and 300 uL NaCl, and then, shaking was con-ducted. Afterwards, mixture of super-natant and cold isopropanol and NaCl was stored in freezer for duration rang-ing between 45 minutes and 1 hour for obtaining pellet of DNA.
Further activity was washing pro-cess of DNA by adding of 100% etha-nol as much as 300 uL, which was sub-sequently centrifuged at speed of 13 000 rpm for 2 minutes. Ethanol liquid was discarded away carefully in order to pre-vent the DNA pellet being also discarded away. Afterwards, the DNA pellet was kept in desiccators for ± 15 minutes and was afterwards added with 20 uL buffer TE solution. Afterwards, they were sub-jected to vortex and being centrifuged again.
Table 1. Number of samples for genetic analysis. Location of
KPH (Forest Management nit)
Categories Sum of
sub total Total sum Plus trees Comparison
trees Random trees Lanang Resin leaking Garut 7 10 24 42 Cianjur 3 10 2 18
28
Yunanto et al.
Primer is short chain of DNA which is artificially produced and usually con-sist of between 10-25 nucleotides (Finkeldey 2005). Primer functions as initial point for occurrence of amplifica-tion. Segments of DNA between the two primer meeting points will be ampli-fied in the PCR reaction. In RAPD tech-nique, generally, the primer being used are in the form of oligonucleotide which pos-sess length of 10-mer, selected randomly and possess five bases of G and C. Primer which possess length of less than 9-mer could be used, but it will pro-duce less amplification product, and there is a need for more sensitive staining method to detect it.
Selection of primer was intended to seek random primer which produced polymorphic marker, because not all nucleotide primer were able to produce amplification products (positive primer). And of the positive primer, not all of them produced polymorphic DNA fragments. In this research, survey was conducted on 35 primers, namely primer from the category OPO and OPY which were produced by Operon Technology. Primer
from category OPO were those which possessed primer code O.1, O.2, O.4, O.5, O.6, O.7, O.8, O.9, O.10, O.11, O.12, O.13, O.14, O.15, O.16, O.18, O.19 and O.20. On the other hand, primer from category OPY possessed primer code Y.1, Y.2, Y.3, Y.4, Y.5, Y.6, Y.8, Y.9, Y.11, Y.12, Y.13, Y.14, Y.15, Y.16, Y.17, Y.18 and Y.20. From the result of selection, there were only 3 primers being selected, namely O.6, O.9 and Y.2. Sequences of nucleotide of each primer were OPO.6 CCACGGGAAG-3'), OPO.9 TCCCACGCAA-3') and OPY.2 (5'-CATCGCCGCA-3').
According to Bernard (1998) PCR is a technique for multiplying specific DNA segment. There are 4 main com-ponents required for conducting the PCR process, namely: 1). DNA target, 2). Primer, 3). DNA polymerase, and 4). 4 dNTP. In principle, PCR is a short term (30-60 seconds) cycle with three changes of temperature which change rapidly. Technique of RAPD does not need ini-tial information concerning base se-quence of a species, and those needed are DNA which are relatively pure and
Figure 1. Description of tree categorization on the basis of resin production. Explanation: (a) Resin leaking; (b) Ordinary, in Gunung Walat University Forest; (c) Lanang, in KPH Cianjur.
29
Genetic Variation of Agathis loranthifolia Salisb in West Jawa
in relatively small amount as compared with method of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphysm (RFLP). There-fore, RAPD can be applied in nearly all plant species (Rimbawanto et. al. 2004).
Beside that, the amount of DNA needed in the process of PCR-RAPD is very small, namely around 1 μL or < 10 ng/μL (Promega 2003).
Reaction of PCR-RAPD was con-ducted by using 13 uL volume of solution which consisted of H20 2 uL, primer 1.5 uL, GoTaq® Green Master Mix 7.5 uL (Promega), and 2 uL of genomic DNA. Amplification of DNA was con-ducted by using machine of PTC-100 Progammable Thermal Cycler (MJ Re-search, Massachussetts, USA). Process of RAPD was conducted by using primer resulting from selection. Temperature regulation in PTC-100 machine for PCR reaction was based on research by Ratih
et. al. (1998) which had been modified
(Table 2).
Characteristics of DNA resulting from extraction and RAPD could be observed by performing electrophoresis using agarose gel in buffer solution 1x TAE. Characteristics of DNA band, resulting from extraction could be ob-served in agarose gel with concentration
of 1% (w/v). On the other hand, results of RAPD were analyzed by performing electrophoresis using 2.0 % (w/v) agar-ose gel.
Results of RAPD which have un-dergone electrophoresis were afterwards photographed and analyzed by perform-ing scorperform-ing on the emergperform-ing band pattern. Band pattern which emerged (positive) was given score 1 and band pattern which did not emerge (negative) was given score 0. Scoring results were then ana-lyzed for learning the frequency and vari-ability within and between populations of A. loranthifolia by using software POPGENE Version 1.2 (Yeh et. al.
1997). Estimation of kinship relation was conducted on the basis of number of polymorphic bands which are jointly pos-sessed, whereas grouping of relatives was based on method of UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group with Arithmatic Average) with software NTSYS Version 2.0 (Rohlf 1998).
RESULTS
Based on amplification results by using RAPD method, of the 3 primers being used, namely OPO-09 (Figure 2a), OPO-06 (Figure 2b) and OPY-02, there were 57 locus being produced. The
Table 2. Steps in the RAPD process.
Steps Temperature Time Number of cycle
Pre-denaturation 950C 2 minutes 1 Denaturation Annealing Extension 950C 370C 720C 1 minute 2 minutes 2 minutes 45
Final Extension 720C 10 minutes 1
30
Yunanto et al.
greatest numbers of locus being produced are those in primer OPO-06, as many as 27 locus
Parameters being studied from variation between population were num-ber of expected alleles (Na), numnum-ber of observed alleles (Ne), variability of gene (He), and percent of polymorphic locus (PLP). Results of data processing on the parameters mentioned above are pre-sented in Table 3 and Table 4.
Based on results of data processing (Table 3), it could be inferred that agathis species in KPH Cianjur possessed av-erage values of variability parameters (Na = 1.8246, Ne = 1.2986, PLP = 82.46%, and He = 0.1952) which were greater as compared with that of agathis species in KPH Garut. This phenomenon showed that genetic variability of agathis species in KPH Cianjur was greater if compared with genetic variability of that in KPH Garut. This phenomenon had
positive relation with average production of resin of the two regions, where the average daily resin production of agathis tree in KPH Cianjur was greater than that of resin production of agathis tree in KPH Garut.
On the other hand, on the basis of resin production (Table 4), population of Lanang possessed values of variability parameters (Na = 1.6667, Ne = 1.3490, PLP = 66.67% and He = 0.2105) which were greater as compared with other populations, followed in rank by popula-tion of comparison trees, plus trees, and random trees. Population of "resin leak-ing" possessed the smallest value of vari-ability parameters (Na = 1.0877, Ne = 1.0620, PLP = 8.77% and He = 0.0363). This phenomenon was possibly due to the small number of samples being analyzed. Variation among populations showed genetic distances between populations or kinship relation between two different
Table 3. Variation within population on the basis of place of origin.
Table 4. Variation within population based on resin production.
Place of Origin Number of
Samples Na Ne PLP He Cianjur 16 1.8246 1.2986 82.46% 0.1952 Garut 26 1.5965 1.1774 59.65% 0.1125 Category Number of samples Na Ne PLP He "Lanang" 10 1.6667 1.3490 66.67% 0.2105 Plus 10 1.4561 1.1704 45.61% 0.1075 Check tree 10 1.5263 1.2146 52.63% 0.1285 Random 10 1.3158 1.1185 31.58% 0.0756 "Resin leaking" 2 1.0877 1.0620 8.77% 0.0363
31
Genetic Variation of Agathis loranthifolia Salisb in West Jawa
populations. Result of grouping among populations on the basis of resin produc-tion can be seen in Figure 3.
From the dendrogram among popu-lations on the basis of resin production (Figure 3), it can be seen that Lanang population separates and forms its own group. Likewise, population of resin leak-ing forms the last cluster. These phe-nomena showed that population of "Lanang" and "Resin Leaking" has far (distant) kinship relation with other popu-lations (plus, comparison and random trees). Based on resin production, it could also be seen that, population of plus trees and comparison trees occur in the first cluster and form the second cluster with population of random trees, and this shows that the three populations are ge-netically identical.
DISCUSSION
Resin production constitutes a part of tree physiological process. Therefore, all factors which influence physiological process would also influence resin pro-duction. Resin production is influenced
by internal and external factors. Internal factors which influence resin production were tree age, tree diameter, number and size of resin canals, condition of nutrient supply, and condition of water supply (particularly in the wounded parts). On the other hand, external factors (environ-ment) were in the form of growth site quality, tree density, climate, and sunlight intensity (Dharmawan 2004).
According to Munajat (2004) pro-duction of copal per tree was influenced very much by various factors such as: quality of growth site, tree age, stand density, genetic properties, elevation of growth site above sea level, thickness of bark, stem diameter, topography, crown quality and direction of resin tapping. Manuputty (1955) explained that copal flow during resin tapping was influenced by several factors, such as: species, condition of growth site, tree diameter, number of wounding within one tree, time interval for wound recovery, schedule / time of resin tapping and treatment on wound surface of resin tapping. Each species of dammar has different capa-bility in producing copal.
2642 bp
1000 bp
500 bp
100 bp
(a) (b)
Figure 2 a) Result of RAPD amplification with primer OPO-09 and b). Result of RAPD amplification with primer OPO-06.
32
Yunanto et al.
Environment of the growth site in-fluences copal production. Dammar stand does not require specific kind of soil in order to grow properly, but the soil should have good drainage. Age class also influences copal production. The presence of stand age variation resulted in varying production of copal. The older the age of the tree, the higher was the production of copal, but after a certain age, the copal production will decrease.
Plant genetic improvement could be defined as an art and science which stud-ies exchange and improvement of plant traits which are passed on to new popu-lation with new genetic properties. Art and science which support the attempt of improvement of a plant trait through plant improvement program, comprise two phases, namely: (1). Evolutionary phase, which has the objective of estab-lishing or increasing genetic variability, and (2). Evaluation phase, where se-lection is conducted on desirable geno-types from several available populations. Besides that, the objective of forest tree
improvement is modifying (increasing) average phenotype appearance of traits which have high economic value in com-mercial plantation forests of forestry tree species (Finkeldey 2005). Characters which generally constitute the selection target are among other things production, production quality, resistance toward pest and diseases, and tolerance toward mar-ginal environment. It has been known that appearance of a character (phenotype) is determined by genetic factor and envi-ronment factors, or even determined also by interaction between genetic and envi-ronment factors. Therefore, choice of plant on the basis of this phenotype has several weaknesses or drawbacks, par-ticularly if the character is influenced more by environmental factors, which in plant improvement science is categorized as character which has low heritability. Discovery on the technique of gene iden-tification which control a character as marker or molecular marker, is very help-ful in selection process in terms of effec-tiveness of selection which will be con- Lanang
Plus Check Random Resin Leaking
33
Genetic Variation of Agathis loranthifolia Salisb in West Jawa
ducted (Widodo 2003).
For obtaining stand with similar char-acter to the parent, plant propagation could be conducted by vegetative propa-gation so that stand with genetic charac-ters similar to its parent, could be ob-tained. Establishment of stand with high production of resin will encourage in-crease of economic profit.
CONCLUSION
Based on amount of copal produc-tion, population of "Lanang" trees had values of variability parameters (Na = 1,6667, Ne = 1,3490, PLP = 66,67% and He = 0,2105) which were greater than those of other populations, while popula-tion of "resin leaking" had smallest val-ues of variability parameters (Na = 1,0877, Ne = 1,0620, PLP = 8,77% and He = 0,0363). On the other hand, on the basis of genetic parameter of place of origin, population of KPH Cianjur (Cianjur FMU) could be made as the base for activities of conservation and genetic improvement of A. loranthifolia species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors extend their gratitude to PT. Perum Perhutani which had provided the funding for this research, within the framework of cooperation with Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural Univer-sity.
REFERENCES
Bernard, J.1998 Molecular Biotechnol-ogy, Principles and Application
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PANDUAN PENULIS
Naskah dapat ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia atau bahasa Inggris. Naskah disusun dengan urutan: JUDUL (bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris), NAMA PENULIS (yang disertai dengan alamat Lembaga/ Instansi), ABSTRAK (bahasa Inggris, maksimal 250 kata), KATA KUNCI (maksimal 6 kata), PENDAHULUAN, BAHAN DAN CARA KERJA, HASIL, PEMBAHASAN, UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH (jika diperlukan) dan DAFTAR PUSTAKA.
Naskah diketik dengan spasi ganda pada kertas HVS A4 maksimum 15 halaman termasuk gambar, foto, dan tabel disertai CD. Batas dari tepi kiri 3 cm, kanan, atas, dan bawah masing-masing 2,5 cm dengan program pengolah kata Microsoft Word dan tipe huruf Times New Roman
berukuran 12 point. Setiap halaman diberi nomor halaman secara berurutan. Gambar dalam bentuk grafik/diagram harus asli (bukan fotokopi) dan foto (dicetak di kertas licin atau di scan). Gambar dan Tabel di tulis dan ditempatkan di halam terpisah di akhir naskah. Penulisan simbol α,
β, χ, dan lain-lain dimasukkan melalui fasilitas insert, tanpa mengubah jenis huruf. Kata dalam bahasa asing dicetak miring. Naskah dikirimkan ke alamat Redaksi sebanyak 3 eksemplar (2 eksemplar tanpa nama dan lembaga penulis).
Penggunaan nama suatu tumbuhan atau hewan dalam bahasa Indonesia/Daerah harus diikuti nama ilmiahnya (cetak miring) beserta Authornya pada pengungkapan pertama kali.
Daftar pustaka ditulis secara abjad menggunakan sistem nama-tahun. Contoh penulisan pustaka acuan sebagai berikut :
Jurnal :
Hara, T., JR. Zhang, & S. Ueda. 1983. Identification of plasmids linked with polyglutamate production in B. subtilis. J. Gen. Apll. Microbiol. 29: 345-354.
Buku :
Chaplin, MF. & C. Bucke. 1990. Enzyme Technology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Bab dalam Buku :
Gerhart, P. & SW. Drew. 1994. Liquid culture. Dalam : Gerhart, P., R.G.E. Murray, W.A. Wood, & N.R. Krieg (eds.). Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology. ASM., Washington. 248-277.
Abstrak :
Suryajaya, D. 1982. Perkembangan tanaman polong-polongan utama di Indonesia. Abstrak Pertemuan Ilmiah Mikrobiologi. Jakarta . 15 –18 Oktober 1982. 42.
Prosiding :
Mubarik, NR., A. Suwanto, & MT. Suhartono. 2000. Isolasi dan karakterisasi protease ekstrasellular dari bakteri isolat termofilik ekstrim. Prosiding Seminar nasional Industri Enzim dan Bioteknologi II. Jakarta, 15-16 Februari 2000. 151-158.
Skripsi, Tesis, Disertasi :
Kemala, S. 1987. Pola Pertanian, Industri Perdagangan Kelapa dan Kelapa Sawit di Indonesia.[Disertasi]. Bogor : Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Informasi dari Internet :
Schulze, H. 1999. Detection and Identification of Lories and Pottos in The Wild; Information for surveys/Estimated of population density. http//www.species.net/primates/loris/ lorCp.1.html.
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 1 (2011)
Eritrosit dan Hemoglobin pada Kelelawar Gua di Kawasan Karst Gombong, Kebumen,Jawa Tengah
Fahma Wijayanti, Dedy Duryadi Solihin, Hadi Sukadi Alikodra, & Ibnu Maryanto
89
Kajian Hubungan Antara Fitoplankton dengan Kecepatan Arus Air Akibat Operasi Waduk Jatiluhur
Eko Harsono
99
Dimorfisme Seksual, Reproduksi dan Mangsa Kadal Ekor Panjang Takydromus sexlineatus Daudin, 1802 (Lacertilia :Lacertidae)
Mumpuni
121
Serapan Karbondioksida (CO2) Jenis-Jenis Pohon di Taman Buah "Mekar Sari" Bogor, Kaitannya dengan Potensi Mitigasi Gas Rumah Kaca
N. Hidayati, M. Reza, T. Juhaeti & M. Mansur
133
Analisis Fekunditas dan Diameter Telur Kerang Darah (Anadara antiquata) di Perairan Pulau Auki, Kepulauan Padaido, Biak, Papua
Andriani Widyastuti
147
Giving Formulated Pellet on Javan Porcupine (Hystrix javanica F. Cuvier, 1823): Effects on Feed Intake, Feed Conversion, and Digestibility in Pre-Domestication Condition Wartika Rosa Farida & Roni Ridwan
157
Profil Mamalia Kecil Gunung Slamet Jawa Tengah Maharadatunkamsi
171
TULISAN PENDEK
Kondisi Parameter Biologi Plankton dan Ikan di Perairan Danau Sentani Auldry F. Walukow
