Comparative Study Betweeen Balinese and English Grammatical Features.

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Daftar isi Halaman.

Kumpulan Makalah Micro Linguistics xi

Afiks Pembentuk Verba Bahasa Ciacia 1

Nonverbal Predicates in Austronesian and Papuan languages: an LFG Perspective 30

The Basic Structure of Kemak 47

Comparative Study Between Balinese and English Grammatical Features 63

Kontribusi Iklan Televisi sebagai Media Pemertahanan Bahasa Lokal 80

Penyifatan Bagian Badan/Tubuh Manusia dalam Bahasa Jawa 97

Proses Pembentukan Kata Bahasa Bali di Lombok sebagai Bahan Ajar di

SDN 20 Cakranegara Kota Mataram 119

Perbedaan Leksikal dan Perbedaan Fonologis Bahasa Jawa di Kota Surabaya

dan Kabupaten Magetan 144

Kesalahan Penulisan Pasang Aksara Bali pada Papan Nama

di Lingkungan Kota Denpasar 166

Konstruksi Verba Beruntun Menyuruh di dalam Bahasa Klasik Melayu 184

Kerangka Sintaksis dan Spesifikasi Struktur Batin Makna Asali Melakukan

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COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN BALINESE AND ENGLISH GRAMMATICAL FEATURES'

I Gede Budiasa

English Department, Faculty of Letters and Culture, Udayana University.

budiasa.igede@yahoo.com

Abstrak

Menyoal kekerabatan atau rumpun bahasa, Bahasa Bali (disingkat BB) termasuk salah satu dialek di Indonesia yang merupakan Keluarga Melayu Polinesia rumpun Bali-Sasak dan dipakai sebagai Bahasa Ibu oleh sebagian besar suku Bali.(Kridalaksana, H. 1993:xLiii; Granoka, dkk.1985:10).BB merupakan bagian integral serta menopang sendi kebudayaan Indonesia yang tetap dipelihara oleh penuturnya untuk mewujudkan hak hidup kebahasaan dalam masyarakat multilingual dan multikulrtural sesuai dengan yang diamanatkan dalam UUD 1945 Bab XV Pasal 36 dan menjadi Bahasa Ibu kebanyakan penduduk Bali (Kridalaksana, H. 1993:xLiii; Granoka et al.1985:10 and Abas, 1987:178)

Akan tetapi Bahasa Inggris (disingkat Ing.) termasuk rumpun Indo-Eropah dan telah menjadi bahasa Dunia yang sangat penting karena kira-kira 350 juta penduduk dunia menggunakan kosa kata bahasa Inggris sebagai Bahasa Ibu (McCrum, 1986:19-20), dan karena sebaran geografis, sarat dengan funsi sebagai sarana komunikasi dan pengaruh

politik serta ekonomi penuturnya. Makalah ini berupaya untuk memberikan pandangan

tentang persamaan dan perbedaan ciri-ciri grammatikal antara BB dan Ing,

Dari sudut tipe klausa, BB dan Ing. keduanya memiliki klausa transitif dan

intransitif serta intensif. Akan tetapi struktur dasar BB adalah Subjek–Predikat dan

Predikat –Subjek sedangkan Ing. memiliki struktur dasar Subjek–Predikat.

Aspek dan Modalitas BB terungkap melalui proses leksikalisasi dengan

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(aspek Progresif), jaga, jagi, lakar (keakanan) dan bisa, dadi, musti dsb (modalitas) +

KK sedangkan Aspek dan Modalitas Ing. terungkap secara gramatikal yakni dengan

formula Be + Present Participle untuk Aspek Progresif, Have/has + Past Participle

untuk Aspek Perfektif dan KK bantu: can, may, must, etc + Bare Infinitive or Infinitive

without to) sebagai pengungkap modalitas.

BB tidak mengenal Kala (Tense) hanya memiliki satu bentuk KK magae ‘kerja/bekerja’, ‘work’. tetapi dalam Ing tidak bisa disangkal lagi memang bercirikan

sistem Kala (Tense). Olehkarena itu Ing. perlu membedakan KK work/works-worked ‘kerja’ go/goes, went ‘pergi’ sebaga pengungkap Kala Kini (Present) dan Kala Lampau

(Past)

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif BB bertalian dengan proses morfofonemik dengan

piranti afiksasi baik prefis maupun sufiks dengan tidak menutup kemungkinan terjadi

asimilasi. BB memakai {N-} ma-/m/, /n-/ + KK untuk menandai kalimat aktif dan prefiks {ka-} and the

suffiks{-a} dan infiks {-in-} +KK sebagai penanda bentuk KK pasif. Namun Ing.

memakai unsur-unsur gramatikal dengan formula Be + Past Participle.untuk

memberikan ciri kalimat pasif.

Kata Kunci

Kala, Aspek, Modalitas, Morfofonemik

Abstract

As far as language family is concerned Balinese belongs to Malayo Polynesian

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a part of the Indonesian cultures that is properly maintained by their speakers according

to the By-Laws of the Constitution 1945, Chapter XV, Article 36.and becomes the

mother tongue of the great majority of the population.(Kridalaksana, H. 1993:xLiii;

Granoka. et al, 1988). English, however, belongs to the Indo-European group and has

become the world paramount language because about three hundred and fifty million

people use the English vocabulary as a mother tongue (McCrum, 1986:19-20), and

because of its geographical dispersion, vehicular load', economic and political influence

of those who speak it as their own language. The paper attempts to provide insights into

similarities and differences between Balinese and English. in particular its grammatical

features.

Regarding the Clause Types both Balinese and English have Intransitive Clause,

Intensive Clause and Transitive Clause. However Balinese basic clause is Subject -

Predicate and Predicate Subject, while English basic clause is Subject- Predicate.

Aspect and Mood in Balinese are expressed, through lexicalization by the use of

Balinese particles such as suba. sampun, sedang. .jaga/jagi. etc + Verb and bisa, dadi.

musti. etc. + Verb),whereas in English they are expressed by way of grammatical

processes (i.e. Be + Present Participle for Progressive Aspect, Have/has + Past

Participle for Perfective Aspect and modal verbs: can, may, must, etc + Bare Infinitive

or Infinitive without to). Balinese is a tenseless language (i,e. having one form for the

verb work megae. while English does distinguish between Present and Past realized in

the forms of Verb Phrase (e.g. work/works worked). The Active-Passive voice in

Balinese is having to do with morphophonemics by adopting the prefixes and. suffixes.

The assimilation will be inevitable in this process. .Balinese exploits the prefix {ka-}

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{-in-} in the verb phrases to indicate Passive voice. In English, however, the passive

verb phrases are formulated by grammatical elements: Be + Past Participle.

Key Words:

Tense, Aspect, Mood, Morphophonenics

I INTRODUCTION

The paper is entitled "Comparative Study Between Balinese and English Grammatical Features' and it aims at

illustrating a brief comparative accounts on the Clause Types, Tense, Aspect, Mood and Voice. So far as the

socio-cultural factors are concerned, traditional Balinese society is highly stratified into four castes in a

decending order of prestige or profession including Bramana. Ksatrya. Wesia and Sudra (Comnoners). This

stratification results in the speech levels (sorsingih base) as dialectal varieties: familiar (kapara). Polite (P) alus

and Honorfic_ (H) singih. For example, S'he/ He will buy a house. or in BI ‘Ia akan membeli rumah’ can be

respectively expressed by the following utterences:

I Ida pacang numbas geriya (H) /id patSaN numbas gEriJE/.

ii. Dane jaga numbas jero (P) /dane dZagE numbas dZEro/

iii. Ia lakar meli umah (F) /iE lakar m_E li umah /

Utterance 1) is said to Brahmana and Ksatrya groups, (ii) to Wesia and (iii) to Sudra. When Brahmana,

Ksatrya and Wesia groups speak to Sudra. they tend to speak in a familiar code (see examples of Permission

and Obligation p.13) Most of the examples given in this paper are in Familiar (F) form. The concluded .remarks

are provided in the last chapter*

II THE COMPARISON BETWEEN BALINESE AND ENGLISH GRAMMATICAL FEATURES

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In terms of complementation both Balinese and English have Intransitive Clause, Intensive Clause and

Transitive Clause, which are specified only by the obligatory elements to the clause structure.

2.1.1 Intransitive Clause.

Balinese English

1) Subject - Verb (Intrans.)

a. Cicinge ngongkong /tSitSiNeNoNkoN/ (F) a. The dog barks.

‘Anjingnya mengongong,

b. I Bapa maburuh ‘(F)/i bapE maburuh/ ‘Father works as labourer’ b. The child laughs

‘Bapak bekerja sebagai buruh’

c. Tiang tusing teka (F) /tiijaN tusiN tEkE/ ' I do not come’ . c.They cried

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2) Subject – Verb (Intrans.) - Adjunct.

a. Icang nongos di Badung (F) a. A policeman lives in the house

/itaN noNos di baduN / ‘Saya tinggal di Badung’

’I live in Badung’

b. I Raka luas ke peken b. John goes to Victorian Market

/i rak lwas kE pEkEn/ ‘I Raka goes to the market’ ‘I Raka pergi ke Pasar’

c) Praginane ngigel duang jam . (F) /prEginane NigEl dwaN dZam / c. The artist danced for two

hours

‘Seniman itu menari selama dua jam

2.1.2 Intensive Clause

3) Subject - Verb(intens.) - Complement.

a. la dadi pragina ( F ) /iE dadi prEginE/ a. He becomes an artist.

‘Ia menjadi seniman’

b. Papineh caine rasa-rasa luwung b.Your ideas seem good.

/papinEh tSaine rasE rasE luwuN/ . c. Mary is a nurse

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2.1.3 Transitive Clause.

4) Subject - Verb (monotrans.) - Od.

a. I Rai ngalih capung (F) / i rai Nalih tSapuN/ a. Somebody caught the ball. ‘I Rai mencari capung’

‘I Rai looks for a dragonfly’ b. Billy kicked the bucket.

b. Pan Karta ngarit padang. (F) /pan kartENarit padaN c. Everybody admiredher new

car

‘Pan Karta menyabit rumput’

'Karta’s father cuts the grass.

5) Subject - Verb (ditrans.) - Oi -Od.

a. I Bapa ngaritang sampi padang /i bapENaritaN sampi padaN/ a. She gave me expensive present

‘Ayah nyabit rumbut buat sapi.

‘Father cuts the grass for the cow’

b. I Meme madaarin pianakne nasi (F) b. They passed Aunty Ann the salt

/i meme mdaarin pianakne nasi/ ‘Ibu ngasi anaknya makan’ c, My dad bought me a new celephone, ‘Ibu menyuapi anaknya nasi’

'Mother feeds her child with some rice’

6) Subject - Verb (Comp.trans.) - Od- Adjunct.

a. I Rai meli nasi di warung F) /irai mEli nasi di waruN/ a. I put the ball on the table.

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'I Rai bought some rice at the foodstall’

b. Bapa Made ngejuk celeng di jempeng.(F) b.The government sent the

envoy /bapE made NEjuk tSeleN di dZEmpEN/ to Africa.

/bapE made NEjuk tSeleN di dZEmpEN/

‘Pak Made nangkap babi di kandang’

7) Subject - Verb (cormp. trans) - Od - Co.

a. la ngaku dewekne beneh dogen (F) a. We have proved him a fool

/iENakudeweknebEnEhdogen/

‘Ia memgaku diriya selalu benar’

‘_{He/she acknowledges himself/herself always right’}

b. I Bapa nyicipin laware jaan gati (F) b. The police proved him

guilty,

/i bapE³itSipin laware dZaan gati/ c. The group selected Mr Ali

‘Ayah mencicipi lawarnya enak sekali’ chairman

'Father tasted the lawar very delicious’

2.2 Basic Clause.

Balinese basic clause is Subject - Predicate and Predicate - Sub.ject. word –order (see example . a) whereas

English is Sub.ject - Predicate, except for thematic purposes in certain Adjuncts it demands Verb-Subject or even Operator –

Subject word-order (see examples c - d).

a.Macan gede makecos,, and Makecos macan gede ( F ) (Balinese)

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/matSan gEde makEtSos/ / makEtSos matSan gEde/

‘Macan besar melompat’

b. A big tiger jumped down, (English)

c.Here comes the bemo. cf. The bemo comes here

d.Never will I make the same mistake cf. I will never make the same mistake.

2.3 Tense.

Unlike English, Balinese is a tenseless language. There is no distinction marked between I Raka works

everyday and 1 Raka ' worked yesterday, instead; I Raka magae nyabrang dina/ (F) /i rakE mEgae nyabraN dinE I

Raka

magae ibi/ (F) /i rakmgae ibi/

2.4Aspect.

Aspect refers to an action showing perfectiveness, progressiveness and futurity or

the manner in which the verbal action is experienced or regarded (for examples as completed or in progress.

Thus, in English there are two pairs of distinctions to be drawn: (see Samsuris1980:251).

(1) a verb phrase may be regarded as either Progressive or non -progressive e.g.: I was walking - I walked

(2) a verb phrase may be regarded as perfective or nonperfective, e.g.: I have walked , I walked

Balinese, however, has three ways to indicate those situations by using the particles respectively

indicating perfectiveness, progressiveness and futurity sampun /sampun/ suba /sub /, konden or tonden

( p e r f e c t i v e n e s s ) , sedeng /sd/ or sedek /s/; (progressiveness) jaga /g/ or jagi

/ii/ , pacang /pa/ or lakar /lakar(futurity) before the verbs, whereas in English Aspect is

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Balinese English

a. Ni Luh Sari sedeng nulis surat. (F) a. Ni Luh Sari is writing a letter.

/niluhsarisdnulissurat/

‘Ni Luh Sari sedang menulis surat’

b. la suba madaar (F) /iE subE mEdaar/ b. He has seen the film already. ‘Ia sudah makan’

'He/she has eaten’ c. I have not eaten yet.

c. Titiyang durung ngajeng (P)

/titjaN duruNadZEN/ ‘Saya belum makan”

d. Ni Luh Sari enggal lakar nganten

/ni uh sari eNgal lakar Nanten/ ‘Ni Luh Sari segeraakan menikah’

‘Ni Luh Sari will soon get married’

Thus, in Balinese, Aspect is simply expressed by lexicalization in terms of using the particles:

sedang. suba. tonden. lakarf etc., whereas in English Aspect is expressed by grammatical process in

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To express the speaker’s attitude towards the action, Balinese uses some particles:

musti /musti/, mirip/mirip/ bisa /bisa /, dadi /dadi/, dados /dados/, whereas in English,

meanings associated with mood are realized in the verb phrases by the modal verbs: can,

may, shall, will, must.

Balinese English

a. Ability

Ni Luh Sari bisa ngigel He can swim

/ni luh sari bisENigEl/ ‘Ni Luh Sari bisa menari’

‘Ni Luh Sari can dance’

b. Permission

Cai dadi mulih jani (F) You may go home now

/tai dadi mulih dani/ ‘Kamu bisa pulang’

c. Obligation

Cai musti (apang) teka buin mani, (F) You must come tomorrow

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d. Possibility

Belin tiange mirip teka buin mani(F) My elder brother may come tomorrow.

/belin tjae mirip tek buin mani/ ‘Kakak saya mungkin datang besok’

So far as the mood is concerned, in making distinction between Declarative,

Interrogative and Imperative. Balinese mood is marked by suprasegmental features in

particular intonation. However, in English, the ordering is necessary in addition to the

intonation. For interrogative in English there is an inversion between the subject (S) and

auxiliary or operator has and rising intonation, whereas in Balinese there is no such

inversion except for the rising intonation

Balinese ' English

a. Declarative Ida lunga ke pasar (H) The secretary has typed the letter.

(falling intonation) /id lu k pasar/ ‘Ia pergi ke pasar’

b. Interrogative

(rising intonation)

I Beli lakar luas kija?/(F) Has she typed the letter?

/i bli lakar lwas kid / ‘Kakak mau ke mana?’

'Where are you going, Brother?

c. Imperative i) Sing dadi ngawag-ngawag makecos (F) Open the bottle!

(falling intonation) /si dadi  awag  awag maktos/ ‘Tidak boleh sembarangan meloncat;

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ii). Jemakang bajune di lemarine (F)

/dmakabadune di lmarine/ Please get my shirt in the wardrobe ;Ambilkan bajunya di almari’

2.6 Voice

Voice is a category used in the grammatical description of sentence or clause structure, primarily with reference to

verbs, to express the way sentences may alter the relationship between the subject (S) and object (O) of a verb without changing

the meaning of the sentences (Crystal, 1985: 329).

Active and Passive voice in Balinese are distinctively marked by affixation in the verb

phrases in

addition to the exchange of noun phrases position. Most of active verb phrases in Balinese are

marked by {N-}+{Root} and passive verb phrases are marked by {ka-} + {Root} or {Verb

root}+{-in-} or {-a}. On the other hand, the passive verb phrases in English are marked by

Be + Past

Participle.

Balinese English

Active: Tiang mirage suaran suling punika (H) The police arrested the thief.

NP 1 VP NP 2 NP 1 VP NP 2

‘Saya mendengar suara suling itu’

' I heard the sound of the bamboo flute’

Passive Suaran suling punika kapiragi antuk tiang (H) The thief was arrested by the

police

NP 2 VP PP NP 2 VP PP

‘ Suara suling itu terdengar/didengar oleh saya’

Active : Kuluke ngamah nasine.('F) The dog eats the rice

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‘Anjingnya makan nasinya’

Passive: Nasi amaha ban kuluke.(F) The rice is eaten by the dog,

NP 2 VP PP NP 2 VP PP

‘Nasi dimakan oleh anjing’

The infix {-in-}in Balinese passive voice is specifically used and borrowed from Old

Javanese,

For examples:

(i) Puput sinurat ring rahina Wrehaspati Wage Watugunung’ (P)

‘Selesai ditulis pada hari Kemis Wage Watugunung’ (Anom, dkk. 2009:693)

‘Finished being written on Thursday Wage Watugunung’

(ii) Mupu sarwa tinandur, murah sarwa tinumbas.

‘Menghasilkan segala yang ditanam, murah segala yang dibeli’

‘Yield the crops when everything is being planted, cheap when everything is bought’

Thus, the verb phrases in Balinese tend to be in morphophonemic process, while in English

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III CONCLUSION

Having compared Balinese and English grammatical features, it can be concluded as

follows:

1).As far as Clause Types are concerned, both Balinese and English share the seven

Clause types.

2) Balinese basic clause is Subject - Predicate and Predicate Subject, while English basic

clause

is Subject- Predicate.

3) Aspect and Mood in Balinese are expressed, through lexicalization by the use of Balinese

Particles such as suba. sampun, sedang. .jaga/jagi. etc + Verb and bisa, dadi. musti. etc.

+

Verb),whereas in English they are expressed by way of grammatical processes (i.e. Be +

Present Participle for Progressive Aspect, Have/has + Past Participle for Perfective

Aspect

and modal verbs : can, may, must, etc + Bare Infinitive or Infinitive without to).

4) Balinese is a tenseless language (i,e. having one form for the verb work megae. while

English does distinguish between Present and Past realized in the forms of Verb Phrase

(e.g.

work/works worked).

5) The Active-Passive voice in Balinese is having to do with morphophonemics by

adopting

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exploits the prefix {ka-} and the suffixes{-a} and the infix {-in-} in the verb phrases to

indicate Passive voice In English, however, the passive verb phrases are formulated by

grammatical elements: Be + Past Participle.

6) The lexical choice in Balinese is made adjusting the speech levels socio-culturally rigidly

stratified

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