A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) of English Education Department
Tarbiyah and Teaching Science Faculty Alauddin State Islamic University
of Makassar
By:
FITHRA KHAERIAH Reg. Number: 20400114069
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TARBIYAH AND TEACHING SCIENCE FACULTY
ALAUDDIN STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
ix
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION ... 32-44 A. Findings ... 32 B. Discussion ... 41
CHAPTER V CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION ... 45-46 A. Conclussion ... 45 B. Suggestion ... 46
BIBLIOGRAPHIES ... 47-49 APPENDICES
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 The Instrument Grid of Test ... 23
Table 2 The Instrument Grid of Questionnaire ... 24
Table 3 The Rate Percentage of Score Experimental Class in Pre-Test ... 32
Table 4 The Rate Percentage of Score Control Class in Pre-Test ... 33
Table 5 The Rate Percentage of Score Experimental Class in Post-Test ... 34
Table 6 The Rate Percentage of Score Control Class in Post-Test ... 34
Table 7 The Mean Score of Experimental and Control Class ... 35
Table 8 The Mean Score and Standard Deviation ... 36
Table 9 The Result of T-Test Calculation ... 38
Table 10 The Result of Questionnaires ... 39
xi
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I Lesson Plan ... 50
Appendix II VOA and the Jakarta Post Articles ... 68
Appendix III Instrument of Pre-test ... 78
Appendix IV Instrument of Post-test ... 81
Appendix V Instrument of Questionnaire ... 84
Appendix VI The Classification of the Students’ Pre-test in Control Class ... 85
Appendix VII The Classification of the Students’ Post-test in Control Class ... 86
Appendix VIII The Classification of the Students’ Pre-test in Experimental Class ... 87
Appendix IX The Classification of the Students” Post-test in Experimental Class ... 88
Appendix X The Row Score of the Students’ Pre-test & Post-test in Experimental Class ... 89
Appendix XI The Row Score of the Students’ Pre-test & Post-test in Control Class ... 91
Appendix XII The Mean Score ... 93
Appendix XIII The Standard Deviation ... 94
Appendix XIV The Significance Different ... 96
Appendix XV The Distribution of T-table ... 97
xii ABSTRACT
Title : The Influence of VOA and the Jakarta Post Articles on
Students’ English Vocabulary Mastery at SMAN 4 Gowa
Researcher : Fithra Khaeriah Reg. Number : 20400114069
The design of this research was an experimental research. The population of this research were the first grade students of SMAN 4 Gowa. The sample of this research was the students in X MIA 3 as experimental class and X MIA 2 as control class.
The research instruments used by the researcher were test and questionnaires. The test was used to measure the students’ vocabulary mastery before and after treatment and the questionnaire was used to collect information about the students’ interest in learning vocabulary by using VOA Articles. The form of the test was multiple choices and consists of twenty items. The techniques used in collecting the data were pre-test and post-test. Pre-test was administered before the researcher began the teaching learning process in both classes and post test was administered after six times of meetings.
The findings of this research were that was 2.714 and of degree of significance 5% (0.05) was 2.021. It means that the alternative hypothesis (H1) was accepted and null hypothesis (H0) was rejected because ≥ . Therefore, it can be concluded that teaching English vocabulary by using VOA Articles had a significant influence and it was more effective than teaching English vocabulary by using the Jakarta Post.
1
In order to understand the language, vocabulary is very important to be
mastered by the student. Vocabulary is needed to express our ideas and to be able to
understand other people’s saying. According to Alqahtani, vocabulary mastery is an
individual’s great skill in using words of a language, which is acquired based on their
own interest needs and motivation1. Vocabulary mastery plays an important role in
four language skills and have to be considered that vocabulary mastery is one of the
needed components of language. According to Simanjuntak at al, people cannot
master a language well unless they have a good mastery on vocabulary we are
learning. Learning a foreign language is basically a matter of learning the vocabulary
of language2, while Brown states that “the larger the vocabulary size one has, the
better one’s performance in all aspect of English language work will be”3. The exact
choice of word is helpful to have a good communication in language. One of the
component that links the listening, speaking, reading, and writing is vocabulary. If the
students have limited vocabulary, it means that they will find difficulties in
understanding English. However, English vocabulary is diffrent from Indonesian
1
Mofareh Alqahtani, “The Importance of Vocabulary in Language Learning and How to be Tauught”, Journa,l Vol. III, no. 3, (2015), p. 26
2
Elisabeth Gracia Simanjuntak et al, “The Effect of Students’ Reading Inerest and Vocabuary Mastery on Students’ Reading Comprehension”, Journal, Vol. 4, no. 4, (2015), p.4
3
vocabulary, so the student sometimes find some difficulties in mastering vocabulary,
such as how to pronounce the word correctly, how to write and spell it, how to use it
in grammatical pattern, and so on. In addition, they also have to know the meaning of
the word. There are many concequences or impacts that probably arise when they do
not know the meaning of the word, for example they misinterpret the meaning of the
message or cannot understand the content of what they are reading. To overcome the
problems, many methods, technique and media can help the students in acquiring new
vocabulary. One of the technique is by using media. Here the researcher used Voice
of America (VOA) and the Jakarta Post Articles.
Voice of America (VOA) Article is one of part from VOA Special English.
This article comes with audio report, the sentences are short, and the speed of the
audio report is slower than normal. In addition, this article also contains many
English vocabulary, and most of the vocabulary consists of high frequency words.
This programs present the latest world news as well as information about science,
medicine, education, economics, American history and life in United States. So, by
using this program, the students not only learn about the word but also learn how to
pronounce it from the audio report.
Meanwhile, the Jakarta Post is the most famous daily English newspaper that
is published in Indonesia. According to Joe Pemagbi, newspaper can used to teach
many aspects of language and communication skills. Editorials and gossip colums
can be used to teach formal and informal varieties of English; editorial and feature
contain material for teaching various types of writing: description, analysis and
synthesis, comparason and contrast and process description; and they provide models
of good written form: paragraphing, topic sentence, introductions, conclutions, etc4.
From the statements, the researcher concludes that English newspaper article is one of
the media in teaching vocabulary to the students. It does not only help the reader to
know the recent news but also help the students to improve their vocabularies.
That is the reason why the researcher used Voice of America (VOA) Articles
and the Jakarta Post in teaching vocabulary, because there are so many things that the
students can get from the VOA Articles and the Jakarta Post, such as up to date news
and other interesting topics. From the articles, the studets can enhance their
vocabulary by reading it. Furthermore, students can learn vocabulary from VOA
Article and the Jakarta Post because it is a rich authentic material. Thus, VOA Article
and the Jakarta Post can help instil the reading habit among students with its
interesting news as well as help them in language learning. The purpose of this
research is not emphasized to improve students’ vocabulary, but to know and to
describe about the influence of using VOA Articles and the Jakarta Post on students’
english vocabulary mastery at SMAN 4 Gowa.
4
B. Research Problem
Based on the previous background, the researcher formulated problem
statements as follow:
1. Is there any influence of using VOA Article on students’ English vocabulary
mastery at SMAN 4 Gowa?
2. Is there any influence of using Jakarta Post Article on students’ English
vocabulary mastery at SMAN 4 Gowa?
3. Is there any different on students’ English vocabulary mastery between the
group that uses VOA article and the group that uses Jakarta Post article at
SMAN 4 Gowa?
C. Research Objectives
Based on the research problem above, the researcher formulated that the
specific objective of the research are:
1. To express the influence of using VOA Article on students’ english
vocabulary mastery at SMAN 4 Gowa.
2. To examine the influence of using Jakarta Post Article on students’ english
vocabulary mastery at SMAN 4 Gowa.
3. To compare the difference on students’ english vocabulary mastery between
the group that uses VOA Article and the group that uses Jakarta Post Article
D. Research Significance
The result of this research is expected to be useful theoretically and
practically.
1. Theoretical Significance
The result of this research is expected to be able to add empirical evidence to
support the learning theory of vocabulary, especially in using Voice of America
(VOA) and Jakarta Post Article.
2. Practical Significance
The result of this research is expected to be valuable information and give
valuable contribution for teachers and students. The detailed practical benefits of this
research are as follows:
a. Teacher
This research is expected to help the teachers guiding their students in
enhancing student’s vocabulary. In addition, the researcher also expects the result of
this research can give positive contribution for all teachers in teaching vocabulary.
b. Students
The researcher expects that all of students can master English vocabulary,
because it is a base of language. By knowing vocabularies, the students will be able
E. Research Scope
This research focused on finding out the influence of Voice of America
(VOA) and the Jakarta Post Articles on students’ vocabulary mastery. It includes the
students’ mastery in verb, adjective, noun, and adverb. This research conducted at
SMAN 4 Gowa.
F. Operational Definition of Terms
To understand the topic of this research easily, the researcher would like to
present the operational defintion of terms.
1. Voice of America (VOA) Article
Voice of America (VOA) Article is an English factual essay about science,
education, economics, American history, and life in the United States that is
published by VOA Special English.
2. The Jakarta Post Article
The Jakarta Post is an English newspaper that consist of a particular issues or
topic, such as: education, economic reports, cultures or other recent news occure in
the world which are published daily or weekly.
3. English Vocabulary Mastery
English vocabulary mastery is the understanding or ability about the words,
such as: how to pronounce the word correctly, how to write and spell it, how to use it
7 A. Literature Review
1. Previous Related Research Findings
In this research, there are some reviews of related research findings from
previous researchers, they are:
Rohmatillah (2016) conducted a research about: “The Effect of Using The
Jakarta Post Newspaper Articles in Enhancing Vocabulary of English for University
Student : an Experimental Research”. The subject of this research is the first semester
of English Education program at IAIN Raden Intan Lampung. The objective of this
research are to know and to describe about the effect of using Jakarta Post newspaper
articles in enhancing vocabulary of English. In the end of the research, the researcher
found that there is significant effect of using the Jakarta Post newspaper articles to
enhance vocabulary of English for university students.1
Umam (2010) conducts a research about: Improving the Students’ Vocabulary
Mastery with the Jakarta Post Newspaper Article. The subject of his research is the
students at second grade of MTs. Al-Khairiyah Jakarta. The aim of his research is to
find out the empirical evidence whether there is significant influence between the use
of the Jakarta Post newspaper articles toward the students’ vocabulary mastery at the
second grade of MTs. Al-Khairiyah Jakarta. It includes the students’ mastery in verb,
adjective, and noun. In the end of the research, the researcher found that teaching
English vocabulay by using the Jakarta Post newspaper articles has a significant
influence and it is more effective than teaching English vocabulary by using
textbooks.2
Based on some previous finding, the researcher concludes that the use of
articles in teaching vocabulary has a significant influence and it is more effective than
teaching vocabulary by using textbook.
Phoung Thao (2017) conducts a research about: A Study on Using VOA
Special English Program to Improve Vocabulary for the Second-Year English Major
at Hung Yen University of Technology and Education. The subject of his research is
the the second-year students of English major at Hung Yen University. The objective
of this research is to help students find language classes, specially get easier to learn
listening vocabulary more interesting by using VOA special English. In the end of the
research, the researcher found that VOA special English can be used to improve
students’ listening vocabulary and the researcher recommends that the teachers
should usually use VOA to teach students more appropriate tasks and activities and
be active creative as well to maintain the learners’ interest in learning3.
Nan and Mingfang (2009) in their research entitled: Using VOA Special
English to Improve Advanced English Learners’ Productive Use of High Frequncy
Words. The subject of their research is the student of non-English majors in China.
The objective of their research are to deal with the students difficulties to express
their ideas in speaking and writing and illustrates how to use the Voice of America
(VOA) Special English program to increase advanced students’ vocabulary and
improve their spoken and written skills. In the end of the research, the researchers
found that after two months of using the VOA Special English reports as a means to
focus on high frequency words and collocations, the students began to see progress in
their speaking and writing.4
Based on some previous findings above,the researcher which focused in using
VOA Special English can help the students to improve their vocabulary, especially
high frequency words and collocation.
Al-Seghayer (2001) in his research entitled: The Effect of Multimedia
Annotation Modes on L2 Vocabulary Acquisition: A Comparative Study. The
participants of this research are 30 ESL students. This study examines which of the
image modalities – dynamic video or still picture – is more effective in aiding
3
Le Phuong Thao, “A Study on Using VOA Special English Program to Improve Vocaulary for the Second-Year English Majors at Hung Yen University of Technology and Education”, Journal, (Vietnam: Hung Yen University, 2017), p. 1
vocabulary acquisition. In this study, 30 participants being measured under three
conditions: printed text definition alone, printed text definition coupled with still
pictures, and printed text definition coupled with video clips. In the end of the
research, the researcher found that a video clip in combination with a text definition is
more effective in teaching unknown vocabulary than a picture in combination with a
text definition. Participants learned and recalled more words when video clips were
provided than when pictures were made available.5
As the conclusion of the researcher, the finding of the researcher above
printed text definition coupled with video clips is more effective in teaching unknown
vocabulary than printed text definition alone and printed text definition coupled with
still picture . In this research, the researcher focused on finding out the influence of
Voice of America (VOA) Articles in combination with audio from VOA Special
English and the Jakarta Post Articles on students’ English vocabulary mastery. The
researcher conducted this research with different subject, setting and design. This
research took place at SMAN 4 Gowa and the design of this research is
quasi-experiment, that is nonequivalent control group design with pre-test and post-test.
5
2. Some Partinent Ideas
a. Concept of Vocabulary
1) Definition of Vocabulary
Vocabulary is all the words used or understood by a person.6 Meanwhile
Allen stated that many of the vocabulary in English text-books must be learned.
Without it, no one can speak or understand the language.7 It means that people cannot
write a word or make a sentence well, when they do not master it.
Talking about vocabulary, there are many definition of vocabulary according
to some expert. Richards and Renandya stated that vocabulary is a core component of
language proficiency and provide much of the basis for how well learners speak,
listen, read, and write.8 In the other words, vocabulary is index of words that is used
by people to communicate, and it is a part of language component. By mastering
vocabulary, it will help the students to communicate easily both of written and oral.
Meanwhile, according to Kridalaksana as quoted by Zaenuri in Jannah stated that
vocabulary is a component of language that containts all information about meaning
and using word in a language.9 Other definition of vocabulary is according to Flower.
He stated that learning vocabulary is a very important part of learning English. If you
6 D.J. Henry and Susan Pongratz, Mastering Vocabulary, (New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2007), p. 6
7 Virginia French Allen, Technique in Teaching Vocabulary, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), p.7
8 J.C.Richard & W.A.Renandya, Methodology in Language Teaching, (USA: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 255
make grammar mistake, it may be “wrong” but very often people will understand you
anyway. But if you do not know the exact word that you need, it is very frustrating
for you, and the person you are talking to. Good English means having a big
vocabulary.10
From the definition above, it can be concluded that vocabulary not only
consist list of words but also containts all of information about using word, and it also
containts meaning of word in a language. In the other words, it becomes a basic for
people to communicate, because without vocabulary no one can speak or understand
the language.
2) Kinds of Vocabulary
There are many kinds of vocabulary according to some expert. Behlol stated
that vocabularies can be divided into two categories: (a) Passive Vocabulary consist
of the words that the students may recognize and understand when they occure in the
context but which they cannot produce or use correctly in different context; (b)
Active Vocabulary consists of the words which the students understand, recall, write
with the correct spellings, pronounce them correctly, and use constructively in
speaking and writing.11 Meanwhile, Aebersold and Lee devides vocabulary into two
categories: (a) Receptive Vocabulary is vocabulary that readers recognize when they
10 John Flower, American Vocabulary Program 1: Lower Intermediate, (Boston: Heinle, 2002), p. 5
11
see it but do not use when they speak or write; (b) Productive Vocabulary is
vocabulary that the people actually use to speak and write.12 Gate devides vocabulary
into two categories: (a) Function words are closed class. We can not add to the
preposition or auxiliaries or modals or any other structure word of the language; (b)
Content words are on the other hand, can be added to any time as new scientific
advances make new words and communication about new inventions necessary.13 In
the other hand, Fries classified English Vocabulary into four froups: (a) Content word
represent the name of the subject or thing, that is concrete noun(book, scissors, and
bag). Action done by with these things, that is verb (go, find, and run), and the
qualities of these things, that is adjective (small, tall, and far); (b) Function words are
those, which are used as a means of expressing relation grammar structure, such as
conjunction (but, or, and), article (a, an, and the), and auxiliaries (are, be, is); (c)
Subtitute words are those, which represent the individual things or specific action as
substitute for whole from classes of words, that is, identifies (anything, anyone); (e)
Distribute words are those are distribute in use according to grammatical matter as
presence of negative such as either, too, or, yet.14
According to Djalus Syah and Azimar Enong in Jannah classifies vocabulary
into: (a) General Vocabulary is the words that are used in general, and; (b) Special
12
Jo Ann Aebersold & Mary Lee Field, From Reader to Reading Teacher, (USA: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 139
13
Edinburgh Gate, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, International Edition, (England: Pearson Educational Limited, 2003), p. 1843
14
Vocabulry is the words that are used in the certain foeld or job, profession or special
science and technology.15
According to Herrel in Mukoroli states that there are four types of vocabulary:
(a) Reading vocaulary, this refers to all the words an individual can recognize when
reading a text; (b) Listenng vocabulary, it refers to all the words an individual can
recognize when listening to speech; (c) Writing vocabulary, this includes all the
words an individual can employ in writing; (d)Speaking vocabulary, this refers to all
the words an individual can use in speech.16
From the definition above, it can be concluded that there are vocabulary that
the people know, but they do not use it, and there are vocabulary that the people not
only know but also use it, especially in speaking and writing. In addition, there are
vocabulary that are used in general, and there are vocabulary that are used in the
certain field.
b. Concept of Voice of America (VOA) Article
1) Definition of VOA Article
The Voice of America (VOA) is a dynamic international multimedia
broadcaster with service in more than 40 languages. It is funded by U.S. Goverment
through the broadcasting board of the Governor. On October 19, 1959, the Voice of
15
Miftahul Jannah, “Using Games in Improving Students’ Vocabulary”, p. 8 16
America broadcast the first Special English program.17 VOA Article is one of part of
VOA Special English program. Special English is VOA’s method of communicating
with English learners around the world in a way that is easy to understand.18 It
provides news, information, and cultural programming through the internet, mobile
and social media, radio, and television. This program uses many English words to
deliver article with audio and video on news, music, culture, and other interesting
topics.
2) The Advantages of VOA
Some advantages of the Special English program include: (a) It is easily
accessible on the Internet at www.voanews.com/specialenlish. This saves learner
much time and effort in finding appropriate English learning materials; (b) The
Special English program exposes learners to a large amount of comprehensible input
using high frequency words; (c) The Special English program arouses the learners’
enthusiasm for English learning with its interesting, informative, and detailed
reports.19
17 Kornelius Ujang Sabinus, “Increasing Students’ Listening Comprehension by Using VOA: Special English Video,” Thesis, (Pontianak: Universitas Tanjungpura, 2013), p. 4
18 VOA Special English, Word Book: A List of Words Used in Special English Programs on Radio, Television and the Internet, (Wasington, D.C. : 2009), p. 7
c. Concept of the Jakarta Post
1) Definition of the Jakarta Post
The Jakarta Post is the most famous daily English newspaper that is published
in Indonesia. According to the Oxford dictionary, newspaper is a printed publication
appearing daily or weekly and containing, and articles on various subjects20.
Meanwhile, according to Encyclopedia Americana, a newspaper is unbound
publication issued at regular intervals that seek to inform, explain and interprate,
influence and entertain. It also serves readers and its own financial viability by
publishing advertising.21
From the definition above, there are so many things that students can get from
the newspaper article, such as the recent news and advertising. From the articles, the
students can improve their vocabulary by reading it.
2) The Advantages of the Jakarta Post
According to Sanderson, there are several advantages of using English
newspaper articles in the classroom, such as: (a) Varieties of English; (b) Reader
Interest; (c) Authentic Materials; and (d) Teaching Materials.22
20
A.S.Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 782
21
Opium Navajo, Encyclopedia Americana, (New York: Grolier Incorporated, 1995), vol.20 22
Newspapers contain a wide variety of text types and language styles that is not
easily found in convenctional language-learning materials such as general course
books. The enemours variety of subject-matter in newspaper, for example real-life
events will arouse our natural curiosity about the world around us. Using newspaper
materials in the classroom will also particularly helpful for those students who may
go to live or work in the target language community, and it also provide language
teachers with a limitless supply of teaching materials which can be used to develop
their students’ language skills.
B. Theoretical Framework
Vocabulary is one of language components that is very important in learning
English, because it is a base of language. It also helps students write easily, and
understand what they read or hear if they has enough vocabulary and has a capability
of using it correctly. Without good mastering in vocabularies, no one can speak or
understand the language. But, to teach or to develop students’ vocabulary, it is not
easy. Sometimes the teacher gets some difficulties to improve or to develop students’
vocabulary especially for growing students’ interest. It can be caused by several
factors. One of them is the students feel bored because there is not new fun strategy.
Therefore, the teacher should be creative in teaching vocabulary. In this case, the
researcher will teach vocabulary by using VOA Article as a media. It is one of part of
VOA Special English program. This program uses many English words to deliver
means that, VOA can be used to improve the students’ vocabulary because it contains
of varieties of oral and written English. In the other words, it is assumed that there is
any influence of using VOA Article on students’ vocabulary mastery.
Newspapers contain a wide variety of text types and language styles that is not
easily found in conventional language-learning materials (e.g. general course books),
and students need to become familiar with such language forms. Newspapers provide
a natural source of many of the varieties of written English that become increasingly
important to students and valuable for language study as they progress. Newspaper
report real-life events and this arouses our natural curiosity about the world around
us23. It means that, English newspaper can be used to improve students’ vocabulary
because it contains of varieties of written English. In addition, English newspaper is
an interesting reading because it consists of variety of subject-matter that can increase
the readers’ curiosity. In the other words, it is assumed that there is an influence of
using the Jakarta Post on students’ vocabulary mastery.
The use of VOA and Jakarta Post article in the classroom as a media to teach
vocabulary can be useful, because they uses many English words and there are so
many things that students can get from the newspaper and VOA article, such as news,
culture, advertising, and other topics. From the articles, the students can improve their
vocabulary by reading it. However, there is any different between VOA Articles and
the Jakarta Post Articles. In VOA Article the students not only learn about the word
23
but also learn how to pronounce the word, because this program not only provides
written report but also audio report. It is assumed that there is any different on
students’ English vocabulary mastery between the group that uses VOA Article and
the group that uses Jakarta Post source.
Based on the explanation above, the schema of theoretical framework of this
research are as follows:
Figures 1 The Schema of Theoretical Framework
C. Hypothesis
1. Statistical Hypothesis
H0 : Voice of America (VOA) Article is not effective to improve students’
vocabulary at SMAN 4 Gowa.
H1 : Voice of America (VOA) Article is effective to improve students’
vocabulary at SMAN 4 Gowa. VOA Article
The Jakarta Post
2. Research Hypothesis
a. There is any influence of using VOA Article on students’ English vocabulary
mastery at SMAN 4 Gowa.
b. There is any influence of using the Jakarta Post Article on students’ English
vocabulary mastery at SMAN 4 Gowa.
c. There is any different on students’ English vocabulary mastery between group
that uses VOA Article and the group that uses Jakarta Post Article at SMAN 4
21
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
A. Research Method
1. Research Design
The design of this research is quasi-experiment design, exactly Nonequivalent
Control Group Design. The research design would be presented as follows:
Group Pre-test Treatment Post-Test 1
E 01 x 02
C 01 - 02
Where :
E = Experimental Group C = Control Group 01 = Pre-test 02 = Post-test X = Treatment
In this design, involve two groups of classes. One of the classes is the
experimental group (E) and the other one is the control group (C). There was the
treatment (X) to the experimental group and control treatment to the control group.
To show the significant effectiveness by comparing the result of pre-test (01) and
post-test (02).
2. Research Variables
This research consist of two variables, dependent and independent variable.
Independent variables is the presumed cause of an effect. Whereas, dependent
variable is the response or outcome of the independent variable.2 The independent
variable (X) in this research is Voice of America (VOA) and the Jakarta Post Articles.
Meanwhile, the dependent variable (Y) in this research is students’ vocabulary.
B. Population and Sample
1. Population
The population of this research was the first grade students of SMAN 4 Gowa.
The total numbers of population are 215 students, consists of 6 classes. X MIA 1
consists of 36 students, X MIA 2 consists of 36 students, X MIA 3 consists of 35
students, X MIA 4 consists of 36 students, X IIS 1 consists of 36 students, and X IIS
2 consists of 36 students.
2. Sample
The technique sampling of this research is purposive sampling. The researcher
used two classes as the sample to get representative data and divide it into two
groups, that is experimental class and control class. The researcher used X.MIA 3 as
2
experimental class and X.MIA 2 as control class. The total numbers of sample are 40
Test is a series of exercises that is used to measure skill, knowledge, attitude,
inteligence, ability or talent that the individual or group have3. There are several types
of test, such as true-false test, matching test, multiple choice test, and so on. In this
research, the researcher will used multiple choice test, especially vocabulary test. It
consists of 20 items. This test will be used in pre-test and post-test.
Table 1 Instrument grid of test
Basic
of words in the
A questionnaire is a self-report instrument used for collecting information
needed for the survey. It consist of a number of questions or items on paper that
respondents reads and gives answers in written form.4
The researcher used structured questionnaire to collect information about
students’ interest in learning vocabulary by using VOA Articles.
Table 2 Instrument grid of Questionnaire
No Aspect Number of items Total
1. The students’ response about
teaching-learning process 1 and 3 2 2. The result of the students’
vocabulary learning activity 7 and 10 2 3. Students’ response about VOA
Articles 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9 6
Total 10 10
4
D. Data Collection Procedure
1. Pre-test
The Pre-test conducted at the first meeting. This pre-test apply for measure
students’ vocabulary before treatment.
2. Treatment
Treatment is a way to improve students’ vocabulary through Voice of
America (VOA) Article. After pre-test, the students were taught by using Voice of
America (VOA) Article as a media. It took place eight meetings. Each meeting spent
90 minutes. There are some steps in treatment process, that are:
The treatment to the experimental group:
Step 1: Introduction, the researcher explains to the students about Voice of America
(VOA) and the importance of learning vocabulary.
Step 2: Classroom vocabulary activities:
a) The researcher selects article or reports for vocabulary activities.
b) The students listen to the audio of the article three times with the script to
know how to pronounce the words that is contained in the article.
c) The students do oral exercise in groups without the script, such as asking
and answering questions and translating the vocabulary to make sure they
Step 3: Vocabulary notebook, throughout the course students are instructed to keep a
pocket-size notebook to collect both new and familiar words that they are
encountered in the VOA article or from other source.
Step 4: Garding and testing, in this step the researcher regularly collect and grade
their writing and vocabulary notebooks. The researcher also take some time to
give an oral test to the students, the researcher gives Indonesian translation
about the vocabulary in their notebook and the students tell the researcher
what they are in English.
The treatment to the control group:
Step 1: Introduction, the researcher explains to the students about the importance of
learning vocabulary.
Step 2: Classroom vocabulary activities:
a) The researcher gives the students some vocabularies from the Jakarta Post
Source.
b) The researcher explains to the students the meaning, how to use and how
to pronounce the words.
c) The students do oral exercise in groups, such as asking and answering
questions and translating the vocabulary to make sure they can use the
words correctly.
Step 3: Vocabulary notebook, throughout the course students are instructed to keep a
Step 4: Grading and testing, in this step the researcher regularly collect and grade
their writing and vocabulary notebooks. The researcher also take some time to
give an oral test to the students, the researcher gives Indonesian translation
about vocabulary in their notebook and the students tell the researcher what
they are in English.
3. Post-test
The Post-test conducted at the last meeting. This post-test apply for measure
students’ vocabulary after treatment.
E. Data Analysis Technique
To analyze the data, the researcher used the formula as follows:
1. Scoring the students’ correct answer of pre-test and post-test 5
Score =
100 %
2. Classifying the score of students answer6
Scale Classification
95 to 100 Excellent
85 to 94 Very Good
5
Sudjana, Dasar-dasar Proses Belajar Mengajar, (Bandung: Sinar Baru Algesindo, 2008), 6
75 to 84 Good
65 to 74 Fairly Good
55 to 64 Fair
45 to 54 Poor
0 to 44 Very Poor
3. The formula used in calculating percentages in students’ score7
F
P = X 100% N
Where:
P = Rate percentage
F = Frequency of the score correct answer N = The total number of students
4. Mean score8
Χ = Ʃ
Where:
Χ = Mean score
Σx = The sum of all score N = The number of students
7
Muzakkir Nur, “Improving the Students’ Vocabulary by Using Treechart at the Second Year of Madrasah Aliyah Disamakan Palattae Kab. Bone,” Thesis, 2011, Makassar: Tarbiyah and Teaching Science Faculty UIN Alauddin,
8
The researcher used the formula to know the mean score of the whole students.
5. Calculating of standard deviation of the students’ score in pre-test and
post-test, the researcher will use the following formula:9
SD =
− 1,, where SS = ƩX2 - Ʃ
Where :
SD : Standar Deviation SS : The sum of square
N : Total number of the subject
ƩX2 : The sum of all square, each score is squared and all the s quares added up
∑! : The square of the sum; all the scores are added up and the sum is square, totals
The researcher used the formula to find out whether there is any deviation or
not in the data.
6. Finding out the significant difference between pre-test and post-test of both
experimental and control class. The following formula is employed:10
" = x%1 − x%2
' SS1 + SS2n1 + n2 − 2+ 'n1 +1 n2+1
9
L.R. Gay, Education Research: Competence for Analysis and Applications, p. 321 10
Where:
t : test of significance
x%1 : Mean score of experimental group x%2 : Mean score of controlled group
SS1 : Sum square of experimental group
SS2 : Sum square of controlled group
n1 : Number of students of experimental group n2 : Number of students of cotrolled group 2 : The number of class involved
1 : Constant number.
7. To analyze the hypothesis of this research is formulated as follows:11
H0 : " < "
H1 : " ≥ "
Where:
" : t-observation " : t-table
Based on the formula above, the researcher conclude that:
a. If t-observation (" ) is lower than t-table (" ) then nol hypotheses (H0) is
accepted, it means that Voice of America (VOA) Article is not effective to
improve students’ vocabulary.
11
b. It t-observasion (" ) is equivalent or higher than t-table (" ) then
alternative hypotheses (H1) is accepted, it means that Voice of America
32
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Findings
The finding of this research related to the students’ score from pre-test and
post-test, the frequency and the rate percentage of the students’ score, the mean score
and standard deviation of pre-test and post-test, the t-test value and the hypothesis
testing. The findings were describe as follows:
1. The Classification of the Students’ Pre-test Score in Experimental and
Control Class
Before the treatment, the researcher conducted the test. The result of
pre-test was acquired to know the students’ degree in mastering vocabulary. All the
students’ score could be seen in the data in Table 3.
Table 3
The Rate Percentage of Score Experimental Class in Pre-test
No Clasifications Score Frequency Percentage
1. Excellent 95 – 100 - -
2. Very Good 85 – 94 - -
3. Good 75 – 84 10 50%
4. Fairly Good 65 – 74 4 20%
5. Fair 55 – 64 2 10%
6. Poor 45 – 54 1 5%
7. Very Poor 0 – 44 3 15%
The Table 3 shows that there was 10 (50%) students classified into good.
Furthermore, there were 4 (20%) students classified into fairly good, 2 (10%)
classified into fair, 1 (5%) student classified into poor, and 3 (15%) students
classified into very poor score. Based on the data, it can be concluded that the
students’ vocabulary achievement on pre-test range from very poor to good
classification.
Table 4
The Rate Percentage of Score Control Class in Pre-test
No. Classification Score Frequency Percentage
1. Excellent 95 – 100 - -
2. Very Good 85 – 94 1 5%
3. Good 75 – 84 5 25%
4. Fairly Good 65 – 74 2 10%
5. Fair 55 – 65 3 15%
6. Poor 45 – 54 5 25%
7. Very Poor 0 – 44 4 20%
TOTAL 20 100%
Table 4 shows the rate percentage of the score of the control class in the
pre-test from 20 students. None of student classified into excellent score. There were 1
(5%) student classified into very good, 5 (25%) students classified into good, and 2
(10%) students classified into fairly good score. Furthermore, there were 3 (15%)
students classified into fair, 5 (25%) students classified into poor, and 4 (20%)
students classified into very poor score. Following this, it can be concluded that the
students vocabulary achievement on pre-test ranges from very poor to very good
2. The Classification of the Students’ Post-test Score in Experimental and
Control Class
Table 5
The Rate Percentage of Score Experimental Class in the Post-test
No Classification Score Frequency Percentage
After six treatments, the researcher conducted the post-test. The students’
score could be seen into the data in Table 5 above. There were 4 (20%) students
classified into excellent and 16 (80%) classified into very good score. Based on the
data, it can be concluded that the students’ voacbulary achievement on post-test
ranges from very good to excellent classification.
Table 6
The Rate Percentage of Control Class in the Post-test
No Classification Score Frequency Percentage
While the rate percentage of the score of the control class in the post-test from
the 20 students as Table 6 above shows that there were 6 (30%) students which was
classified into excellent, 5 (25%) students classified into very good, and 5 (25%)
students classified into good score. Furthermore, there were 2 (10%) students
classified into fairly good, 1 (5%) student classified into poor, and 1 (5%) student
classified into very poor score. As a conclusion, the students’ vocabulary
achievement on post-test ranges from very poor to excellent classification.
It can be seen that the rate percentage in the post-test was higher than the rate
percentage in the pre-test.
Based on the data above, there was improvement of the students who were
taught using VOA Articles and the Jakarta Post source. However, using VOA
Articles has been improved the students’ ability in mastering vocabulary than the
Jakarta Post source.
3. The Mean Score and Standard Deviation of the Students’ Experimental
and Control Class
Table 7
The Mean Score of Experimental and Control Class of the Students’ Pre-test and Post-test
Types Mean Score Ranges
Pre-test Post-test
Experimental 64 91.5 27.5
The table above showed that the mean score of experimental class in pre-test
was 64 classified as fair score and post-test of experimental class was 91.5 classified
as very good score. There were ranges between pre-test and post-test of experimental
class that was 27.5. The mean score of control class in pre-test was 56.75 classified as
fair score and mean score of post-test in control class was 81.5 classified as good
score. Furthermore, there were ranges both of pre-test and post-test in control class
that was 24.75.
Based on the table above explained that there was a different significance
vocabulary achievement in the table of mean score between experimental and control
class.
Table 8
The Mean Score and the Standar Deviation of Experimental and Control Class of the Students’ Pre-test and Post-test
Types Mean Score Standard Deviation Pre-test Post-test Pre-test Post-test
Experimental 64 91.5 325.26 10.79
Control 56.75 81.5 19.75 16.15
After calculating the results of the students’ pre-test and post-test from the
experimental group and the control group, the mean score and standard deviation of
their scores are presented in Table 8. The mean score of the students’ pre-test of
experimental group which was shown from the table was 64 classified as fair score
control group which was shown from the table was 56.75 classified as fair score with
standard deviation was 19.75.
The mean score of the students’ post-test of the experimental group which was
shown from the table was 91.5 classified as very good score with standard deviation
10.79. Furthermore, the mean score of students’ post-test of control group which was
shown from the table was 81.5 classified as good score with standard deviation 16.15.
It revealed that the mean score and standard deviation of pre-test and post-test of
experiment group and control group were different which was obtained from the
students.
Based on the data above, the result achieved from both tests, the pre-test and
the post-test, were different. The students’ ability of experimental group in mastering
vocabulary was higher than the control group. Based on the result above, the
researcher has considered VOA Articles could be one of the effective media to
improve the students’ vocabulary mastery. It based on the mean score of experimental
group’s post-test was higher than control group.
4. Hypothesis testing and the Difference Significance between the
Experimental and Control Class
Although, the mean score improved after treatment but the hypothesis in
Chapter II must be tasted again with the statistical calculation. The statements of the
H0 : Voice of America (VOA) Article is not effective to improve students’
vocabulary at SMAN 4 Gowa.
H1 : Voice of America (VOA) Article is effective to improve students’
vocabulary at SMAN 4 Gowa.
To know whether the mean score of the experimental group and the control
group was statistically different, the t-test applied with the level significance (P) =
0.05 and the degree of freedom (df) = N-2, where N1 = 20 and N2 = 20. The result of
t-observation after calculation can be seen in the following Table 9
Table 9
The Result of t-test Calculation
Variable t-observation Value t-table Value
X1 – X2 2.714 2.021
The Table 9 indicated that the value of t-observation was 2.714 and the value
of table was 2.021 with significant level (P) = 0.05 and df=38. Then the value of
t-observation was higher than t-table (2.714 > 2.021). It means that H1 > H0. The
alternative hypothesis was accepted.
5. The Result of Questionnaire
The questionnaire was conducted on Saturday, 26 May 2018. This
questionnaire used to collect information about the students’ interest in learning
revealed in three categories: the students’ response about teaching learning process
(number: 1 & 3), the result of the students vocabulary learning activity (number: 7 &
10), and the students’ response about VOA Articles (number: 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, & 9). The
table below showed the result of questionnaire.
Table 10
The Result of Questionnaire No The students’ response about
teaching-learning process Yes No 1. Are you happy when you learn
vocabulary learning activity Yes No 7. Do you feel that VOA Articles can
help you to develop your English vocabulary mastery
2. Do you feel that learning English vocabulary by using VOA Articles is better than learning English VOA Articles than from text book
9 45% 11 55%
6. Do you like learning English
8. Do you feel that learning English vocabulary by using VOA Articles fasilitate your learning style
16 80% 4 20%
9. Do you feel that it is easier to remember new vocabulary from VOA Articles than from textbook
9 45% 11 55%
Mean 75% 25%
The first category in Table 10 was the students’ response about
teaching-learning process in teaching-learning English vocabulary. From the data above, it indicated
that 100% student said yes, it indicated that in the table that all of the students were
interested in the learning process. Next item is students’ motivation in learning
vocabulary using VOA Articles, shows that 100% of the students understood the
teacher’s explanation. It means that all of the first grade students of SMAN 4 Gowa
like English vocabulary lesson.
The second category is the result of students’ vcabulary achievement. The first
data above indicated that 55% of students were helped in retaining their vocabularies
through VOA Articles. The second item is the students’ vocabulary was enriched by
VOA Articles is about 45%.
The third category asks the students’ response about VOA Articles. The first
item in this category asks about the students feel better in learning vocabulary
through VOA Articles it was indicated that 100% students agreed that they feel better
in learning vocabulary through VOA Articles than using textbook. The second item
vocabulary. The third item it indicated that 45% of students said that they are easier
to understand English vocabulary from VOA Articles than from textbook. The fourth
item indicated that 90% of students like learning vocabulary by using VOA Article.
The fifth item is about 80% of students feel that learning English vocabulary by using
VOA Articles facilitate their vocabulary learning, it means that they agree that VOA
Articles help them in retaining their vocabulary. The last item indicated that 45% of
students are easier to remember new vocabulary from VOA Articles than from
textbook.
B. Discussion
1. The Influence of VOA Article on Students’ English Vocabulary Mastery
The finding of the research proved that VOA Article can affect students’
vocabulary. It can be seen from the improvement of the students score of pre-test and
post-test in experimental class. The result of pre-test is categorized as fair, which is
the high score is 80 and the lowest score is 20. In the pre-test score is found the mean
score is 64. Meanwhile, the result of post-test is categorized as very good, which is
the high score is 100 and the lowest score is 90. In the post-test score is found the
mean score is 91.5. Based on findings above, it showed that the mean score of
pre-test and post-pre-test was increased. This finding is related to Nan and Mingfang’s
research that using VOA special English to improve advanced English learners’
productive use of high frequency words. The VOA special English program offers
four skills, with a special emphasis on making that vocabulary available for speaking
and writing. As the result, Nan and Mingfang make a conclusion that VOA special
English can improve advance English learners’ productive use of high frequency
words.1
2. The Influence of the Jakarta Post source on Students’ English
Vocabulary Mastery
The finding of the research proved that the Jakarta Post source can affect
students’ vocabulary. It can be seen from the improvement of the students score of
pre-test and post-test in control class. The result of pre-test is categorized as fair,
which is the high score is 85 and the lowest score is 15. In the pre-test score is found
the mean score is 56.75. Meanwhile, the result of post-test is categorized as good,
which is the high score is 100 and the lowest score is 40. In the post-test score is
found the mean score is 81.5. Based on findings above, it showed that the mean
score of pre-test and post-test was increased. This finding is related to Umam’s
research that improving the students’ vocabulary mastery with the Jakarta post
newspaper articles. The Jakarta post newspaper article is one of the alternative ways
that can be used by the teacher in teaching and improving students’ vocabulary
mastery because it has a various types of English writing including formal or
informal language and it will also be particularly helpful for those students who may
1
go to live or work in the target-language community. As the result, Umam make a
conclusion that the Jakarta post newspaper articles can improve students’ vocabulary
mastery.2
3. The Difference between Using VOA and the Jakarta Post Articles on
Students’ English Vocabulary Mastery
The finding of the research proved that there were significant differences
between experimental class that used VOA Article and control class that used the
Jakarta Post source. It can be seen from the mean score of the group that used VOA
Article that is 91.5 and the group that used the Jakarta Post source that is 81.5. It
means that the post-test score of experimental class that uses VOA Article is higher
than the post-test score of control class that uses the Jakarta Post. In addition, from
the calculation the researcher found that t-observation is 2.714 and t-table with degree
of significance 5% (0.05) is 2.021. It means that alternative hypothesis (H1) is
accepted and null hypothesis (H0) is rejected because ≥ . It means that
teaching English vocabulary by using VOA Article with audio has a significance
influence and it is more effective than teaching English vocabulary by using the
Jakarta Post article. This finding is related to Al-Seghayer’s research about the effect
of multimedia annotation modes on L2 vocabulary acquisition: a comparative study.
This research examines which of the image modalities – dynamic video or still
2
picture – is more effective in aiding vocabulary acquisition. In this research,
participants were being measured under three condition: printed text definition alone,
printed text definition coupled with still pictures, and printed text definition coupled
with video clips. As the result, Al-Seghayer make a conclusion that a video clip in
combination with a text definition is more effective in teaching unknown vocabulary
than a picture in combination with a text definition. Participants learned and recalled
more words when video clips were provided than when pictures were made
available.3
3
45
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
1. There is an influence of using VOA Article on students’ English vocabulary
mastery at SMAN 4 Gowa. It is proved by the result of pre-test and post-test.
The mean score of the pre-test is 64 while the mean score of the post-test is
91.5. It means that the students get improvement after being treatment using
VOA Article.
2. There is an influence of using the Jakarta Post source on students’ English
vocabulary mastery at SMAN 4 Gowa. It proved by the result of pre-test and
post-test. The mean score of the pre-test is 56.75 and the mean score of the
post-test is 81.5. It means that the students also get improvement after being
giving treatment using the Jakarta Post.
3. There is any different on students’ English vocabulary mastery between
group that used VOA Article and the group that used the Jakarta Post source
at SMAN 4 Gowa. It is proved by the mean score of the group that used
VOA Article that is 91.5 and the group that used the Jakarta Post source that
is 81.5. It means that teaching English vocabulary by using VOA Article has
a significance influence than teaching English vocabulary by using the
B. Suggestion
From the research findings, the researcher give some suggestions:
1. As the the English teacher, she/he should be creative in teaching English
vocabulary because the more the students master the vocabulary the better
their performance in all aspect of English language.
2. VOA Articles is one of the alternative ways that can be used by the teacher
in teaching and improving students’ vocabulary mastery because this article
comes with audio report, the sentence are short, and the speed of the audio
report is slower than normal, and it also contains many English vocabulary.
So, by using this program, the students not only learn about the word but
also how to pronounce it from the audio report.
3. This research can be useful at the reference for further researcher in all of
skill because the VOA Articles can be implemented for all materials, skills,
47
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