*Corresponding author: E-mail: yuli.retnani@yahoo.com
Strengthening No: 36b/E/KPT/2016 Available online at http://medpet.journal.ipb.ac.id/
Legume Wafer Supplementation to Increase the Performance of Post-Weaning
Ettawa Grade Goats
B. D. Dianingtyasa, Y. Retnanib,*, & D. Evvyernieb
aStudy Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Postgraduate School, Bogor Agricultural University
bDepartment of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University Jalan Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680, Indonesia
(Received 08-12-2016; Reviewed 25-01-2017; Accepted 10-04-2017)
ABSTRACT
This research was conducted to analyze the effect of legume wafer supplementation on the performance of post weaning Ettawa Grade goats. A total of 16 post weaning Ettawa Grade goats (average body weight 13.10±0.91 kg) were grouped into 4 group treatments and 4 blocks as replicate in a completely randomized block design. The treatments were T0 (basal diet/control), T1 (supple
-mentation of 12.12% wafer supplement of Indigofera zollingeriana), T2 (supplementation of 13.54%
wafer supplement of Leucaena leucocephala) and T3 (supplementation of 12.37% wafer supplement of Calliandra calothyrsus). The feed intake, nutrient digestibility, average daily gain (ADG), feed ef
-ficiency (FE), and income over feed cost (IOFC) were observed. The results showed that supplementa
-tion of legume wafer increased (P<0.05) the feed intake, organic matter digestibility, ADG, FE, and IOFC. Supplementation of I. zollingeriana wafer increased ADG by 55.08%, FE by 34.91%, and IOFC
by 14.53%; L. leucocephala wafer increased ADG by 66.18%, FE by 41.63%, and IOFC by 19.09%; and C. calothyrsus wafer increased ADG by 32.62%, FE by 11.30%, and IOFC by 14.34%. In conclusion, the ad
-dition of legume wafer supplements into the rations could increase the feed utility value of legumes
and L. leucocephala wafer at 13.54% showed the best performance in post-weaning Ettawa Grade goats.
Keywords: post-weaning Ettawa Grade goats, legumes wafer, indigofera, Leucaena leucocephala, Calliandra calothyrsus
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi dan mencari pemberian suplemen wafer legumi
-nosa terbaik dalam meningkatkan kinerja kambing Peranakan Etawah (PE) lepas sapih. Rancangan
percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok dengan 4 perlakuan dan 4 kelompok sebagai ulangan dengan menggunakan 16 kambing PE lepas sapih dengan rerata bobot badan
13.10±0.91 kg. Perlakuan terdiri atas P0 (ransum basal), P1 (suplementasi 12.12% wafer Indigofera zollingeriana), P2 (suplementasi 13.54% wafer lamtoro/Leucaena leucochepala), P3 (suplementasi 12.37%
wafer kaliandra/Caliandra calotyrsus). Variabel yang diukur meliputi: konsumsi pakan, kecernaan
pakan, pertambahan bobot badan harian (PBBH), efisiensi penggunaan pakan (EPP), serta income over feed cost (IOFC). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian suplemen wafer leguminosa pada
kambing PE lepas sapih meningkatkan (P<0.05) konsumsi pakan, kecernaan bahan organik, PBBH, EPP, serta IOFC dibandingkan kambing PE lepas sapih yang tidak diberi suplemen wafer legumi
-nosa. Pemberian suplemen wafer I. zollingeriana dapat meningkatkan 55.08% PBBH, 34.91% EPP, dan
14.53% IOFC; wafer lamtoro dapat meningkatkan 66.18% PBBH, 41.63% EPP, dan 19.09% IOFC; dan wafer kaliandra dapat meningkatkan 32.62% PBBH, 11.30% EPP, dan 14.34% IOFC. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemanfaatan leguminosa sebagai wafer suplemen pakan di dalam ransum mampu meningkatkan nilai guna ransum dan wafer L. leucocephala pada taraf 13.54% menunjukkan performa terbaik pada kambing PE lepas sapih.
INTRODUCTION
Indonesian milk consumption, at around 11.09 li -ters per capita per year, is still considered low compared to that of other ASEAN countries (Association of South East Asian Nations), which is around 20 liters per capita per year (Kemenperin 2014). The dairy products con-sumed are mostly of bovine milk origin. Smaller rumi-nants such as dairy goats contribute to smaller extend. One of dairy goats that are potential to produce milk
is Ettawa Grade goat. Ettawa Grade goat is a cross be -tween Etawah goat (India) and Kacang goat (Indonesia)
and has appearance of Ettawa goat with smaller body frame. Ettawa Grade goat can produce both milk and meat. Their beneficial characteristics are easy mainte
-nance, faster reproduction compared to dairy cattle, and are prolific (can give birth to more than one offspring in
one gestation).
The growing phase of post weaning goats is the initial phase to early determine their potential produc-tivity as dairy goat or for breeding. Mellado et al. (2011)
argued that this phase greatly influences the productiv -ity of dairy goats, i.e. the milk production volume and
the profit earned by farmers. Efforts have been made to
improve the growing phase of post weaning goats. One of them is by improving the feed quality.
The productivity of ruminant livestock is largely
determined by the availability as well as the afford -ability of high-quality forage all year round. In reality, breeders are often forced to give low quality feed due to the limited availability of forage, so consequently feed-ing are often below standart requirement. Therefore, high-quality feed supplement is needed to overcome the shortage of such things in order to increase the produc-tivty of livestock. One of the way, legumes as a
supple-ment in the bredeer rations. In this matter, legumes can
be used as additional protein source.
Legumes make a potential protein source for animal feed for its high protein content. Among many types of legumes, Indigofera zollingeriana, Leucaena leuco-cephala and Calliandra calothyrsus can be used as alterna-tive forage. It was reported that I. zollingeriana contains 23.1% protein (Ali et al., 2014), L. leucocephala has 15%-38% protein (Zayed et al., 2014), while C. calothyrsus
leaves have 19.3% protein (Stürm et al., 2007).
However, utilization of legumes as feed is limited by some drawbacks, i.e. its seasonal availability, perish-ability, and voluminosity. Hence, processing is needed to overcome this limitation, for example by converting it into wafers. Wafer feed is an example of feed preserva-tion technology that not only prolongs legume’s shelf life, but also reduces its volume and thus eases the handling, storage, distribution, and feeding. Wafer feed must contain enough energy, minerals, vitamins, and protein needed by the animals to increase their produc-tivity. This supplement is the result of the utilization of feed processing technology to improve the feed value (Retnani et al., 2010). This research was conducted to
evaluate the effect and to find the best of legume wafer
supplementation that enhance the performance of post
weaning Ettawa Grade goats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
Sixteen post-weaning Ettawa Grade female goats,
aged about 4 months with average body weight of
13.10±0.91 kg, were kept in individual cages. They
were grouped into four feeding treatments, each has 4 animals as replicate. The legume wafer supplement was composed of legumes (I. zollingeriana, L. leucocephala, and C.calothyrsus), molasses, and lime. The processing of legume wafer supplement included chopping, drying, mixing, pressing, heating and forming at temperature of 100oC for 10 min, followed by cooling at room tempera-ture (Retnani et al., 2014).
Basal diet (T0) consisted of forage and concentrate
including soybean husk with ratio of 35 : 65. The legume wafer was supplemented based on the deficiency of
crude protein in Cordero Farm’s basal diet. Legume
wafer was supplemented at 12.12%, 13.54%, and 12.37% from total dry matter intake for I. zollingeriana, L. leuco-cephala, and C. calothyrsus, respectively. The nutrient composition for each treatment is presented in Table 1.
Feeding Management
The ration was calculated based on daily
require-ment (3.5% of body weight). The goats were fed with
legume wafer at 07.00 WIB, followed by concentrate at 08.00 WIB, and forage at 16.00 WIB.
Data Collection
The experiment was conducted in individual cages at Cordero Farm, Ciapus, Bogor. The feed and feces
Table 1. Nutrient composition of treatments
Ration
Composition of basal diet + legume wafer supplement (%)
Ether extract 4.88 4.59 4.65 5.13 Crude protein 12.86 14.40 14.16 14.36
Crude fiber 26.10 24.80 24.70 24.28
Nitrogen-free extract 48.07 48.29 48.17 47.88 Total digestible
nutrien
61.01 61.82 61.61 62.12
were analyzed at Laboratory of Inter University Centre. Legume wafer was produced at Laboratory of Feed Industry, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University. The experiment consisted of 3 periods i.e., preliminary, growth, and collection. Preliminary period aimed to remove the residues from previous
feed consumed by the post-weaning Ettawa Grade
goats and was conducted for 14 d. In growth period, the goats were weighted once every 2 weeks during 68
d. This period was designed to study the effect of the
treatments on the body weight gain. Collection period was designed to record and measure the digestibility of nutrients. For 1 week, the feces and feed samples were collected daily. The weight of the feces as well as the feed intake were record ed, 10% from total feces was col-lected for analysis.
Procedures for variable measurement
Dry matter intake. Dry matter intake (kg/day) was cal
-culated by multiplying fresh feed weight with dry matter content of the ration, subtracted with dry matter of the
unconsumed feed.
Nutrient digestibility. Nutrient digestibility was calcu-lated by subtracting nutrient intake with nutrient of the feces, the result was divided by the to tal nutrient intake and multiplied by 100% (Pond et al., 2005). nutrient in -take was based on proximate analysis and the nutrient of the feces was the average of that during the last week of experimental period. The nutrient digestibility was cal-culated as follow:
Nutrient digestibility%= [( nutrient intake – nutrient of feces)/ nutrient intake] x 100%
Body weight gain. Body weight gain is the difference
of the body weight at the beginning and at the end of experiment (Imran et al., 2012).
Feed efficiency. Feed efficiency was the body weight
gain divided by total feed intake during the experiment multiplied by 100% (Campbell et al., 2006).
Income over feed cost (IOFC). IOFC was calculated by subtracting selling price multiplied body weight gain, and feed cost (Mayulu et al., 2009).
IOFC = (selling price x body weight gain) – feed cost
Data Analysis
The experimental design used was completely ran-domized block design with 4 treatments and 4 blocks. The treatments were: T0 (basal diet/control), T1 (T0 + 12.12% wafer supplement of I. zollingeriana), T2 (T0+
13.54% wafer supplement of L. leucocephala) and T3 (T0
+ 12.37% wafer supplement of C. calothyrsus). Data were
analyzed with ANOVA and the differences among treat
-ments were examined with Duncan test (Steel & Torrie,
1995).
RESULTS
Tabel 1 showed the composition and nutrient con-tent of the ration. Each wafer supplement was added to
the ration at different percentage due to differences in
nutrient contents. The crude protein and total digestible nutrient (TDN) of I. zollingeriana wafer (T1), L. leuco-cephala wafer (T2), and C. calothyrsus wafer (T3) were higher than control (T0), by around 27.37% and 17%, respectively.
The nutrient intake, digestibility, average body
weight, feed efficiency, and IOFC are presented in Table
2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that except for
crude fiber and organic matter digestibility, all nutri
-ent intake parameters, final body weight, ADG, feed efficiency, and IOFC of wafer supplement treatments
(T1, T2, T3) were all higher than those of control (T0)
(P<0.05). Nearly all of nutrient intake parameters, dry matter, and protein digestibility were similar among T1, T2, and T3. The organic matter digestibility was
similar for T1 and T2, both were higher than that of T3.
The same went to ADG and feed efficiency. The high -est IOFC was achieved by T2, followed by T1 and T3, respectively.
DISCUSSION
The supplementation of legume wafer increased
(P<0.05) nutrient intake (dry matter, ether extract, crude
protein, nitrogen-free extract, total digestible nutrients),
organic matter digestibility, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (FE), and income over feed cost (IOFC). The post-weaning Ettawa Grade goats supplemented with legume wafer were increased in dry matter in -take compared to that of control. The legume wafer
presumably had better palatability than the control.
Argadiyasto et al. (2015) suggested that feed palat -ability in the form of wafer was higher than in the form
of pellet. Hence, the dry matter intake increased due
to increasing digestibility. Increased digestibility was
probably due to better energy-synchronization in the rumen. A 13 kg goat requires 444 g dry matter/head/d assuming dry matter intake of 3.46% of the body weight. Therefore, the dry matter intake in this research exceeds
the needs for basic maintenance and hence allows
growth. Previous studies showed varying dry matter intake, such as 434-560 g/head/d (Suparjo et al. 2011) and
556-603 g/head/d (Lee et al., 2014). The variation was due
to the difference of nutrient content in the ration, the
physiological status, sex, and ingredients of the ration.
Dry matter intake influences nutrient supply for both
basic maintenance and growth. The nutrient intake
de-pends on the amount of dry matter intake and the nutri
-ent cont-ent of the feed. The post-weaning Ettawa Grade
goats supplemented with legume wafer had higher crude protein intake than those without
supplementa-tion. Legume wafer seemed to fulfill the deficiency of
protein of the goats. Protein intake is closely related to body weight gain, as protein is utilized for basic
The post-weaning Ettawa Grade goats supple
-mented with legume wafer had greater organic matter
digestibility than those in control, presumably because
the former had higher organic matter intake than the latter. According to Bompadre et al. (2014), dry matter
digestibility may vary around 75.5%-80.9% while or
-ganic matter digestibility around 72.2%-78.3%. Feed di
-gestibility is influenced by nutrient composition, type of
processing, feeding level, and animal factor (McDonald et al., 2011). During wafer production, the ingredients were compressed into a compact shape, forcing the ru-minants to masticate the feed longer than they normally do (Argadiyasto et al., 2015). Saliva excretion increases
with longer mastication, affecting buffer mechanism in
rumen. The increasing saliva helps maintaining neutral pH in rumen. In this condition, ruminants tend to eat
more, hence increasing ADG. Additionally, feed effi -ciency is also improved. Supplementation of all types of legume wafer (I. zolingeriana, L. leucocephala, and C. calo-thyrsus) to post-weaning Ettawa Grade goatsincreased their ADG by 32.62% to 66.18% compared to that of con-trol. Previous studies showed varying ADG on young
goats, 81.4-109.8 g/d (Solaiman et al., 2007), 164-179 g/d
(Najafi et al., 2012), 33.16-38.57 g/d (Datta et al., 2007),
and 37-158 g/d (Wildeus et al., 2007). Body weight gain
is influenced by several factors, i.e. total protein intake,
sex, age, genetic, environmental factors, physiological status of livestock, and management.
IOFC is the profit gained by breeders after reduc -ing feed cost from the income dur-ing the research. Supplementation of legume wafer to post-weaning
Ettawa Grade goats increased the IOFC by 19.09% com
-pared to that of control. Higher ADG, feed intake, and
feed efficiency in supplemented goats may contribute to
the increase. The supplementation of legume wafer in ration can to supply the requirements of post-weaning
Ettawa Grade goat according to NRC, so it has resulted
in improved performance compared to the control. L. leucocephala wafer showed the best ADG, feed efficiency, and IOFC. Good growth does not necessarily bring good
profit. Nevertheless, good growth followed by good feed efficiency and minimal feed cost can maximize profit.
CONCLUSION
The addition of legumes wafer supplements in ra-tions can increase the utility value of legumes. Wafer of L. leucocephala at 13.54% showed the best performance in
post-weaning Ettawa Grade goats.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education, Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia, for funding the research with contract No PRJ-627/LPDP.3/2016.
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