AN ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN LOOK AHEAD 1, A TEXT BOOK FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS YEAR X A GRADUATING PAPER Submitted to the Board of Examiners as a partial fulfillment of the

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AN ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN LOOK

AHEAD 1, A TEXT BOOK FOR SENIOR HIGH

SCHOOL STUDENTS YEAR X

A GRADUATING PAPER

Submitted to the Board of Examiners as a partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of

Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I)

English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education

Faculty State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga

By:

YAHYA SETIYA WAHYUDI

11310072

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)

SALATIGA

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ii DECLARATION

In the name of Allah, The Most Gracious and Most Mercifull.

Hereby the writer fully declares that this Graduating Paper is written by the writer and it is not containing materials writen or has been published by other people except the information from references and also the writer is capable of accounting for this Graduating Paper if in future this is can be proved of containing other‟s ideas, or in fact, the writer imitates the others‟ graduating paper.

In addition, the writer really hopes that this declaration can be understood for all human being.

Salatiga, August 11th 2015 The Writer

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iii MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS

STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN) SALATIGA

Jl. Stadion 03 Telp (0298) 323706, 323433 Fax. 323433 Salatiga 50721 Website:www.stainsalatiga.ac.idEmail:[email protected]

Salatiga, August 11th2015

Noor Malihah, Ph.D.

The Lecturer of Teacher Training and Education Faculty State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga

ATTENTIVE CONSULTANT’S NOTE

Case : Yahya Setiya Wahyudi’s Graduating Paper

Dear,

Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty

Assalamu‟alaikum Wr.Wb

After reading and correcting Yahya Setiya Wahyudi‟s graduating paper entitle AN

ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN LOOK AHEAD 1, A TEXT BOOK FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS YEAR X, I have decided and would like to propose that if it could be accepted by Teacher Training and Education Faculty, I hope it would be examined as soon as possible.

Wassalamu‟alaikum Wr. Wb.

Consultant

Noor Malihah, Ph.D.

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iv GRADUATING PAPER

AN ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN LOOK AHEAD1, A TEXT BOOK FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS YEAR X

WRITTEN BY:

YAHYA SETIYA WAHYUDI

NIM: 11310072

has been brought to the board of examiners of English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty at State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga, in August 29th 2015 and hereby considered to completely fulfill

the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) in English and Education.

Boards of examiners,

Head : Hanung Triyoko, S.S.M.Hum.,M.Ed. __________________ Secretary : Noor Malihah, Ph.D. __________________ 1st Examiner : Setia Rini, M.Pd. __________________ 2nd Examiner : Rr. Dewi Wahyu Mustikasari, M.Pd. __________________

Salatiga, August 29th 2015 Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty

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v

MOTTO

Actually the challenging is not about how to manage the time, but how to manage our self.

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vi

Dedication

This graduating paper is dedicated for : 1. Allah SWT

2. Prophet Muhammad SAW

3. My beloved Father (Nur Sholeh), Mother (Khoiriyah) , Brother (Yufit), and also my beloved sister (Vanesa)

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vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirabbil „alamin, thanks to Allah because the writer could

complete this research as one of the requirements for degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) in English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty at State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga in 2015.

This research would not have been completed without supports, guidance, advice, and help from individual‟s institution. Therefore, the writer would like to

express deep appreciation to:

1. Dr. Rahmat Hariyadi, M.Pd., the Rector of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga.

2. Suwardi, M.Pd., the Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga.

3. Noor Malihah, Ph.D., the Head of the English Education Department of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga and the consultant of this research. Thank you for suggestion and recommendation for this research from beginning until the end.

4. All lecturers of English Education Department, the writer deeply thank you all for your advice, knowledge, and kindness.

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viii 8. All of you who I cannot mention one by one, thanks for your support and

kindness.

Salatiga, August 11th 2015

The writer

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ix

ABSTRACT

Wahyudi, Setiya Yahya. 2015. Analysis of Dependent Clauses in Look Ahead 1, A Text Book for Senior High School Student Year X. A Graduating Paper, Educational Faculty, English Department, State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN).Consultant: Noor Malihah, Ph.D.

Key words: Clause, Dependent Clause, Sentence

This study deals with the dependent clause used in textbook of Look Ahead 1 for Senior High School Student Year X. The objectives of the study, namely (1) to identify and to describe the types of Dependent Clause used in the text of Look Ahead 1. (2) To identify the most dominant types of Dependent clause used in the text of Look Ahead 1.This research applies the descriptive qualitative method.The objects are the dependent clauses, and the analyzed data are sentences and/or phrases containing the dependent clauses are used in the texts of Look Ahead 1. Based on the analysis, the writer found that there are three types of dependent clauses used in text book Look Ahead 1; Adverbial Clause, Noun Clause, and Adjective Clause. The most dominant types of dependent clause used in text book Look Ahead 1 is Adverbial Clause (58%), Noun Clause (26%) and the least frequent is Adjective Clause (16%). In addition, the writer also looked at sub-types of dependent adverbial clause in Text Book “Look Ahead 1”. From 22

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x

Language is the most important thing for the people. They use language to communicate and deliver messages to other. Besides that, language is used by the people to get information. Language enables people to communicate and cooperate with each other. Through the language, the people are able to create and get everything that they want. The language makes the interaction happened. When the interactions are happened, the people need effort to understand about the language that they use. It is caused in the language there are explicit and implicit meaning.

However, common people make interaction and communication unstructured, but still the most important is that their speech can be understood and accepted by others. As Parker (1986:12, cited in Sartika, et al., 2013:1) argues that what people have to do in communication is how they use language to communicate rather than the way of language is structured internally.

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2 In the study of language, gaining the main message in every single sentence is very important for the students in understanding what the true meaning of given text by the teacher. It means that they have to automatically identify all kind of sentences that they will probably face. According to Duffield et al (2007:1, cited in Abadi, 2011:1), proper identification and treatment of complex sentence contains of clauses are needed.

There are some kinds of sentence; simple sentence, complex sentence, compound sentence, compound-complex sentence. One of kinds of sentence is a complex sentence. A complex sentence is constructed by two kinds of clauses and those are well known as independent clause and dependent clause. Similarly, Sekali (2012:2) argues that:

A complex sentence is defined as multiple-clause sentence, i.e. a sentence composed of at least two verbs (or predicates) linked within a hierarchical complementing structure (subordination) or conjoined in a non-embedded structure (coordination).

He determines that complex sentence is defined as combination of two clauses which are linked by specific morpheme such as and, or, and but

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3 A single independent clause can be a sentence, by itself. However, dependent clauses are used to make sentences more complete and more interesting. Using conjunctions and proper punctuation, dependent and independent clauses can be joined together to create interesting and complex compound sentences that are fun and engaging to read. Below are examples dependent and independent clause:

(1) When I went to the store, I didn't buy any bread.

(2) I didn't buy any bread when I went to the store.

(3) I went to the store.

From the example (1), there are dependent clause (DC) “when I went

to the store” and independent clause(IC) “I didn’t buy any bread”. The construction is “DC, IC”. The example (2), the construction is “IC DC” that are independent clause(IC) “I didn’t buy any bread” and dependent clause (DC) “when I went to the store”. The last example (3) is absolutely identified

as independent clause.

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4 In the language learning for the tenth grade students, Look Ahead 1

is used as the learning material. In the Look Ahead 1 book, there is many of using complex sentences almost in each text. From those reason, the students have to understand about independent and dependent clause as an arranger of the complex sentence. From the thing, the students able to understand the text well. By that condition, the writer is interested to analyze the using of independent and dependent clause in the Look Ahead 1 book. Finally the writer conducts the research entitled “AN ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENT

CLAUSES IN LOOK AHEAD 1, A TEXT BOOK FOR SENIOR HIGH

SCHOOL STUDENTS YEAR X.”

B. Limitation of the Study

The study focuses on analyzing of the dependent clause in the texts of the textbook entitled Look Ahead 1 for senior high school year X. The writer uses this limitation in order to give a clear description of discussion in this study. The writer expects the results of this study can help not only for student to be aware of the importance of dependent clause but also for the lecturers of English to develope effective measure for teaching English especially to teach the dependent clause material.

C. Statements of the Problem

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5 1. What types of dependent clauses are used in the text book: Look Ahead 1

for Senior High School Students year X?

2. What is the dominant dependent clause used in of the text book: Look Ahead 1 for Senior High School Students year X?

D. Objectives of the Study

In accordance with the prolem above, the objectives or the aims of the study are:

1. To find the types of dependent clause found in the text book: Look Ahead 1 for Senior High School Students year X.

2. To find the most dominant dependent clause found in the text book: Look Ahead 1 for Senior High School Students year X?

E. Benefits of the Study

The study contributes some positive impacts for the lecturers, students, other writers, and institution

1. Students

This study gives clear explanation about the construction of dependent and independent clause that are used in the text of Look Ahead an English Course Book for Grade X of Senior High School 2. Lecturer

This study is to develop the lecturer‟s insight by dealing with the

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6 3. Other Writers

This study gives more information to the next writer who will conduct this study or want to discuss with the related study.

4. Institution

This study is expected to be useful for the institution as reference for the students in studying sentence, especially about the dependent and independent clause.

F. Definition of Key Terms

There are some key terms in this paper. The writer wants to clarify the meaning briefly to avoid misunderstanding; some key terms are defined as listed below:

1. Analysis

Analysis is a separation into parts possibility with coment and judgement (Hornby, 1974:29).

2. Clause

Srijono (2001:65) states that clause is an occurrence of a subject and predicate in a string of meaning words. Clause can be divided into independent or main clause and dependent or sub clause.

3. Dependent Clause

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7 4. Independent Clause

The independent clause can be a sentence (Srijono, 2001:65). Independent clause can stand alone without any supporting complement and it is the main message that writer or spoken delivers to the reader 5. Look Ahead

Look Ahead is an English Course Book for the student of senior high school written by Sudarwati (2007).

G. Graduating Paper Organization

This study consists of five chapters. The Writer organizes the graduating paper to make readers more easily in comprehending the content. Chapter I: Introduction that includes Background of the Study,

Statement of the Problems, Objectives of the Study, Benefitsof the Study, Clarification of Key Terms, and Graduating Paper Organization.

Chapter II: Review of Related Theories such as theoritical foundation wich includes the meaning of Analysis, Clause, Independent dan Dependent Clause.

Chapter III: Research Method. This chapter describes type of research, object of research, data and data source, method of collecting data, and technique of analysis data.

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9 CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

Chapter II describes some theories which are related to the topic of this study. The writer discusses the sentence, clauses, independent clause, and dependent clause.

A.Sentence

In the study of language many definitions about the sentence. One of them is explained by Frank (1972:220), he explains the sentence as follow:

Traditional grammar defines a sentence in one of two ways. The first by meaning, according to this definition, a sentence is a “complete thought.” Such a definition is inadequate, however, because, of the vagueness of the term “complete thought.” By seeing or hearing a statement, how do we know it is a “thought,” and what makes it “complete”? Then by function, according to this definition, a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate. This definition is more satisfactory because it is actually possible to identify the structural functions of subject and predicate n a sentence.

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10 Similar to Frank, Lehman (1976) in Srijono (2001:65) defines sentence as the sequence of particular syntactic items adjoined into a unit and must be illustrated by certain patterns of arrangement, alteration, and inflection in any specified language. The example Mother bought fried chicken is a sentence which adjoined from some words with a certain pattern of arrangement, alteration, and inflection agrees with Lehman‟s definition of sentence. From

the explaining of the definition of the sentence above the writer can summarize that sentence is the largest unit for analyzed, because sentence are formed by a group of words that not only has a simple form but can be combined in various ways to form complex sentence. There are many kinds of sentence, simple sentence, complex sentence, and compound sentence.

1. Simple Sentence

According to Mas‟ud (1992:62), a simple sentence is a sentence that

consists of one subject and one predicate. Besides that, Risdiyanto (2010:38) explains that a simple sentence is also called as an independent clause. An independent clause consists of a subject and a verb, and that clause states the complete thought. Risdiyanto illustrates examples of simple sentence in (1), (2), (3) :

(1) He writes a letter.

Subject Predicate (Verb)

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11 (3) He didn’t come yesterday.

Subject Predicate (Verb)

The third examples above are the simple sentence. The underlined words are the major part of the simple sentence, which are subject and predicate. Both of the elements are formed the complete thought in the sentence. The differentiate of the sentences above is about the tenses that is used. The data (a) is simple present, data (b) is present continuous, and data (c) is simple past.

2. Complex Sentence

According to Mas‟ud (1992:64), complex sentence consists of the

main clause (principal clause) adjoined with one or more dependent clause (subordinate clause). In further explanation, Sekali (2012:2) as cited by Abadi (2011:50) describes that a complex sentence is defined as group of words which contains two different clauses. A complex sentence is also composed by at least two predicates linked within a hierarchical complementing structure or conjoined in a non embedded structure. In brief, the forms of complex sentence are a dependent clause joined to an independent clause. Sekali describes the forms of complex sentence in (4), (5), (6).

(4) Although he is being sick, he goes to school today. Dependent clause Independent clause

(5) I was at the airport before you arrived from London. Independent clause Dependent clause

(6) Meta introduces her new friend, who has blonde hair.

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12 (7) Linda, who is the winner at model competition, is my best

friend.

Dependent clause

In the complex sentence, the independent clause can be located after or before the dependent clause. It can be seen in the example (5) and (6). It is also for the dependent clause, it can come at first sentence (example 4). Dependent clause can also be occurred in the middle of the sentence (example 7). The complex sentence always has the subordinator words; they are “because”, “since”, “after”, “although”, or “that”, “who”, “which”. Risdianto (2010:40).

3. Compound Sentence

Mas‟ud (1992:63) explains that a compound sentence is a sentence

that consists of the two or more equivalent sentences, it means that each sentence does not hanging one other. The following is an example of a compound sentence from Mas‟ud.

(8) Father went to Jakarta and mother went to Bandung

I II

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13 In addition, Risdiyanto (2010:38) describes the compound sentence is a sentence that consists of two clause independently and they are connected by the coordinator. The coordinator are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

4. Parts of the Sentence

Sentence has a structure in that there are rules that decide the units that can co-occur in the sentence. As we know that a sentence is a group of word that has at least a subject and one predicate and it has the complete meaning. It means that the structure of sentence can be the constituents: Subject (S) + Predicate (P). The explanation about Subject and Predicate are define as follow;

a. Subject

Wren and Martin (2000:2) describe that subject is the part of sentence which names the person or thing we are speaking about. The subject of a sentence usually comes first, but occasionally it is put after the predicate.

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14 complement?' or, in respect of a passive sentence, 'Who or what is/was verbed?'

As described above, from the perspective of its meaning function the subject inherently names a participating entity/participant/thing (and is thus labeled nominative), it may also denote possession of the 'thing' ('whose?') - or other relationships of associative 'ownership' - rather than the thing itself. They are expressed by a genitive phrase or possessive pronoun. The following is examples from Morley.

(9) Mine is fine but Jill's needs a new battery.

(10) Bill's was the most surprising reaction.

Very occasionally, in meaning terms the subject may refer not to an entity but to a feature, characteristic, property or quality, an attribute, and thus be an attributive subject, e.g.

(11) Very red would be too dazzling.

(12) Fresh and clean is what we want.

(13) In good condition would be more acceptable.

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15 2000:95). Much less rarely it may refer to a circumstance and thus be a circumstantial subject, e.g.

(14) Tomorrow / now / in the evening would be best.

(15) Under the table / behind the chair / just there is a good place.

(16) By train / on foot would be quicker.

Syntactically, attributive and circumstantial subjects behave in the standard way: as elements of structure they control the form of the verb, they can be substituted by a pronoun.

b. Predicate

Regarding Wren and Martin (2000:2), a predicate is the part of sentence which tells something about the subject. Greenbaum and Nelson (2002:21) state that the predicate consists of the verb and any other elements of the sentence apart from the subject:

(17) I learned all this much later.

Subject Predicate

(18) The chef is a young man with broad experience of the world.

Subject Predicate

(19) The fate of the land parallels the fate of the culture.

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16 The most important constituent of the predicate is the verb. Indeed, it is the most important constituent in the sentence, since regular sentences may consist of only a verb: imperatives such as Help! and

Look! The verb of the sentence may consist of more than one word: could have been imagining. The main verb in this verb phrase comes last: imagining. The verbs that come before the main verb are auxiliary verbs (helping verbs), or simply auxiliaries: could have been.

According to Morley (2000:95), the Predicator is associated with the verbal phrase and realizes the process, of which there are three main semantic types recognized in systemic literature: Material (earlier called 'action' process) e.g. wash, climb, cook, etc. Mental processes are processes of 'sensing', in that in place of an actorthey involve a senser and a phenomenon in processes of perception (e.g. see, hear), affection(e.g. like, fear) and cognition (e.g. think, know). Relational processes are processes of' being', of which there are two types - identification and attribution. For example;

Material:

(20) Jill has washed the clothes already.

(21) We shall be climbing Ben Nevis on Tuesday. Mental:

(22) The decision pleased me.

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17 Relational:

(24) Jean is a student now.

(25) This machine has become a boon.

B.Clause

Warriner (1982:93) defines the clauses in English as group of words which grammatically contain of the subject and predicate. According to Miller (2002:6), the clause is the construction between verbs and phrases in different types. A perfect clause contains a phrase referring to an action or position, a phrase or phrases referring to the people and things include in the action or position and possibly phrases referring to place and time. In line with the statement, Bossone (1981:38) as cited by Abadi (2011:39) defines a clause is a group of words that contains of a subject and a predicate.

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18 Moreover, Frank (1972:222) states that a clause may be defined in the same way as a sentence. It is full predication that contains a subject and a predicate with a finite verb. There are two kinds of clause, independent and dependent clause. The independent clause is a full predication that may stand alone as a sentence. The dependent clause has a special introductory word that makes the predication “depend” on an independent clause.

In short, the difference between independent clause and dependent clause is very clear because independent clause has different function with dependent clause in a complex sentence. Clauses although divide become two types, but in developing the dependent clause, the clause can be expanded into three types dependent clauses such as adverbial clause, adjective clause and noun clause. Below are examples of clauses;

(26) I read. (independent clause)

(27) I borrow your pen. (independent clause)

(28) Reading many books is my hobby. (independent clause)

(29) As you are in the room. (dependent adverbial clause)

(30) Who is the first popular person. (dependent adjective/relative clause)

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19 C.Independent Clause

Kriptrayoch and Sojisirikul (2005:1) describe an independent clause (IC) has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be a sentence by itself. Independent clause is a group of words which grammatically not only contain both subject and predicate but also can stand alone without any following complement. A simple sentence is an independent clause e.g.

(32) Paris has excellent art museums.

(33) It was cold and windy yesterday.

Bossone (1981:39) as cited by Abadi (2011:42) explains that an independent clause can be a very simple sentence with just a subject and verb, or it contained additional words or phrase. Here are examples of them as follow;

(34) He walked into the disco.

(35) The music pounded in our ears.

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20

Women follow more healthful diets, and they go to doctors more often. repetitive tasks without becoming tired or bored. Second, they can fulfill tasks requiring pinpoint accuracy.

Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; therefore, most schools provide separate classes for each group. otherwise, they receive a grade of incomplete. fact, she was terrified by them.

To provide

Hermes is not only the messenger of Zeus, but the patron of thieves. In general, he is the god of authorized and unauthorized transfers.

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21 D.Dependent Clause

Dependent clause is defined as clause which embedded independent clause in complex sentence (Koutsoudas, 1966:269 cited by Abadi, 2011:42). Bossone (1977:40), furthermore says that dependent clause depends on (need) an independent clause to make sense (1977:40). In other words, existing of dependent clause in complex sentence is just to support independent clause in complex sentence. Moreover, dependent clause usually modifies the adverb, adjective and noun.

Kriptrayoch and Sojisirikul (2005:1) describe a dependent clause (DC) is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it. They illustrated DC in example (37) - (39):

(37) ….because it has excellent art museums…. (38) ….although it was cold and wind yesterday….

(39) ….after we finished our homework and cleaned up the kitchen….

A dependent clause does not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It needs to be joined to an independent clause to make sense as we can see from the examples below:

(40) Art students should visit Paris because it has excellent art museums.

Art students should visit Paris Independent Clause

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22

We watched TV Independent Clause

after we finished our homework and cleaned up the kitchen

Dependent Clause

Commonly, grammarians divide dependent clause become three types such as adverbial clause, adjective clause and noun clause. All kinds of dependent summarized in table 2.2.

Table 2.2

Dependent Clause

Types of clauses Subordinators Examples

1. Noun clauses what, where, why,

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23

2. Adjective clauses who, whom,

which, whose,

Source: Yale Graduate School Writing Center. Online Tutorial. Retrieved at November 3th 2014, time 15:54

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24 1. Dependent (adverbial) clause

Dependent adverbial clause is employed as a supporting to adverb in a complex sentence. Furthermore, Wren and Martin (2000:186) notice that adverb clause in a complex sentence is a subordinate clause which does the work of an adverb, and so qualifies some noun or pronoun in the main clause. In particular, the meaning is that adverbial clause elaborates adverb to be more detail than a simple word adverb.

According to Frank (1972:234), most types of adverbial clauses are considered as modifying the verb of the main clause, some more loosely than others. A few types, such as clause of time or clauses of places, are sometimes interpreted as modifiers of the entire sentence. Combining adverbial clause and independent clause in complex sentence can be exchanged construction clause‟s location between first and second clause. In

detail, independent clause is sometime located at the first clause but sometime dependent clause takes at the first position. Below are examples of the adverbial clauses;

(43) Independent clause takes the first clause and followed by adverbial clause.

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25 (44) Dependent clause takes at the first clause and then followed by

independent clause.

If I were a rich, I would help the poor. Subordinate conjunction

At the first example (43), the independent clause is located in the first clause, there does not need special supporting punctuation mark (comma). But in sentence (44), dependent clause exchange position at the first place, the sentence needs a supporting comma to construct the complex sentence. In short, comma therefore is needed when alteration pattern of complex sentence from dependent clause followed by independent clause. In this case, a comma has function to end dependent clause. In separating the kind of adverbial clauses, it can be recognized by identifying some conjunctions such as table below;

Cause and Effect Although, though, whereas, While, Except, That

Condition Because, in that, Now that, Since, So that

Condition If, In Case, Provide (That), Unless

Purpose So that, In order that

Comparison As …. as, More than, Less than, Than

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26 2. Dependent (Adjective or Relative) Clause

Different with adverbial clause which clause is employed as adverb, in this case the study is dependent clause which is used as adjective. Commonly, it is almost same with the definition of adverbial clause but in constructing the complex sentence has little difference. Frank (1972:276) explains, in an adjective clause, a full subject and predicate is changed by means of special introductory word which has the same referent as the preceding noun or pronoun. The form and position of this introductory word subordinates the adjective clause to main clause.

According Wren and Martin (2000:188) relative clause is a subordinate clause which does the work of an adjective, and so qualifies some nouns or pronouns in the main clause. The conjunctions which are used in the adjective clause are usually relative pronouns such as who, whose, whom, which, and that. All relative pronouns therefore are functioned to link or to connect independent clause and dependent clause. In the same way, Bossone (1977:43) often calls relative clause because these are started relative pronouns. Moreover, Frank (1972:276) describes that the function of adjective clause is modify a preceding noun or a pronoun.

Here are examples of adjective (relative) clauses;

(45) Sutoyo, who is the present president, is suspected corruption.

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27 (46) Bali, which is in Indonesia, has beautiful beach.

The relative clause works as an adjective, modifying the noun “Bali”.

(47) Sinta takes the book that is put on the table.

The relative clause works as an adjective, modifying the noun“book”.

(48) My mother has a friend who can get me a ticket.

The relative clause works as an adjective, modifying the noun“friend”.

3. Dependent (Noun) Clause

Frank (1972:283) explains that in a noun clause, the full subject and predicate are retained, but the structure is changed by addition a special introductory word, by a special word order, or by both. These changes permit the noun clause to fill the same positions and to serve the same functions as noun.

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28 Martin (2000:196) detail divide the function of noun clause to be five categories such as subject of the verb, object of the transitive verb, object of the prepositional, in apposition of noun and pronoun, and complement of a verb of incomplete verb. Here are examples of them;

(49) That SBY is the sixth president of Indonesia is the fact.

The noun clause is used as subject of the sentence.

(50) The president knew that the letter on his desk was sent by minister a week ago.

The noun clause is used as object of the transitive verb or direct object of verb“knew”.

(51) There is no meaning in what you say.

The noun clause is used as object of the preposition“in”.

(52) You must never forget this, that honesty is the best policy.

The noun clause is used as apposition of the pronoun “this”.

(53) My wish is that the truth will appear in the court.

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29 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, there were five sections discussed, they were type of research, object of research, data and data source, method of collecting data, and technique of analysis data. The explanation of each point is discussed further into wide explanation.

A.Type of Research

The type of the research used by the writer is descriptive-qualitative research. According to Bogdan and Taylor (1975:5) in Moleong (2011:4) Qualitative research is defined as a research procedure which produces descriptive data in the form of words written or spoken of the person. In other opinion, Creswell (1994:1) qualitative research is defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem, based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants, and conducted in a natural settings.

In line with the above statement, Kirk and Miller (1986:9) as cited by Moleong (2002:3) define that qualitative research method is specific tradition in social science, which fundamentally relies on the observation of humans in its own region and relate to the person in a language and terminologies.

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30 investigate the situation, condition, circumstances, events, and other activities, and the result presented in the form of the research report. According to Bodgan and Biklen (1982) in Creswell (1994:171), the descriptive method is collecting the qualitative data, analyzing it and writing the result. In line with that statement, Bodgan and Taylor (1975) in Moleong (2004:4) state that the steps of descriptive method are collecting data, analyzing data and drawing conclusion.

B.Object of Research

The object of the research was the sentences written in the text of Look Ahead 1 Book for Year X of Senior High School. The total number of the text that was analyzed by the writer was 14 texts. From the text, the writer collected any dependent clause to limit the object. Dependent clause appeared in the compound and complex sentences.

C.Data Source

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31 In this research the text of Look Ahead 1, an English Course book for Grade X of senior high school by Sudarwati (2007) is used. It stands as primary data source. According to Arikunto (2010:22), Primary data source is data in the verbal form or word that spoken, gesture or attitude done by the trustworthy subject, in other word this is research subject related to researched variable. The writer chose Look Ahead 1 book because; it provided kinds of dependent and independent clause in its texts and it was easy to be analyzed for the writer.

D.Method of collecting Data

The writer used documentation as the method of collecting data in this research. According to Suharsimi (2010: 274), a documentation method is finding data that is relevant by using book, transcript, newspaper, magazine, ancient inscription, notes of a meeting, agenda, etc. Compared to other method this method is recommended for a beginner because of its easiness. In the term if a mistake is made, the data sources still remain as they are without any changes. Documentation method is observed not living but inanimate object.

The procedures in documentation are:

a. Taking 14 texts of Look Ahead 1, textbook for year X of senior high school.

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32 c. Collecting the data sources by taking note any clauses containing dependent clauses the in the textbook of Look Ahead 1 for year X of senior high school.

d. Coding the data

According to Miles and Huberman (1992:87) code is resume or symbol that applied on the group of words – sentence or paragraph from the field notes – in order to produce those words. Moreover, Miles and Huberman (1992:88) explain that codes are a tool that organize and rearrange the words so it is possible the analyst able to find quickly, draw, then classify all of the parts that are connected with the theme.

Coding as a method make the data become easier to be understand and it has the function as a statistic factor in classifying the different parts into the meaningful whole form. In this research, the writer made codes for example:

Figure 3.1 Coding of the Data

<IND/DEP 009 01 002>

Number of Data Paragraph

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33 a. IND is representative of Independent clause.

b. DEP is representative of Dependent clause.

c. The first three digits (009) is representative of page.

d. The second two digits (01) is representative of number of paragraph e. The last three digits (002) is representative of number of data.

E.Technique of Data Analysis

The writer analyzes the data using the following steps:

a. Identifying the type of dependent clauses found in the texts of Look Ahead 1

book.

b. Describing the dependent and independent clause.

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34 CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the writer presented the data and the analysis of the dependent and independent clauses that are found in the text of Look Ahead 1 an English Course Book for grade X of senior high school by Sudarwati (2007). This chapter discovered the problem of statements in the Chapter I, they are; what are the types of dependent clause used in the text book: Look Ahead1 for Senior High School Students year X and what is the most dominant type of dependent clause in the text book: Look Ahead1 for Senior High School Students year X.

1. Types of Dependent Clause found in the text book: Look Ahead 1 for Senior High School Students year X.

In my data, there are 38 dependent clauses. Among the 38 dependent clauses, the writer identified 3 types of dependent clause depending on the theory in the Chapter II. They are adverbial clauses, noun clauses and adjective clauses. Distribution of dependent clauses in my data is illustrated in table 4.1 and figure 4.1.

Table 4.1 Distribution of Dependent Clause Types

No.

Type of Dependent Clause Number of

Clauses Percentage

1. Adverbial Clause 22 58 %

2. Noun Clause 10 26 %

3. Adjective Clause 6 16 %

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35 Figure 4.1 Distribution of Dependent Clause Types

Table 4.1 and figure 4.1. Show the distribution of dependent clause types in my data. It can be seen that adverbial is the most frequent type of dependent clause (58%). Noun clause is about half frequent (26%) than adverbial clauses. The least frequent dependent. Clause existing in my data is adjective clause (16%). Examples of each type of dependent clause will be exemplified in (1) - (9).

(1) <DEP00901002>

I think my first memories began when I started school at about five years old.

In the example (1), there are two clauses. The first clause “I think my first memories began” is as main clause or independent clause (IC). An independent clause (IC) has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. The independent clause is constructed by subject “I” and

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36 verb combination “think my first memories began”. And then, the second clause “when I started school at about five years old” is dependent clause

(DC) which is considered as adverbial clause because it is employed as a supporting to adverbial in a complex sentence. One of the characteristics of adverbial clause is the existing conjunction “when”. The type of DC is adverbial clause of time.

(2) <DEP03902024>

If they are Germans they will be bang on time.

In the example (2), there are two clauses. The first clause “If they are Germans” is as the dependent clause (DC) because it is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also considered as adverbial clause because it is employed as a supporting to adverbial in a complex sentence. It is shown by the existing conjunction “if”.

The type of the clause is the adverbial clause of condition.Then, the second clause is identified as the independent clause (IC) because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought.

(3) <DEP03903026>

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37 In example (3), there are two clauses. The first clause “When the

European Community began to increase in” is as the dependent clause (DC)

because it is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also considered as adverbial clause because it is employed as a supporting to adverbial in a complex sentence. It is shown by the existing conjunction “when”. The type of the clause is the adverbial clause of time. Then, the second clause is identified as the independent clause (IC) because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought.

From the analysis above, it is clear that examples (1), (2), and (3) are adverbial clauses. The writer will continue to exemplify noun clauses in this data as in (4), (5), and (6).

(4) <DEP02702022>

Thai law does not recognize a sex change which Mongkon underwent 10 years ago.

In example (4), there are two clauses. The first clause “Thai law does not recognize a sex change” is identified as the independent clause (IC),

because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. The second clause “which Mongkon underwent 10 years ago” is

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38 clause is used as apposition of the noun “a sex change”. One of the characteristics of noun clause is the existing conjunction “which”.

(5) <DEP04105041>

Well, it was really sad the way, that Indian lost his fish and it was unusual, too.

In example (5), there are two clauses. The first clause “Well, it was really sad the way” is as the main clause or independent clause (IC) of the

sentence because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be a sentence by itself. The second clause is the sub clause of the sentence or as the dependent clause (DC) because it is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also considered as noun clause, because the noun clause is used as apposition of the noun “the way”. There is the conjunction “that” which

becomes one of the characteristics of noun clause.

(6) <DEP10602055>

New Year‟s Day was drawing near, and Jim and Della began to think

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39 In example (6), there are two clauses. The first clause “New Year’s

Day was drawing near, and Jim and Della began to think” is as the main

clause or independent clause (IC) of the sentence because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be a sentence by itself. The second clause is the sub clause of the sentence or as the dependent clause (DC) because it is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also considered as noun clause, because the noun clause is used as direct object. There is the conjunction “that” which becomes one of the characteristics of noun clause.

After presenting examples (4), (5) and (6), it is clear that those three clauses are noun clauses. The next, the last type of dependent clauses in my data, adjective clause, it will be exemplified as in (7), (8) and (9).

(7) <DEP04101029>

Once there was an Indian, who had a pet fish named Tommy, which he kept in a barrel.

In the example (7), there are three clauses. The first clause “Once

there was an Indian” is as the main clause of the sentence or independent

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40 (DC). The second clause is considered as adjective clause because it modifies the noun “an Indian”. One of the characteristics of adjective clause is the

conjunction “who”. And the third clause isnoun clause because it is used as

apposition of the noun “an Indian”.

(8) <DEP10801068>

Mathilda Loise was one of those pretty and charming girls who seemed to have been born through some mistake of fortune into the

wrong family.

In the example (8), there are two clauses. The first clause “Mathilda

Loise was one of those pretty and charming girls” is as the main clause of the

sentence or independent clause (IC) of the sentence because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be a sentence by itself. The second clause is the sub clause of the sentence or dependent clause (DC). It is considered as adjective clause because it modifies the noun “one of those pretty and charming girls”. One of the characteristics of

adjective clause is the conjunction “who”.

(9) <DEP01404013>

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41 In the example (9), there are two clauses. The first clause “He was an angel and all of us were lucky” is as the main clause of the sentence or

independent clause (IC) of the sentence because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be a sentence by itself. The second clause is the sub clause of the sentence or dependent clause (DC). It is considered as adjective clause because it modifies the noun “us”. One of

the characteristics of adjective clause is the conjunction “who”.

After discussing types of dependent clauses in my data, the writer will continue to discuss further, sub type of each clause, the writer identified that adverbial clause can be classified more into several sub-types (Adverbial Clause of Time, Cause, Result, Condition, and Concession, see Chapter II). The writer will discuss each of them further in the next sections.

2. The most dominant dependent clause found in the text book: Look Ahead 1 for Senior High School Students year Xis Adverbial Clause.

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42 Table 4.2 Distribution of Adverbial Clause Types

No. Type of Dependent Adverbial Clause

Figure 4.2 Distribution of Adverbial Clause Types

Table 4.2 and figure 4.2 show the distribution of dependent adverbial clause types in my data. It can be seen that Adverbial Clause of Time is most frequent type of dependent adverbial clause in 12 data (55%). Adverbial clause of cause about is half frequently than the adverbial clause of time (23%). Adverbial clause of result and adverbial clause of condition are equal

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43 in frequency, (9%). The least adverbial clause exists in my data is adverbial clause of concession (4%). I assume that the high frequency is adverbial clause of time because, time is an important aspect when people speak. In addition, a Look Ahead is textbook for students, whose student should learn about grammar. Talking about English grammar, it is closely related to tenses or time. Therefore, there is a high probability that adverbial clause of time is used frequently. Example of each type of Adverbial clause is defined in the example (10) – (19). The writer exemplifying an example of adverbial clause of time as follows:

(10) <DEP09901049>

Siska and I have been close friend since we studied at senior high school.

In the example (10), there are two clauses. The first clause “Siska and I have been close friend” is as main clause or independent clause (IC) because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be a sentence by itself. And then, the second clause “since we

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44 (11) <DEP10602057>

Della always noticed sadly when Jim looked at his watch.

In the example (11), there are two clauses. The first clause “Della always noticed sadly” is as main clause or independent clause (IC) because it

has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It

can be a sentence by itself. And then, the second clause “since we studied at senior high school” is dependent clause (DC) because it is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also considered as adverbial clause of time because it is employed as a supporting to adverbial of time in a complex sentence. One of the characteristics of adverbial clause of time is the existing conjunction “since”.

(12) <DEP10606066>

He dropped into a chair and laughed until tears came out his eyes.

In the example (12), there are two clauses. The first clause “He dropped into a chair and laughed” is as main clause or independent clause

(IC) because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be a sentence by itself. And then, the second clause

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45 complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also considered as adverbial clause of time because it is employed as a supporting to adverbial of time in a complex sentence. One of the characteristics of adverbial clause of time is the existing conjunction “until”.

From the analysis above, it is clear that examples (10), (11), and (12) are adverbial clause of time. The writer will continue to exemplify adverbial clause of cause in this data as in (13), (14), and (15);

(13) <DEP09904053>

I could not see anyone, because the window was slightly open.

In the example (13), there are two clauses. The first clause “I could not see anyone” is as main clause or independent clause (IC) because it has

one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be

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46 (14) <DEP11501075>

Among pets, I like dogs the best because they are tame animal and they can be trained as a man’s friend.

In the example (14), there are two clauses. The first clause “Among pets, I like dogs the best” is as main clause or independent clause (IC) because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be a sentence by itself. And then, the second clause is

dependent clause (DC) because it is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also considered as adverbial clause of cause because it is employed as a supporting to adverbial of cause and effect in a complex sentence. One of the characteristics of adverbial clause of cause is the existing conjunction “because”.

(15) <DEP11504081>

I don‟t let him eat bones because they are not good for him.

In the example (15), there are two clauses. The first clause “I don’t let

him eat bones” is as main clause or independent clause (IC) because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be

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47 the beginning of it and does not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also considered as adverbial clause of cause because it is employed as a supporting to adverbial of cause and effect in a complex sentence. One of the characteristics of adverbial clause of cause is the existing conjunction “because”.

After presenting examples (13), (14), and (15), it is clear that those three clauses are adverbial clause of cause. The next type of adverbial clause is adverbial clause of result, will be exemplified as in (16) bellow;

(16) <DEP18202085>

Short words save space, and so they are very common in newspaper headlines.

In the example (16), there are two clauses. The first clause “Short

words save space” is as main clause or independent clause (IC) because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be

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48 After presenting example (16), it is clear that that clause is adverbial clause of cause. The next type of adverbial clause is adverbial clause of condition, will be exemplified as in (17) and (18) bellow;

(17) <DEP03902024>

If they are Germans they will be bang on time.

In the example (17), there are two clauses. The first clause “If they are Germans” is as dependent clause (DC) because it is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also considered as adverbial clause of result because it is employed as a supporting to adverbial of conditional in a complex sentence. One of the characteristics of adverbial clause of condition is the existing conjunction “if”. And then, the second clause is main clause or independent clause (IC)

because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be a sentence by itself.

(18) <DEP10602061>

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49 In the example (18), there are two clauses. The first clause “How nice it would” is as main clause or independent clause (IC) because it has one

subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought

.

It can be a sentence by itself. And then, the second clause is dependent clause (DC) because it is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also considered as adverbial clause of result because it is employed as a supporting to adverbial of conditional in a complex sentence. One of the characteristics of adverbial clause of condition is the existing conjunction “if”.

After presenting example (17) and (18), it is clear that that clause is adverbial clause of cause. The next type, the last type of adverbial clause is adverbial clause of concession, will be exemplified as in (19) bellow;

(19) <DEP16001083>

Rainfall occurs throughout the year, although it is the heaviest from November to May.

In the example (s), there are two clauses. The first clause “Rainfall occurs throughout the year” is as main clause or independent clause (IC) because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be a sentence by itself. And then, the second clause is

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51 CHAPTER V

CLOSURE

After conducting, present the data, analyze the data and discussing the result, in this chapter the writer would like to present the conclusion and suggestion of this research which is entitled “The Analysis of Dependent Clause in the Sentences of Text Book Look Ahead 1for Senior High School Student Year X”.

The writer also gives the suggestions for the other (the readers, the English teachers, the other researchers, and the English students) in relation to the topic of this graduating paper. Here the conclusion and the suggestion of the graduating paper;

A. Conclusions

After analyzing the data of Independent and Dependent Clause, the writer accomplished to the conclusion as follows:

1. In the Text Book “Look Ahead 1”, the writer found 38 Dependent Clauses. There are three types of Dependent Clause; Adverbial Clause, Noun Clause, and Adjective Clause.

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52 of Adverbial Clause; Adverbial Clause of Time, Adverbial Clause of Cause, Adverbial Clause of Result, Adverbial Clause of Condition, and Adverb Clause of Concession. Among the five types, the most dominant adverbial in this data is adverbial clause of time (55%). This is probably because time is one of important aspect in life dealing with language, thus, it is mostly used.

B. Suggestions

After analyzing the data and discussing the result, the writer gives some suggestions which are addressed to the readers, English teachers, the students, and future researcher.

1. Readers

The writer suggests to give more attention in understanding the independent and dependent clause, because it will make them easier to understand the text.

2. Students

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53 3. English Teacher

The researcher hopes that the English teacher can use this study as one of references in studying sentence especially to give more understanding about independent and dependent clause.

4. Future researcher

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TABLE DATA

No. Code Clause

1. <IND00901001> I think my first memories began

2. <IND00901003> I remember

3. <IND00901004> I had a naughty friend

4. <IND01402007> He told me to stop plucking my eyebrows every minutes

5. <IND01402009> By 6.30 p.m., we had shopped our brains out and laughed so much

6. <IND01404012> He was an angel and all of us were lucky

7. <IND02603014> Then he entered

8. <IND02604016> Among his wel-known cubbist paintings are “The Three Musicians” and “The man with a guitar”

9. <IND02703018> She had stuck her hand in the enclosure in an attempt to touch the three-year old lion

10. <IND02703020> The tourist was taken to hospital in Monpellier 11. <IND02702021> Thai low does not recognize a sex change

12. <IND03901023> We live in a global village but how well do we know and understand each other

13. <IND03902025> They will be bang on time.

14. <IND03903027> Several guide books appeared giving advice on international etiquette.

15. <IND04101028> Once there was an Indian,

AN ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN LOOK AHEAD 1, A TEXT BOOK FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS YEAR X A GRADUATING PAPER Submitted to the Board of Examiners as a partial fulfillment of the