Maranatha Christian University iii
ABSTRACT
Dalam tugas akhir ini, saya membahas kognitif metafor yang dikemukakan oleh dua orang linguis yang bernama George Lakoff dan Mark Johnson. Konsep metafor yang mereka kemukakan mempunyai pemikiran yang berbeda dari bahasa kiasan atau peribahasa tentang metafor pada umumnya yang hanya membandingkan suatu benda dengan benda yang lainnya. Mereka menjelaskan bahwa di dalam kognitif metafor terdapat suatu entitas yang dipakai, dijelaskan, dimengerti, direalisasikan dan distrukturalisasikan dengan entitas lain. Hal tersebut dengan atau tanpa kita sadari acapkali terdapat dalam pola pikir, tuturan dan tindakan kita sehari-hari yang mengapresiasikan konsep metafor secara kognitif.
Untuk merealisasikan konsep kognitif metafor ini, saya menggunakan majalah In Touch Weekly sebagai korpus data untuk dianalisis. Dalam majalah tersebut, banyak ditemukan tajuk yang mengindikasikan kognitif metafor yang kemudian dapat dikaitkan dengan isinya secara kognitif. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk melebih-lebihkan tajuk tersebut yang kemudian dihubungkan dengan isi berita secara mendalam, sehingga dapat menarik perhatian para pembaca.
Maranatha Christian University iv
erat dan sering dijumpai sehari-hari serta memiliki banyak manfaat. Selain itu, melalui majalah kita dapat mengerti, mengetahui, merasakan dan menyadari bahwa hampir seluruh aspek dalam kehidupan kita mengapresiasi kognitif metafor.
Kognitif metafor terdiri dari tiga bagian, yaitu metafor struktural, metafor orientasional dan metafor ontologikal, yang memiliki beberapa sub-bagian yaitu metafor entiti, metafor kontainer, personifikasi dan metonimi.
Dalam thesis ini, saya menganalisa dua puluh data dan sebagian besar tajuk yang ada mengandung metafor entiti yang merupakan bagian dari metafor ontological. Ada pula dalam satu tajuk memiliki dua bagian metafor sekaligus.
Maranatha Christian University v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...………. i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………. ii
ABSTRACT …….……….. iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background of the Study ……. ………. 1
Statement of the Problem ……...……… 3
Purpose of the Study ………... 4
Methods of Research ………... 4
Organization of the Thesis ……….……….. 4
CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ……… 5
CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS OF COGNITIVE METAPHORS IN THE HEADLINES OF IN TOUNCH WEEKLY MAGAZINES AND THEIR RELATION TO THE CONTENT OF THE ARTICLES ………... 11
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION ………... 24
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………... 29
1
Maranatha christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Typically, metaphor is viewed as a language variation in which the language is used
figuratively. Webster Collegiate Dictionary terms metaphor as ‘a figure of speech in which a
word or a phrase denoting one kind of object or action is used in place of another to suggest a
likeness or analogy between them.’ In short, metaphor is like a figurative language in which the
language is said to contain figurative meaning.
In linguistics, however, different linguists have different accounts of metaphor. Richards
(1936) for example introduces the term tenor and vehicle in metaphor. Tenor is the underlying
idea of metaphor, whereas vehicle is the image used to represent or carry the metaphor. For
example: Life is a stage suggests that life is the tenor as it underlies the idea of the metaphor and
a stage is the vehicle used to represent or carry the tenor so as to be metaphorical.
2
Maranatha christian University
P is to be interpreted as S is R. For instance: the sentence John is a pig indicates that John (S) is
a Pig (P) meant to be taken as John (S) is lazy (R ) as the intended meaning to refer to the
characteristic of John, who is as lazy as a pig.
Yet, two linguists named George Lakoff and Mark Johnson perceive that in our everyday
language, in fact our way of thinking and acting reflect metaphor. They state that “Our ordinary
conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in
nature.” (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003:3) In short, Lakoff and Johnson state that almost all aspects
of our life reflect the use of metaphor. Therefore, they are of the opinion that metaphor is
basically a cognitive language in the sense that it is related to the process of knowing,
understanding and learning something by nature because of our daily and cultural experiences of
life.
Due to the fact that Lakoff and Johnson’s account of metaphors cover vast scope of our
lives and are cognitively understood, I am interested to know further concerning Lakoff and
Johnson’s concepts of cognitive metaphors for my thesis. Furthermore, I notice that their
concepts of cognitive metaphor are related to language and cognition as part of the study of
cognitive semantics.
3
Maranatha christian University
Related to such account of metaphor, I am interested in analyzing the cognitive metaphor
concepts in the headlines of In Touch Weekly magazines and how they are related to the content
of the article In Touch Weekly is one of the gossip magazines read by the Americans. That is
why my thesis aims at pointing out that metaphor is not merely a figurative language or a figure
of speech, but it actually exists in our everyday life, such as in the newspapers, magazines and
else.
We always read newspapers or magazines in our lives as part of our daily routine. Very
often we are not aware that there are actually sentences printed in the newspapers that contain
metaphors. I also notice that the metaphors in the headlines relates to the content of the articles.
In short, I take an interest in finding out the reason why a journalist may come up with such
headline(s) that imply the cognitive metaphors by relating them to the content of the articles.
Statement of the Problem
1.
How are the cognitive metaphors used in the headlines of the In Touch Weekly
Magazine?
4
Maranatha christian University
Purpose of the Study
1.
To analyse how the cognitive metaphors used in the headlines of the In Touch Weekly
Magazine.
2.
To analyse how the metaphors used in the headlines of the In Touch Weekly magazine
relate to the content of the articles.
Methods of Research
Concerning the methods of research, the source of data is taken from the ten editions of
the In Touch Weekly magazine, and the date and the edition of the magazines are chosen
randomly. Then, I pick and some headlines which I find to contain the cognitive metaphors. And
then, I read the content of the articles and analyze how it relates to the headline that suggests the
cognitive metaphors.
Organization of the Thesis
22
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION
Having analysed the cognitive metaphor in the headlines of the In Touch Weekly magazines, I arrive at a conclusion that different headlines may indicate different cognitive metaphors. Besides, there are some headlines which only have one aspect metaphor and there are others which have more than one concept of metaphor.
I find eigth headlines which indicate Ontological Metaphor. To be more specific, I find that the headline that implies the Entity Metaphor dominates the headlines. In relation to the content, the journalist wants the readers to understand much more about the content of the articles by using the entity metaphor.
23
Maranatha Christian University
struggle her illness, she is in a battle whether to live or die. Her illness is an abstract thing and the journalist interprets it as a concrete thing.
The other aspect of Ontological Metaphor is Metonymy. I find three headlines which suggest this kind of metaphor. If I relate it to the content of the articles, I find that the journalist uses Metonymy because he/she wants the readers to be able to guess the hint of what the content of the articles will be and what makes it sensational before they read them. Furthermore, I also find that the journalist tends to embellish the content of the articles so that they are going to be enthusiastic about reading the articles. At last, metonymy suggests something that has been familiar in public. Example: Who says Rocky is too old? If we read the word ‘Rocky’, we are familiar with the name because it is a popular film starred by a famous Hollywood actor, Sylvester Stallone. Therefore, it is easier to tell the articles and persuade the readers to read them because of the familiar name used within the articles.
24
Maranatha Christian University
Motherhood changed Madonna means that after Madonna becomes mother, she changes her bad habits in her youth. Besides, she knows that she is not young anymore. That is why, she has to do thing in her life more seriously.
Container Metaphor is the fourth aspect of Ontological Metaphor which I find in these headlines. There are two headlines, which indicate this concept of metaphor. In relation to the content of the article, the journalist wants the readers to know about IN-OUT concept. It means that the readers can fill themselves with positive things in order to make their life valuable. Yet, if a bad thing occurs in their life, they can solve it in either a good or a bad way. For example: She’s trying to fit in …but she can’t help being naughty, this means that Lindsay’s bad habit contains herself. She tries to relieve herself from this kind of condition, but she fails because her negative habits have been too many in comparison with her positive habits, which make her unable to resist conducting her bad habits,
25
Maranatha Christian University
I find two headlines which indicate Orientational Metaphor. Related to the content of the article, the journalist wants to tickle the readers’ conscience and curiosity to think and interpret the content of the articles in their daily life. For example: Star’s had plenty of ups and downs. From this context, the journalist wants to make certain that after they read the article, they can know that the meaning UP relates to Fatness and DOWN relates to Thinness. The readers can feel that it is the difficult to keep the body because almost people have experienced.
At last, I find two headlines which use more than one concept of metaphor. In relation to the content of the article, the journalist wants to clarify the content of the articles specifically. The journalist wants to make the readers understand more about his/her purpose of writing the articles. The example: Nick and In Touch ring in the holidays, this headline uses Metonymy and Personification. The journalist uses two concepts of Metaphor because he/she wants the readers to be familiar with the content and they can compare it as human. It is closer with them and they can think and act in their daily life easily. The other example is Eddie’s paternity case heats up. The headline suggests Entity Metaphor and Orientational Metaphor. Paternity is an abstract thing and the journalist relates it to a concrete thing in order that the readers can feel, understand and realize it easier. Besides, the word UP in this case relates to be more serious in order that the readers think in the same meaning as the journalist’s purpose.
26
Maranatha Christian University
of cognitive metaphors lie in our thought and action because we are likely to think that the concepts of metaphor are very difficult to be understood.
Furthermore, if we want to learn and interpret the concept cognitive metaphor in our life, these concepts shall give a lot of benefits to make us be enthusiastic and interest in reading many articles in the magazines.
Maranatha Christian University 29
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sources:
In Touch Weekly Magazine 8th of January 2007 edition In Touch Weekly Magazine 3rd of September 2007 edition In Touch Weekly Magazine 24th of September 2007 edition In Touch Weekly Magazine 8th of October 2007 edition In Touch Weekly Magazine 15th of October 2007 edition In Touch Weekly Magazine 22nd of October 2007 edition
References:
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson.2003. Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago and London.
Ortony, Andrew. 1993. Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
