CODE SWITCHING AND VIEWERS’ ATTITUDE TOWARD
INTERVIEWS WITH PRESIDENT SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO
(SBY)
(An Analysis of Interview Transcript from www.presidenri.go.id)
A Research Paper
Submitted to the English Education Department in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
By:
Ricky Nurhaki
0805941
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS EDUCATION
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
Contoh Halaman Hak Cipta untuk Mahasiswa S1
Studi Kinerja Rumah Sakit Khusus
Gigi dan Mulut Kota Bandung
dengan Pendekatan Balanced
Scorecard
Oleh Asaretkha Adjane A
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Ekonomi dan Bisnis
© Asaretkha Adjane 2012 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Januari 2012
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Contoh Halaman Hak Cipta untuk Mahasiswa S2
==================================================================
English Education at Secondary
Education
Oleh Didi Sukyadi
S.Pd IKIP Bandung, 1993
Sebuah Tesis yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Magister Pendidikan (M.Pd.) pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Didi Sukyadi 2004 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Juli 2004
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Contoh Halaman Hak Cipta untuk Mahasiswa S3
==================================================================
English Education at Secondary
Education
Oleh Didi Sukyadi
S.Pd IKIP Bandung, 1993 MA in Primary Education, 1997
Sebuah Tesis yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Doktor Pendidikan (Dr.) pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Didi Sukyadi 2004 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Juli 2004
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
PAGE OF APPROVAL
Code Switching and Viewer’s Attitude Toward Interviews with President
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY)
(An Analysis of Interview Transcripts from www.presidenri.go.id)
A Research Paper
By
Ricky Nurhaki
0805941
Approved by
Head of Department of English Education
Faculty of Languages and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed.
NIP. 196211011987121001 First Supervisor
Dra. Sri Setyarini, M.A.
NIP. 196312291990022001
Second Supervisor
Susi Septaviana R, M. Pd.
ABSTRAK
Penelitianberjudul “Code Switching and Viewers’ Attitude toward President SBY’s
Interview (An Analysis of Interview Transcript from www.presidenri.go.id)”bertujuanuntukmengivenstigasitipedanfungsidariCode
Switching yang di temukan di
dalamtranskripwawancara.Penelitianinijugabertujuanuntukmengetahuisikapmahasisw adarijurusanBahasaInggris and Bahasa Indonesia terhadappengunaanCode Switch
yang di lakukanolehPresiden SBY dalamwawancaranya. Data dalampenelitianinidikumpulkanmelaluipenyebaranangketpertanyaanterhadapresponde ndarimahasiswaBahasaInggris (15 orang) danBahasa Indonesia (15 orang) dari UPI
(UniversitasPendidikan Indonesia)
dandigabungkandengandokumentranskripwawancara yang diambildari situ
www.presidenri.go.id.Teori-teori yang digunakandalammenganalisaantara lain: Poplack (1980) digunakanuntukmengetahuitipedariCode Switching, Koziol (2000) digunakanuntukmenginvestigasifungsidariCode Switching, sedangkan Lambert (1967) digunakanuntukmengetahuisikapterhadappenggunaanbahasadaripenontonterhadappen gunaanCode SwitcholehPresiden SBY. Berdasarkanhasiltemuan, adatigatipeCode
Switching yang ditemukandalamtranskripwawancaraPresiden SBY
antaralainIntrasententialSwitching, IntersententialSwitching, dan Tag Switching.FungsidariCode Switchingditemukan Sembilan fungsiantara lain
Reiteration, Personalization, Untranslatability, Substitution, Mitigating Message,
Interjection,Emphasis, Clarification, danQuotation.Selanjutnya,
temuandariangketpertanyaanmenunjukanhampirseluruhrespondendariMahasiswaBaha saInggrisdanBahasa Indonesia bersikap negative terhadappenggunaanCode
SwitchingolehPresiden SBY (17 orang).
BeberaparespondenmengatakanbahwapenggunaanCode
SwitchingtidakmenunjukanpenggunaanBahasa Indonesia yang baikdanbenarsesuai EYD (ejaan yang disempurnakan), menunjukanmerusakstrukturBahasa Indonesia.Sedangkanbeberapa orang yang menunjukansikappositif(13
orang)menyatakanCode Switchingbisamenambahkosa kata
ABSTRACT
The study entitled “Code Switching and Viewers’ Attitude toward President
SBY’s Interview (An Analysis of Interview Transcript from
www.presidenri.go.id)” aims to investigate types and functions of Code Switching found in the interview transcript.In addition, this research also aims to know the language attitudes of English and Indonesian students department toward the use of code switch in Presidents SBY’s interview.The data were collected through distributing questionnaires to respondentsof the English students (15 persons) and the Indonesian students (15 persons) of UPI and compiling the documents of interview transcriptstaken from www.presidenri.go.id. Some theories were used to analyse the data, namely Poplack (1980)was used to identify types of code switching, Koziol (2000) was applied to investigate functions of Code Switching, while Lambert (1967) was implemented to find out the attitude of the viewers’ toward the use of Code Switch by President SBY. Based on the results of analysis, it shows that there were three types of code switching found in President
SBY’sinterviews e.g.IntrasententialSwitching, IntersententialSwitching, and Tag Switching. In term of functions of code switching, nine functions were identified namelyReiteration, Personalization, Untranslatability, Substitution, Mitigating Message,Interjection,Emphasis, Clarification, and Quotation.Moreover, the findings from the questionnaires reveal that most respondents both from English and Indonesian Department perceived negatively to the use of Code Switchingdone byPresident SBY in theinterview (17 persons). Some respondents who gave the negative attitude stated that the use of Code Switching did not provide the proper use of Indonesian according to EYD (ejaan yang disempurnakan), but it was considered to ruin Indonesian language structure. In contrast, the rest of respondents (13 persons) gave the positive attitude towardCode Switching since they claimed that Code Switching may increase the global vocabulary.
TABLE OF CONTENT
STATEMENT ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
PREFACE ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ABSTRACT ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
TABLE OF CONTENT ... i
LIST OF TABLES ... Error! Bookmark not defined. LIST OF APPENDICES ... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……….1
1.1 Background of Study……….1
1.2 Statement of the Problems……….4
1.3 Aims of Study………5
1.4 Significance of Study………5
1.5 Research Methodology………..6
1.5.1 Research Design………..6
1.5.2 Data Collection and Data Source………7
1.5.3 Data Analysis………..7
1.6 Clarification of the Terms……….8
1.7 Organization of the Paper………..9
2.1 Bilingualism………10
2.2 Code Switching………..12
2.2.1 Definition of Code Switching………..12
2.2.2 Types of Code Switching……….14
2.2.3 Function of Code Switching………18
2.3 Language Attitude………..24
2.4 Previous Research………...27
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………...31
3.1 Statement of Problems……….31
3.2 Research Method……….31
3.3 Data Collection………33
3.3.1 Data Source………...34
3.3.2 Instruments………35
3.3.3 Respondents………..36
3.4 Data Analysis………..37
3.4.1 Identification……….37
3.4.2 Classification……….38
3.4.3 Quantification………...41
3.4.4 Viewers' Attitude………..42
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION……….43
4.1 Types of Code Switching………43
4.1.1 Intrasentential Switching………..44
4.1.3Tag Switching………..46
4.2 Functions of Code Switching………..47
4.2.1 Reiteration………49
4.2.2 Personalization………...50
4.2.3 Untranslatability……….51
4.2.4 Substitution………..52
4.2.5 Mitigating Message………53
4.2.6 Interjection………..54
4.2.7 Emphasis………..54
4.2.8Clarification………55
4.2.9 Quotation……….56
4.3 The Viewers' Attitude toward Code Switching………...56
4.3.1 Cognitive………...58
4.3.2 Affective………...66
4.3.3 Conative/ Behavioral………....70
4.4 Discussion………...73
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………...77
5.1 Conclusion………...77
5.2 Suggestions………..78
BIBLIOGRAPHY………..80
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of Study
In this world, there are many cultures with their different languages
across the globe. In order to cope with others, it seems to become a demand
for people to master, or at least to speak more than one language. Nowadays, it
is common for people to speak more than one language at the same time in a
daily conversation. According to Wardaugh (1992) people who can speak
more than one language are called bilinguals. In addition, Spolsky (1998:49)
states that bilinguals often switch between two languages in the middle of a
conversation. People who live in multilingual society, such as Indonesia,
might become bilinguals or multilinguals. According to Oxford Companion to
the English Language (1992), about half of the world’s population or 2.5
billion people are bilingual and kinds of bilingualism are probably present in
every country in the world.
Bilingual interaction is an important aspect of language learning and a
tool for cultural exchange between interlocutors. Chaer (1995:112) says that
someone mastering more than one language can be said as a bilingual while
the ability to use more than one language is called as bilingualism. As an
individual who involved in two different languages and cultures, they cannot
be separated from the effects of using two languages. One of the effects is the
language elements into other language elements. As refer to Poplack (1998),
the mixing of those elements called as code switching.
Code switching is a changing process from one language to another
language in the middle of an utterance (Spolsky 1998). In line with Spolsky,
Milroy and Gordon (2003) states that the term of code switching can describe
a range of language (dialect) alternation and mixing phenomena whether
within the same conversation, the same turn, or same sentence utterance. This
phenomenon has been present in bilingual or multilingual societies where
languages, dialects and different varieties of the same language are used.
Recently code switching has become a burning issue in Indonesia
because many mass media provide many programs that contain code
switching. For example, code switching in television programs like talkshow,
interview, speech, movie, music channel, reality show and in printed media
such as novels, advertisements, books, magazine, articles and newspapers.
This phenomenon makes code switching more common in the society.
Wardaugh (1992) states that code switching is a language shifting from one
language to another language. It is used to establish, cross or destroy group
boundaries and also proposed to create, evoke, or change interpersonal
relations with their rights and obligations (Wardaugh, 1992).
There are some researchers who have conducted research on code
switching in interview setting. One of those researchers is Agnetha (2008). He
examined that code switching appeared in the bilingual (Malay and English)
research discovered that the interviewees’ switches are more frequent for a
wider variety of function that the journalists. In addition, the results also
dispute the positive attitude that states code switching by interlocutors who
alternate between two languages.
Furthermore, Velasquez (2010) examined the language and identity in
Spanish-English Interviews. She observed that code switching appeared in
Latin High School and students experiences in school toward their academic
engagement or disengagement. The purpose of this research is to understand
why and how language alternation occurs in bilingual interviews and its
potential connection with identity. In addition, the findings show that the
positive attitude toward the use of code switching by interlocutors who
alternate between two languages.
Regarding this, the researcher finds it interesting to study a code
switching phenomenon in President SBY’s interview in order to obtain new
findings of code switching occurrences in a different segment of viewers. This
research aims to identify types, functions of code switching toward interview
with President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) and how the viewers’
attitude (English and Indonesian Department Students) to code switching.
Many studies on Code Switching has been conducted by many researchers but
only few of them investigated in interview setting, while much had been
written about other types of settings, such as a university campus (Blommaert,
1987), government office (Heller, 1992), workplace (Morais, 1998), classroom
(Zuraidah, 2003), courtroom (David, 2003) and other settings, there is very
little information about code switching in interviews.
Due to the explanation above, the researcher decided to conduct a
research of code switching in interview setting. An interview with President
Susillo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) is chosen as data source. The use of code
switching in interview setting has reflected the concerns and anxieties of
certain people who believe that it is not appropriate to mix different languages,
especially if someone who has occupation as President (Nababan, 1986). The
researcher argues that code switching prevents the preservation of the purity of
a language especially the national language. Furthermore, the researcher is
interested to study the case because SBY as the President of Republic of
Indonesia has a considerable influence within the large amount of Indonesian
people. Therefore, the language used by President SBY is interesting to be
investigated in terms of context of the use of language in delivering his speech
or opinion related to code switching phenomenon.
1.2Statement of the problems
This study investigates the appearances of code switching in a formal
interview setting with President SBY. The research problems are formulated
in the following questions:
1. What types of code-switching occur in the interview with
President SBY?
2. What are the functions of code switching found in the interview
3. What are the viewers’ attitudes (English and Indonesian
Department Students) toward the interview with President SBY?
1.3Aims of Study
Based on the research questions mentioned above, this study aims to
discover the following issues:
1. Identify the types of code switching made by President SBY in his
interview.
2. Identify the functions of code switching found in the interviewe
with President SBY.
3. Find out the viewers’ attitudes (English and Indonesian
Department Students) toward the interview with President SBY.
1.4Significance of the Study
The researcher hopes that by conducting this research, readers can get
some insight on code switching expressions in relation to its types and
functions in the form of materials taken from the interview with President
SBY. There have been many studies that investigate code switching. However,
analyzing code switching in a spoken material has not been well researched.
This research, which is analyzing the use of code switching in spoken
materials is expected to enrich the literature on code switching as a
sociolinguistic phenomenon. On the other hand, the result of this research will
disadvantages of code switching. Thus, after the readers understand this
phenomenon, they can be responsive in the occurrence of code switching.
1.5Research Methodology
1.5.1 Research Design
This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. Generally,
qualitative method is the method used to analyze the problems which are
not designed or arranged using statistic procedure (Subroto 2007: 5). It
means that all the data in this research are in the form of sentences and
words, not in the form of numbers. As Wilkinson (2000: 7) stated that the
resulting data is presented in the form of descriptions so, the data in this
research is in the form of descriptions. In addition, Maxwell (1996: 17)
argues that strengths of qualitative research derive from its inductive
approach, its focus on specific situation or people, and its emphasis on
words rather than numbers. The sources of data in this research were
utterances spoken by President SBY in his interview with interviewer.
The first step of analysis is underlining every word, phrase, and
clause in the interview transcripts, which are related with code switching.
The next steps are analyzing in terms of its types according to the theory
by Poplack (1990) and the functions according to the theory by Koziol
(2000). And the last step is analyzing the questionnaire to find out the
viewers’ attitudes of code switching used by President SBY in his
1.5.2 Data Collection and Data Source
The data were collected from the interview transcription from
President SBY interview in the form of words, phrases and sentences. The
researcher used four transcripts interviews which are done by TVRI and
CNN. The first interview was done by Soegeng Sarjadi from TVRI on 21
February 2012, the second interview was done by Andrew Steven from
CNN on 11 June 2011, the third interview was done by Imam Prioyono
from TVRI on 11 August 2011, and the last interview was done by
Ramadhan Pohan from Jurnal Nasional on 10 Febuary 2011. The
transcripts consist of 97 pages. The data was taken through presidential
official website: http://www.presidenri.go.id.
1.5.3 Data Analysis
The data of the research were analyzed through three stages.
Namely identification, classification, and quantification. The analysis
concerns on what types, functions of code switching found in the interview
with President SBY and how the viewers’ attitude responses to Code
Switching. In analyzing data, some steps were taken as follows:
1. Reading and re-reading the script thoroughly to get deeper
understanding of the issues in the interview, especially about the
code switching used by President SBY.
2. Finding textual evidence from the script which is related to the
3. Finding and reading other sources related to the research to form
the theoretical framework.
4. Investigating the questionnaires to the respondents.
5. Categorizing all the collected data, focusing on the code switching
used.
6. Analyzing and interpreting the collected data based on theoretical
framework of code switching.
7. Making conclusions and suggestions for further research.
1.6Clarification of Terms
Code Switching
Code switching is the phenomenon of combining the languages.
Spolsky (1998) defines code switching as a changing from one
language to another in the middle of utterances. Code switching can
occur between the speakers involved in a conversation or within a
speech turn of a single speaker, and appear on several language levels
including syntactic (Poplack, 1980). In present study, the code
switching involves Indonesian and English.
Interview
Interview is a meeting face to face, usually a formal or official meeting
for a consultation, a conference, conservation, or questioning for the
purpose of obtaining information for publication (retrieved from
Attitude
Attitude is a way of acting or behaving, showing one’s feeling and
thinking. In line with it, Chrystal (1992) defines attitude as a feeling
people have about their own language or the language or the languages
of others. It often comes because of ideology, concepts, and opinions.
1.7Organization of the Paper
The paper of the research will be organized as follows:
CHAPTER I
This chapter contains the background, statement of the problems, aims of the
study, significance of the study, methodology, and organization of the paper.
CHAPTER II
It consists of theoretical foundation that provides a basis for conducting the
research problems.
CHAPTER III
This part covers the methodology of the research, the steps of how the
researcher conducts the research.
CHAPTER IV
This part reports the result of the research. This chapter contains the research
findings and discussions.
CHAPTER V
This last chapter contains the interpretation toward the result of the research in
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the research method of the present research. It
consists of five sections. Section 3.1 statement of problems. Section 3.2 describes
the research method. Section 3.3 presents data collection. Section 3.4 describes
data analysis including identification of the occurrences, classification, and
quantification of the data.
3.1Statement of Problems
The research problems are formulated in the following research questions.
1. What types of code-switching are occurred in the interview with President
SBY?
2. What are the functions of code switching found in the interview with
President SBY?
3. What are the viewers’ attitudes (English and Indonesian Department
Students) toward the interview with President SBY?
3.2Research Method
This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. It is qualitative
because it deals with the natural phenomena such as the code switching used by
President SBY in an interview setting. Generally, qualitative method is the
method used to analyze the problems which are not designed or arranged using
strengths of qualitative research derived from its inductive approach, its focus on
specific situation or people, and its emphasis on words rather than numbers. It
means that all the data in this research are in the form of sentences and words, not
in the form of numbers.
Additionally, Bodgan and Biklen (1982, as cited in Sugiyono, 2009)
proposed five characteristics of qualitative research.
They are “qualitative research has the natural setting as the direct source of data and researcher is the key instrument”, “qualitative research is descriptive. The data collected is in the form of words of pictures rather than number”, “qualitative research are concerns with process rather than simply with outcomes or products”, “qualitative research tends to analyze their data inductively”, and “the ‘meaning’ is essential to the qualitative approach.”.
Based on the five characteristics of qualitative research as proposed by
Bodgan and Bilken, this research showed the nature of the situation as it exists at
the time of the collecting data and collected in words form.
This study also belongs to descriptive research, because it describes how
and what the code switching used by the President SBY in the interview. Ary
(1979:295) stated that descriptive research studies are designed to obtain
information concerning the current status of phenomena. They are directed toward
determining the nature of a situation as it exists at the time of the study. In
addition, Gay (1987) stated that in using a descriptive method, collecting data has
to be involved in order to answer the questions concerning the subject of study.
Qualitative research is descriptive in what the researcher is interested in process,
meaning, and understanding gained through word or picture (Creswell, 1994:145).
relevant to the present research since it involved the data collection for describing
the existing of code switching.
Additionally, this research uses some quantification to show percentages
of the code switching types, functions and the viewers’ attitute appearance that are
analyzed in form of the table.
3.3Data Collection
The data were collected in the form of interview transcripts between
President SBY and his interviewer. The data were collected through presidential
official website: http://www.presidenri.go.id. It means that all the data in this research are in the form of document. In the line of this, Creswell (2007, as cited
in Heigham 2009) state that in depth data collection, the investigator explores the
data over time through detailed analysis by involving multiple source information
like documents. Furthermore, this research used document analysis as the
technique of the data collection. Bowen (2009: 27) stated that document analysis
is a well organized process for reviewing or evaluating documents. This document
analysis is used to gain understanding of documents and develop empirical
knowledge (Corbin and Strauss, 2008 as cited in Bowen, 2008:27).
Furthermore, the researcher is interested to study the case because SBY as
the President of Republic of Indonesia has a considerable influence within the
large amount of Indonesian people. Additionally, the language used by President
SBY is interesting to be investigated in terms of context of the use of language in
3.3.1Data Source
This research is conducted to find out the types, the functions and how the
viewers attitude to the code switching performed by President SBY in his
interview. The data were collected through presidential official website:
http://www.presidenri.go.id.
Presidenri.go.id is a presidential official website of President SBY as the
President of the Republic of Indonesia. This presidential official website is
dedicated for people of Indonesia. It provides information that related to President
SBY’s activities, news, speeches, interviews and policies. In the interview section,
there are many collections of President SBY’s interview from 2009 until today.
For instances the transcript interview from TVRI and CNN. Furthermore, the
language use in the content of President SBY’s interview using a combination of
Indonesia- English (code switching phenomenon).
The researcher chose four transcripts interviews which are done by TVRI
and CNN. The first interview was done by Soegeng Sarjadi from TVRI on 21
February 2012, the second interview was done by Andrew Steven from CNN on
11 June 2011, the third interview was done by Imam Prioyono from TVRI on 11
August 2011, and the last interview was done by Ramadhan Pohan from Jurnal
Nasional on 10 Febuary 2011. The transcripts consist of 97 pages.
The first interview was done by Soegeng Sarjadi from TVRI on 21
Febuary 2012. The main theme in this interview was a figure of President of
Indonesia. The second interview was done by Andrew Steven from CNN on June
views on security and stability, promoting economic growth, combating
terrorism, radicalism, corruption, leading ASEAN, empowering the national
human resource, Indonesian Islamism, the complexities of navigating in times of
change and reform, his leadership, his legacy and his life after 2014. The third
interview was done by Imam Prioyono from TVRI on 11 August 2011. The
interview started off with an elaboration of his achievement as the leader of
ASEAN and focused on ASEAN community creation in 2015. And the last
interview was done by Ramadhan Pohan from Jurnal Nasional on 10 Febuary
2011. The interview focused on the issue of governance and the decision making
process, the President highlighted that although he won 60% in the election, the
parliamentary votes were quite balanced. Decision making process required a
longer political consensus process.
In the present research, the researcher used SBY’s interviews as the
document. The researcher gained information about code switching used by
President SBY in his interview especially in types and functions of code
switching.
3.3.2Instrument
In this research, the instruments used are transcripts and questionnaires. It
is used to explore the relation between code switching phenomenon in formal
interview with President SBY and the viewers’ attitude towards it. Alwasilah
(2003) states that a questionnaire is extensively used to collect the data about
phenomena that are not observable, such as inner experience, opinions,
There were two types of questions of questionnaire: close or open.
Closed-questions showed in form of multiple choice, yes or no answer, or ranking
schemes. The respondents were much easier to deal with and to score the
questions because they were given fixed format to inquire responses. While,
open-question allowed any answer from the respondents. But it is difficult to score
because the respondents were given a freedom to express their view or opinion. In
the present research, the questionnaires consisted of 11 questions, which were
multiple choices set in the form of semi open questions and closed questions.
3.3.3Respondents
The data of viewers’ response was obtained through questionnaires.
Respondents were asked to fill the questionnaires related to the research. The
respondents of the present research were the student of Universitas Pendidikan
Indonesia (Indonesia University of Education) majoring in English and
Indonesian. They were also the viewers of Presiden SBY interview in several
occasions. There were 30 students chosen as respondent, fifteen students from
English program and fifteen students from Indonesian program at Indonesia
University of Education. These two populations were purposively chosen because
the researcher wanted to find out the different effects of the code switching being
presented in President SBY interviews to each group, since they were majoring in
different subjects of study. Furthermore, both groups have already learnt the
3.4Data Analysis
The data of the research are analyzed through three stages. They were the
identification of the occurrences, classification into the types and the functions,
and quantification for making an interpretation of SBY’s interview related to the
use of code switching.
3.4.1 Identification
To find the occurrences of code switching the researcher identified the 97
pages in SBY’s interview transcript. The researcher read the transcripts
thoroughly to get deeper understanding of issues in the interview, especially about
the code switching exercised by President SBY. Subsequently, the researcher
made a mark by underlining form in every word, phrase, and clause in the
transcripts that contain code switching. This underlining was intended to mark
occurrences of code switching in the text. For example, a sentence in the SBY’s
interview transcript has been observed. President SBY said the sample sentence as
follow. It is used two languages, first is Indonesian and second is English. The
sample sentence is shown in [10].
[10] “DanI have made my decision, saya putuskan berangkat.” (p. 5)
In this sentence, President SBY uses Indonesian as his first language (L1)
in his utterances. The sentence “Dan..., saya putuskan berangkat” written in an
italic form to marked as the L1, then the sentence “I have made my decision”
3.4.2 Classification
The second stage is classification. The main purpose in this stage is based
on types and functions. They were three types of code switching proposed by
poplack (1990, as cited in Hamers, 2000, p. 259) which are Tag switching,
Intrasentential switching, and Intersentential switching. For the functions of code
switching, the researcher used fourteen functions of code switching as proposed
by Koziol (2000 as cited in Nitiswari2009), they were personalization (when
people want to clarify a point, they create a certain atmosphere of shared ethnic
experience, heritage, and distinctiveness), reiteration (when people want to
reemphasize a meaning, they repeat what they have said in another language),
designation (it uses to direct the message to one particular person among several
addresses present in the immediate environment.), substitution (some people like
to use their language for a term of endearment to designate one of their friends),
emphasis (this function occurs to emphasize a particular segment of utterance),
clarification (this function occurs when people want to specify what they are
talking about or to make a clarification of the message), objectification (when
people want to resist creating a more intimate, friendly, or comfortable
atmosphere, they do switching), untranslatability (this function usually occurs to
an issue or concept that is rather abstract), mitigating message (to make the
message sound more polite and less demanding, people may switch their
language), interjection (to get the interlocutor’s attention and also to highlight
what follows the interjection, people may use an interjection in a language that is
information that the speaker chooses to give his interlocutor on a certain subject
he has just mentioned), aggravating message (it emphasizes the demand by
showing a certain switch), quotation (this function occurs because direct
quotations are almost recounted in the original language), and topic shift (it occurs
when people discuss two things in different topic).
In this stage, the most frequent of language switching in SBY’s interview
transcript are also observed. The researcher analyzed which the most frequent
types and functions of code switching that are used by President SBY. The
example was shown in [81].
[81] “…tapi itulah realitas yang saya hadapi dan saya tidak
boleh menyerah dan terus maju melewati smuanya, I have
to move on, I have to go through semuanya itu.”
The sample sentence [81] is spoken by President SBY. It is identified as an
Intersentential switching because this type occurs at a clause or sentence level, in
which each clause or sentence is in different language (Poplack 1990). The
sentence “I have to move on, I have to go through” occurs after the speaker
(President SBY) has finished his sentence before. He switched in English on his
next sentence, so it is classified as an Intersentential switching. For the function,
the sample sentence is labeled as a reiteration. This function occurs when a
speaker repeats exactly what he said in another language to reemphasize the point
(Koziol, 2000). In the sample sentence, “I have to move on, I have to go through”
smuanya”. Since the underlined sentence repeated, therefore it is classified as
reiteration.
The identification and the classification process are conducted to answer
the first, the second and the third statement of problems. The data analyzed and
classified into the category of each type and functions of switching in form of
table. Table of types and functions of code switching presented in table 1 whiles
the frequent of types and functions of code switching are presented in a table 2.
Table 1
Table of types and functions of code switching
No. Sentences Code Switching
Types of Code
Switching Functions 1. [1] “Tentu, bisa kita bikin
baik negeri kita. That’s my
Table 2
Table the occurrences of types and functions of code switching
NO Functions Frequency Total
Tag Intersentential Intrasentential
1. Reiteration - 2 44 46
2. Personalization 2 6 37 45
3. Untranslatability - - 29 29
4. Substitution - - 10 10
5. Mitigating Message - 6 4 10
6. Interjection - - 6 6
7. Emphasis - 1 2 3
8. Clarification 1 1 - 2
9. Quotation - - 1 1
Total 3 16 133 152
3.4.3 Quantification
To find out the frequency and the percentage of the occurrences code
switching in SBY’s interview transcripts, the researcher conducted the present
research in quantification. Although this research is carried out in a descriptive
qualitative method but this research also needs an accurate quantification to
complete the research study. This stage was conducted to discover the most
frequent constituents switched into other languages by using formula stated by
3.4.4 Viewers’ Attitudes
This was another analysis on the viewers’ attitudes toward the use of code
switching represented by President SBY in his interview. The viewers were asked
to fill in the semi-open questionnaires (see Appendix C) related to their personal
opinions about the use of code switching. The questions explored the respondents’
opinion toward the language use. The last step is interpreting the data by drawing
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This last chapter presents some conclusions and suggestions. It is divided
into two sections. Section 5.1 discusses some conclusions of the present study in
line with the research problems. Section 5.2 presents some suggestions for the
researchers who have similar interest in conducting the sociolinguistics research
specifically on code switching.
5.1Conclusions
This section describes the conclusions of the present research with regard
to the research problems. The present research aims to discover what types and
functions of code switching found in President SBY’s interview by TVRI and
CNN taken from www.presidenri.go.id. Additionally, this research also aims to
reveal the language attitude of the viewers toward the use of code switching in the
President SBY’s interview.
Based on the data analysis result, some conclusions can be drawn as the
following:
First, there were three types of code switching discovered in Presidents
SBY’s Interview namely Intrasentential, Intrasentential, and Tag Switching as
proposed by Poplack (1980 as cited in Romaine 1989). Intrasentential Switching
appeared as the most frequent in President SBY’s interview.
Second, regarding to the functions of code switching, there were only nine
Untranslatability, Substitution, Mitigating Message, Interjection, Emphasis,
Clarification, and Quotation. Those were nine functions out of fourteen functions
as proposed by Koziol (2000). Reiteration appeared as the most frequent function
Lastly, the analysis results of the questionnaires show that the two groups
of respondents (English and Indonesian department students) tend to have
negative attitudes toward code switching. Most of the respondents disagreed with
the use of code switched by president SBY because it was considered as
inappropriate action; as they stated “especially as a president, he should not mix his utterances” (Affective Aspect). Additionally, most of the respondents argued that the use of code switching did not provide the proper use of Indonesian
according to EYD (ejaan yang disempurnakan), but it was considered to ruin
Indonesian language structure (Behavioral Aspect). Furthermore, it is assumed
that both groups of respondents understand the utterances spoken in English by
President SBY in his interview (Cognitive Aspect). In Contrast, the rest of
respondents gave the positive attitude toward Code Switching since they claimed
that Code Switching may increase the global vocabulary.
5.2Suggestions
In accordance with the findings, the following suggestions are proposed.
First, the present research focuses on the use of code switching performed by
President SBY in interview setting. It is suggested that further research may focus
on the use of code switching performed by the President in speech setting.
Second, the object of research is an interview setting. Further research may
and differences in the use of code switching. It is also suggested that further
research may discuss another code switching phenomenon in another media such
as public figure speech, television show, news anchor, quiz, etc. Research can also
focus on other languages including local languages such as, Sundanese, Javanese,
and other foreign languages.
Finally, there are still many aspects concerning the problems of language
attitude differences between male and female respondents that have not been
covered yet. Therefore, further research may focus on the other areas of the use of
code switching not only in oral setting but also in writing setting such as novel,
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