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n a m a l a g n e p h e l o i h u r a g n e p i d e tt e n i o t n A n a i d a b ir p e k a w h a b n a k it k u b m e m l i s a H
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y i n i l e v o n m a l a d n a k n i k g n u m e m g n a y k e p s
a atiu kutlu r socia l dan feminism .
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S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T
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B Objecitveoft heStudy ... 3 .
C ProblemFormulaiton ... 4 .
D Benefti soft heStudy ... 4 .
E De ifniitono fTerms ... 4
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b Humanmoitves ... 13 .
B Contex to fTheNovel ... 15 .
i x Y
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B Approachoft heStudy ... 1 9 .
C Methodo fTheStudy ... 1 9
S I S Y L A N A V I R E T P A H C
.
A TheDesc irpiton fo Antoinette’ sCharacte r ... 21 .
B TheSurfaceandTheDeepe rMeaningtheEffec to f e tt e n i o t n A t s n i a g A d e t c u d n o C t n e m t a e r T l e u r C e h
T ... 32
1 TheEffec toft heCrue lTreatmen tConducted
Agains tAntoinette t(hes urface) ... .... 32 2 Theeffec toft heCrue lTreatmen tConducted
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S N O I T S E G G U S D N A S N O I S U L C N O C V R E T P A H C
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A Conclusio ns ... 40 .
B Suggesiton s... 41 R
e r u t u F e h t r o f n o it s e g g u S .
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a p e v if f o s t s i s n o c r e t p a h c s i h
T trs .The f ris tpatr i s t heBackground of t heStudy ,
e h T . y d u t s s i h t f o a t a d y r a m ir p e h t s a k o o b e h t g n i s o o h c f o n o s a e r e h t g n it a t
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t e g n a c e w , s k r o w y r a r e ti l g n i d a e r y B . e r o m y n a m d n a y t e i c o s , l a r o m , y g o l o h c y s p
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y ti l a n o s r e p d n a s e g n a h c l a c i s y h p h ti w d e n r e c n o c e r a y e h t , s t c e p s a l a u d i v i d n i
a m u h f o t n e m p o l e v e
d nl fie .
r p a s i ti e c n i s e fi l l a e r e h t m o r f d e t a r a p e s e b t o n n a c k r o w y r a r e ti l
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t tha thappen int he wo lrdseenf rom f rist poin to fview.I n f act ,every
l a u d i v i d n i e h t n o r e h ti e t c e f f e s ti s a h e fi l s i h t n i s n e p p a h t a h t n o n e m o n e h p r o t n e v e
a e S o s s a g r a S e d i
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s ou rvocabula ires ,sincei tha sva ireddiciton.I nt hi snove,lJ eanRhy s
o t n e v ir d n e e b e v a h y a m r e t c a r a h c e l a m e f n i a m e h t w o h l e v o n r e h n i w o h s o t t u o s t e s
e h t y b s s e n d a
m cruel rteatmentsf romher f amliy ,husbandandenvrionmen.tI n Wide
a e S o s s a g r a
S ,Antoinette Cosway i nhe r rteatmen tpe irod ha ssigni ifcan tchange sby
e h s , r e v o e r o M . t n e m n o ri v n e d n a d n a b s u h , y li m a f r e h h ti w s e c n e ir e p x e r e
h tells he r
w y lr a e l c s g n il e e f d n a s t h g u o h t r e h , s e c n e ir e p x
e hich make the reader sfeel t hat t hey
r o t s e h t n i d e v l o v n i e r
a y .Wide Sargasso Sea ha swon several l tierary award swhich
y r a r e ti l s ’ s h y R n a e J e s o o h c I , s h t g n e rt s s ti f o e s u a c e B . g n i d a e r h tr o w s i ti t a h t e v o r p
. y d u t s y m f o e c r u o s y r a m ir p e h t s a k r o w
t s n i d e t s e r e t n i m a
I udying thi snove lbecause o fthe conten tand w iritng style .
n o it c e j e r e h t n e h w n o it i d n o c e h t d n a n o it a u ti s e h t t u o b a s e b ir c s e d y lr a e l c l e v o n e h T
d n
a cruel rteatmen treally affec tthe individua lin ti .In thi scase Antoinette a sthe
r e t c a r a h c n i a
m is r ejected by t hef amliyand envrionment .Those problems i n lfuence
. e fi l s ’ e tt e n i o t n A
t e s l e v o n e h
T s in nineteenth century and there are three pa trs .The fris tpar ti s
, r e t s e h c o R y b d e t a r r a n s i tr a p d n o c e s e h T . r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t , e tt e n i o t n A y b d e t a r r a n
whoi sAntoinette’ shusband .Thenarratorsoft het hridpar tareAntoinetteandGrace
e v i g e tt e n i o t n A t u o b a l l e t o h w s r o t a r r a n t n e r e f fi D . e l o o
P m e morei nformaiton abou t
e h t t u o b a s i y d u t s s i h t f o c i p o t e h t , e li h w n a e M . r e t c a r a h c s ’ e tt e n i o t n
A effec to fcrue l
s t n e m t a e
n e u lf n i t a h t s r o t c a
f ce one’ spersonal tiy .Those factor scan come from famliy and
. t n e m n o ri v n e
e h s , e m it e fi l r e h g n ir u D . 0 3 8 1 e l d d i m e h t n i a c i a m a J n i s e v il y a w s o C e tt e n i o t n A
t u o d n a e d i s n i m o r f h t o b t n e m t a e rt s e c a
f sidet hehouse .Sincet hedeath o fherf ather ,
. e r r e i P , n o s k c i s r e h h ti w d e s s e s b o s i o h w r e h t o m r e h y b d e r o n g i s i e tt e n i o t n A
a s w o r h t d n a s s e r d r e h s l a e t s ,r e h s e v a e l r e t a l o h w , a i T , d n e ir f e n o s a h y l n o e tt e n i o t n A
a s e v o l o h w n o s r e p y l n o e h T . r e h t a e n o t
s nd care sabou the ri sCh irstophine ,he r
e v a s t o n n a c c i g a m s ’ e n i h p o t s ir h C , y ll a c i n o rI . c i g a m s e c it c a r p e n i h p o t s ir h C . t n a v r e s
e h t f o e s u a c e b m o d e e r f r e h d n a y e n o m r e h , e m a n r e h , s s e n i p p a h r e
h cruel rteatmen t
il r e h s t a e rt d n a s e t a l u p i n a m o h w d n a b s u h r e h m o r
f fe .Howhe rmothe rrteats he rha s
n a c if i n g i s n e v i
g ti n lfuencest oherl fie.
e l p o e p n o m m o c r o
F ,famliy stli lbecome sthe fris tsocia lfacto rin lfuencing
e fi l s ’l a u d i v i d n
i . So , fo r a kind o f person ilke Antoinette , who neve r make s
,s r e h t o e h t o t n o it a s r e v n o
c famliywli lplayi mpo trantr olet owardhe rl . fie
.
B Objec itve soft heStudy
e e s o t s i y d u t s e h t f o m i a e h
T theeffec to fcrue lrteatmen to nAntoinetteCosway ,
s y h R n a e J n i n e e s s a r e n w o ’ s e v a l s e h t f o r e t h g u a d e h
.
C ProblemFormula iton
t e r a e r e h t , e v o b a n o it a m r o f n i e h t g n i d r a g e
R w o quesitons t o be discussed i n t hi s
: y d u t s
.
1 Howi sAntoinette ,oneoft hemaincharactersi nt henovel ,desc irbed?
.
2 Whati st heeffec toft hecrue lrteatmen to nAntoinette?
.
D TheBene if toft heStudy
e h t e t a g it s e v n i o t s i y d u t s e h t f o t if e n e b e h
T effect o fpeople cruel rteatment s
s ’ e tt e n i o t n A d r a w o
t lfie .Byr eadingt his t hesi ,st her eader sespeciallythestudent so f
b n a m u h w o h w o n k y a m m a r g o r P y d u t S n o it a c u d E e g a u g n a L h s il g n
E e s ing d ealwtih
t eh i rsurroundingsandacitons ythe didi nordert oachievecompletenes .sI talsodeal s
l a u d i v i d n i n a h ti
w ’ sunhappyl fie.Beside ,st hes tudent swhowantt oanalyzet hes ame
n e r e f fi d a e v a h o t e c n e r e f e r a s a y d u t s s i h t e s u n a c k r o w y r a r e ti
l tperspecitveo fti .
.
E De ifni itonoft heTerms
.
1 Cruel
t a h w y d u t s s i h t n I . g n ir e f f u s r o n i a p e s u a c t a h t n o it c a r i a f n u e h t s i l e u r
C I meanby
s n o it c a e s o h t e r a l e u r
c onAntoinetteCoswayt ha tcausepain o rsuffe irng .Antoinette
t n e m t a e rt l e u r c e c n e ir e p x
e fromhe rmother ;shedoe sno tcare abou tAntoinettesince
d n a k c a l b ( d n u o r a e l p o e p m o r f t n e m t a e rt l e u r c s t e g o s l a e tt e n i o t n A . h t a e d s ’ r e h t a f r e h
r e h s i t s r o w e h t d n a ) e l p o e p e ti h
.
2 Treatment
s i h t n I . g n i h t r o n o s r e p a h ti w g n il a e d r o s d r a w o t g n i v a h e b f o y a w a s i t n e m t a e r T
t n e m t a e rt l e u r c r o d a b o t s r e f e r t n e m t a e rt y d u t
s on Antoinette Cosway ,she badly
t a e
rt e dbypeoplearoundandmakeherl fiei sf ul lo fmiseryandunhappyexpeirence.
.
3 Slave
s i e v a l
S a person who owned bysomeone and having no freedom o faciton.
l e u r c a s i fl e s ti e v a l
S and unusua lpunishmen tnoone should eve rdeserve.Theyl os t
e h t f o r e t h g u a d e h t s i e tt e n i o t n A . s e v l e s m e h t r e d n e r r u s d n a e c n a t s i s e r f o r e w o p e h t
’ s e v a l
s owne rwho ilve sa tCoulibr inea rSpanishTown,J amaica.W tiht hepassageo f
. d e n i u r y ll a i c n a n if s i y li m a f e h t , r e h t a f r e h f o h t a e d e h t d n a t c A n o it a p i c n a m E e h t
. d n a l s i e h t n o s e it i n u m m o c e ti h w d n a k c a l b e h t h t o b y b d e z i c a rt s o e r a y e h t ,r e v o e r o M
k c a l b e h
T communtiy despise sthem fo rbeing forme rslaveholders ,and the whtie
’ s e v a l s e h t r e t h g u a d e h t s A . r o o p e r a y e h t e s u a c e b m e h t n o n w o d s k o o l y ti n u m m o c
s e v a l s k c a l b e h t e s u a c e b g n o l a t e g o t e c n a h c h g u o n e t e g t o n s e o d e tt e n i o t n A , r e n w o
6 I I R E T P A H C
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R
In carrying ou tthi sstudy , Ipresen tsome theo ire swhich are relevan tto the
s i e n o t s ri f e h T . s tr a p n i a m e e r h t f o s t s i s n o c r e t p a h c s i h T . l e v o n e h t f o s i s y l a n a
s i d ri h t e h t d n a k o o b e h t f o t x e t n o c s i e n o d n o c e s e h T . s e ir o e h t d e t a l e r f o w e i v e r
l a c it e r o e h
T Framework.I nt her eviewofr elated t heory , Igiveab ire fexplanaiton
f o n o it p ir c s e d e h t s e v i g k o o b e h t f o t x e t n o C . y d u t s y m t r o p p u s t a h t s e ir o e h t e h t f o
n i g n it t e s e h
t Wide Sargasso Sea wh lie Theoreitca lframework give sa b ire f s
e ir o e h t e h t t u o b a y r a m m u
s thati susedi nmys tudy .
.
A Reviewo fRelatedTheories
n i d e s u e b n a c h c i h w s w e i v e r d n a s e ir o e h t e m o s s t n e s e r p n o it c e s s i h T
. k r o w y r a r e ti l a g n i z y l a n
a Ihave two problems in thi sstudy .Psychologica l
. s m e l b o r p o w t e h t g n ir e w s n a n i d e s u e b l li w h c a o r p p
a Beside sthat ,theory o f
f o n o it p ir c s e d r a e l c a t u o d n if o t d e s u e r a n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c d n a r e t c a r a h c
f o r e w s n a e h t tr o p p u s o T . r e w s n a e h t tr o p p u s o t r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t s a e tt e n i o t n A
f o s e ir o e h t , m e l b o r p d n o c e s e h
t moitvaiton are used to ifnd ou tthe surfaceand
t n e m t a e rt l e u r c e h t f o t c e f f e e h t r e p e e
.
1 Theoryo fCriitca lApproach
n
I orde rto achieve an impo tran t poin t o f thi s novel , I apply a ciritca l
e h t d n a n o it c n u f , e r u t a n e h t d n a t s r e d n u o t s u e d i u g l li w h c a o r p p a n A . h c a o r p p a
c c A . k r o w y r a r e ti l f o e u l a v e l b i s s o
p ording t o Rohrberge rand Wood sinReading e
r u t a r e ti L t u o b a g n it i r W d n
a ,there are ifve c iritca lapproache swhich can be t a h t h c a o r p p a t s il a m r o f s i t s ri f e h T . k r o w y r a r e ti l a g n i z y l a n a n i d e t n e m e l p m i
f o n o it a r e d i s n o c e h t d n a e r u t c u rt s e h t m o r f g n i n a e m f o n o it a v ir e d e h t s e z i s a h p m e
e r u t c u rt s e h t s d r a w o t e u q i n h c e
t fo r the sake o f the integrtiy . (pp . 13-17) .
. e u l a v c it e h t s e n o d e t a rt n e c n o c e b o t d i a s s i h c a o r p p a s i h t , e r o f e r e h T
y ti l a n o s r e p s ’ r o h t u a e h t s r e d i s n o c t a h t h c a o r p p a l a c i h p a r g o i b s i d n o c e s e h T
i t I . k r o w y r a r e ti l r e h r o s i h d n a t s r e d n u o t e c n a d i u g a s a e fi l d n a t n e m p o l e v e
d s
d e t c e lf e r e b t h g i m y ti l a n o s r e p d n a s a e d i s ’ r o h t u a e h t t a h t f e il e b a h ti w d e t a l e r r o c
l a r u tl u c o i c o s s i d ri h t e h T . tr a f o k r o w s i h o t n
i -histo irca lapproach t hat i sused t o
l a c ir o t s i h d n a , l a r u tl u c , l a i c o s e h t o t g n ir r e f e r y b s k r o w y r a r e ti l e h t e z y l a n a
ri v n
e onmenti nt hel tierarywork.
t n e r r u c e r r a l u c it r a p a s e s u h c a o r p p a h tr u o f e h t s a , h c a o r p p a c i e o p o h t y M
e h t d n a t s r e d n u o t r e d r o n i s e ti r k l o f d n a s h t y m s a h c u s s t h g u o h t n a m u h f o n r e tt a p
, h tr i b e r d n a h t a e d f o t p e c n o c e h t h ti w s n r e c n o c o s l a t I . s k r o w y r a r e ti
l guitl ,and
. e n ir t c o d n a it s ir h C f o t c e p s a l a c i g o l o e h t d n a s e ti r e v it i m ir p , s e c if ir c a s
n i a l p x e o t y g o l o h c y s p s e il p p a t a h t h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o h c y s p s i e n o t s a l e h T
n i s t c e j b o y r a r e ti l n i n e tt ir w s n r e tt a p r o i v a h e b d n a y ti l a n o s r e p , n o it a v it o m n a m u h
e h t g n i z y l a n
a ltierary work s (pp . 1 -3 17) . From those approaches , the
g n i z y l a n a n i d e t n e m e l p m i d n a n e s o h c s i h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o h c y s
e tt e n i o t n a n o t n e m t a e
rt Cosway ,the daughte ro fslaves ’owne ra sseen in Jean
s y h
R WideSargassoSea.
p a s i h t e s o o h c
I proachbecauset hiss tudydeal swtihAntoinette’ sunhappyl fie .
e b o t h c a o r p p a e l b a ti u s t s o m e h t s i h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o h c y s p , e r o f e r e h T
r e tt e b e v a h o t e m s e l b a n e h c a o r p p a s i h t g n i s U . y d u t s s i h t n i d e t n e m e l p m i
g n i d n a t s r e d n
u on the main character’ s behavior .Psychologica lapproach also
l a r o m e h t y b d e c n e u lf n i s c it s ir e t c a r a h c l a c i g o l o h c y s p e m o s t u o g i d o t e m s p l e h
.r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t n i s e u l a v
n i w o r C e c il A d n a w o r C . D r e t s e L o t g n i d r o c c
A Reading In Genera l
y g o l o h c y s
P , psychology i so tfen said a sthe study o fhuman behavio rand the e r a t n e m p o l e v e d d n a r o i v a h e b n a m u H . t n e m p o l e v e d f l e s s ’ n a m f o s s e r g o r p
y h w s i t a h T . e v a h n a m t a h t l a it n e t o p e h t d n a t n e m n o ri v n e e h t y b d e c n e u lf n i
n o s r e p f o y d u t s e h t s a d i a s e b n a c y g o l o h c y s
p altiy .(pp .228-231 .)
y r o e h t s ’ d u e r F d n u m g i S s i y ti l a n o s r e p f o k r o w s u o m a f t s o m e h t , k o o b s i h t n I
s A . y ti l a n o s r e p f
o thef ris tpsychoanalysthestatest hreeelements ,namelyt hei d ,
e m e l e e e r h t e s o h T . y ti l a n o s r e p n a m u h t c e f f a n a c , o g e r e p u s e h t d n a , o g e e h
t nt s
f l e s f o t c e p s a t a h t s i d i e h T . d i e h t s i t n e n o p m o c t s ri f e h T . n o it c n u f n w o r i e h t e v a h
h g u o r h t y l b i s s o p , s e g r u d n a s d e e n l a n o s r e p f o t n e m ll if l u f e h t s e g a r u o c n e t a h t
y ll a n o s r e
p and socially harmfu l behavior . Thi s componen t i s the only one
t a h t t n e n o p m o
c every human ha ssince heo rshei sborn .Thesecond i st heego .
t a t s s u o i c s n o c s t n e s e r p e r o g e e h
T e sandacts .Humanwli lhavet hi sego fit heyare
g n i e b n a m u h a t a h t o s o g e o t s e s l u p m i e m o s s e v i g d I .t s ri f d i ri e h t p o l e v e d o t e l b a
n i y l e t a ir p o r p p a t c a n a
s l o rt n o c t a h t t i a rt y ti l a n o s r e p f o e n o s a w o g e r e p u s e h T . o g e r e p u s e h t s i
if l e s n i n o it a p i c it r a
p sh o r sefl-centered acitviites . A s the las t componen t o f
r a p t n a tr o p m i y r e v s d l o h o g e r e p u s , y ti l a n o s r e
p t .Thi scomponen to fpersonaltiy
r o t h g ir f o e s n e s a d li u b , t n e m g d u j e k a m o t e l b a e b o t g n i e b n a m u h s e d i v o r p
. o g e e h t t a h w s t c a o g e r e p u s e h t n e h t o g e e h t o t s e s l u p m i s e v i g d i e h t e c n i S . g n o r w
.) 9 2 2 . p (
.
2 Theoryo fCharacter
e m e l e t n a tr o p m i e r a s r e t c a r a h
C nt so fa ifciton. M .H .Abramsi nhi sbook ,A s
m r e T y r a r e ti L f o y r a s s o l
G , point soutt ha tcharacter saret heperson spresented g n i e b s a s r e d a e r e h t y b d e t e r p r e t n i e r a o h w , k r o w e v it a r r a n r o c it a m a r d a n i
a t a h t s e it il a u q n o it i s o p s i d d n a l a r o m h ti w d e w o d n
e re expressed in wha tthey
y a
s - thedialogue- andbywhatt heydo-theaciton s( .p 20) .
l a n o it o m e d n a l a n o it i s o p s i d , l a r o m g n i v a h s a d e t e r p r e t n i s i r e t c a r a h c e h T
. M . E o t g n i d r o c c A . y r o t s e h t n i s g o l a i d r i e h t d n a n o it c a r i e h t h g u o r h t s e it il a u q
r e t s o
F (1927) in Aspect soft heNovel,therearet wo catego ire so fcharacters .The r e t c a r a h c d n u o r A . r e d a e r e h t e s ir p r u s o t e l b a p a c s i h c i h w , r e t c a r a h c d n u o r s i t s ri f
. y ti r a il u c e p e lt b u s h ti w d e t n e s e r p e r d n a n o it a v it o m d n a t n e m a r e p m e t x e l p m o c s a h
a c if i s s a l c d n o c e s e h
T itoni s lfa tcharacter .Thist ypeo fcharacteri sbuli tarounda
i s a n i d e b ir c s e d e b n a c r e t c a r a h c f o e p y t s i h t , s u h T . y ti l a u q r o a e d i e l g n i
s ngle
. p ( . e c n e t n e s r o e s a r h
3 Theoryo fCharacteriza iton
) 2 7 9 1 ( y h p r u M . J.
M suggest snine way sin which the autho rattempt sto
. r e d a e r s i h r o f e k il e fi l d n a e l b a d n a t s r e d n u s r e t c a r a h c s i h e k a
m (pp .161-173) .
.s w o ll o f s a d e s s u c s i d e r a r e t c a r a h c a e z ir e t c a r a h c o t s y a w e n i n e s o h T
)
1 Persona ldescirpiton .In thi sway Icharacte irze the characte rby seeing a
c a r a h
c terf romhi sphysica lappearance ilkehi sbulid ,hisf ace ,hi sskin ,hi s
. s e h t o l c s i h r o r i a h s i h , s e y e
)
2 Anothe rcharacte rpoin to fviewo rcharacte rass eenbyanother .Acharacte r
ir c s e d o t s n o i n i p o d n a s e y e s ’ r e t c a r a h c r e h t o n a h g u o r h t d e z y l a n a e b n a
c be
t a h t r e t c a r a h c e h
t Iwanttoexpose .
)
3 Character’ sspeech .Ther eader scan haveanopinion aboutt hecharacte rby
e h t e e s o s l a n a c r e d a e r e h T . h c e e p s s ’ r e t c a r a h c e h t n o n o it n e tt a g n i y a p
h s r o e h y a w e h t ; d e v l o v n i s i r e t c a r a h c e h t h c i h w n i n o it a s r e v n o
c egive shi s
.r e t c a r a h c e h t f o y ti l a n o s r e p e h t w o h s o s l a y a m n o i n i p o r e h r o
)
4 Character’ spastl fie .Ther eader saremadeknown somei mpo tran tcluest o
t c e ri d s ’ r o h t u a e h t y b d e b ir c s e d e b n a c t I . r e t c a r a h c e h t t u o b a w o n k o t t e g
t c a r a h c e h t h g u o r h t , t n e m m o
c er’ s thoughts , through the character’ s
. n o s r e p r e h t o n a f o m u i d e m e h t h g u o r h t r o , n o it a s r e v n o c
)
5 Conversaitono fothers;t her eader scan gett oknowacharactert hrough t he
. m i h t u o b a y a s y e h t s g n i h t e h t d n a e l p o e p r e h t o f o s n o it a s r e v n o c
)
6 Character’ sreacitons t o vairou sstiuaiton sand events ,an autho rshow shi s
e h t t u o b a e u l c a s r e d a e r e h t s e v i g y c n e d n e t s i h t d n a , y c n e d n e t s ’ r e t c a r a h c
)
7 Author’ sdriec tcommen tanddescirpitonont hecharacte.rI nt hi swayt here
u i d e m o n s
i m the autho rused to characteirze the character .The autho r
. r e t c a r a h c e h t n o t n e m m o c s e v i g o s l a d n a r e t c a r a h c e h t s e b ir c s e d y lt c e ri d
)
8 Thought .Theauthors howst hecharacter’ spersonaltiybyl etitngt her eader s
a h c e h t f o t h g u o h t t s e p e e d e h t d n a t s r e d n
u racteri nanove.l
)
9 Manneirsm .The autho rshows t he personailite soft hecharacte rby staitng
t e g o t r e d a e r e h t p l e h n a c t i t a h t o s , s ti b a h d n a s e r u t s e g s ’ r e t c a r a h c e h t
.s e it il a n o s r e p r e t c a r a h c e h t o t r e s o l c
.
4 Theoryo fMo itva iton
y d u t s s i h t ,r e v e w o H . s t s ir o e h t y b d e t a t s n o it a v it o m f o s e p y t y n a m e r a e r e h T
d n a t n e m e v e i h c a n o s e s u c o f y l n
o af ifilaitve moitve proposed by David
. d n a ll e l C c M
.
a Deifni itono fMo itva iton
ll e n n o C c M o t g n i d r o c c
A ,moitvaiton o irginally come sfrom the Laitn word
” e v o m o t “ g n i n a e m ” e t a v it o m
“ -i sde ifned in many dfiferen tways ,the mos t
,l e e f , k n i h t e l p o e p y h w t u o b a k s a u o y t a h t s n o it s e u q f o s e ir e s a s i e n o n o m m o c
y a r r u M . ) 9 5 2 . p ( . o d y e h t s a e v a h e b d n
a disitnguishe smoitvaiton from t heothe r
lf n i o s l a t a h t s r o t c a
f uencebehavior ,such as t hepas texpeirenceo fa person, t he
s d n if n o s r e p a h c i h w n i n o it a u ti s l a t n e m n o ri v n e e h t d n a , s e it il i b a p a c l a c i s y h p
.f l e s m i
h (p .7 .)
y r e v e n i e s u a c a s i e r e h t t a h t s e m u s s a t i n o it a v it o m t u o b a g n i k l a t e r a e w n e h W
n e k n a r F ( r o i v a h e
r o g i v d n a , e c n e t s i s r e p , ) n o it c e ri d ( e c i o h c f o s t n a n i m r e t e d y r a r o p m e t n o c e h t h ti w
l a o g f
o -driectedbehavior .(p .24 .)
( l a t e , n a m f f u H o t g n i d r o c c
A 2000) ,moitvaiton refer sto factor swtihin an
individual( sucha sneeds ,desries ,andi nterests)t ha tacitvate ,maintain ,andd riec t
s r o i v a h e b e m o s s e o d n o s r e p a y a w e h t t a h t s e t a c i d n i s i h T . l a o g a d r a w o t r o i v a h e b
n i h c r a e s e R . s d e e n e m o s f o n o it c a f s it a s r o s l a o g d n a s e s o p r u p e m o s y b d e d i u g s i
o it a v it o
m nattemptst oanswer‘ why ’quesiton sabou thumanandanima lbehavior .
. o d y e h t s a e v a h e b e l p o e p y h w f o n o it s e u q e h t r e w s n a o t y h w s i t a h
T (p .392 .)
r i e h t r o f e r u t a n l a r o m d n a , s e ri s e d , t n e m a r e p m e t ’ s r e t c a r a h c e h t n i d n u o r g e h T
e ll a c e r a s n o it c a d n a h c e e p
s d t hei rmoitvaiton ( Abrams, .p 23) .Thi sdeifniiton i s
d e z y l a n a e b n a c s k r o w y r a r e ti l n i n o it a v it o m g n i n a e m s m r e t y r a r e ti l n i d e il p p a
,s e s o p o r p i rt e P , e li h W . s n o it c a d n a h c e e p s ’ s r e t c a r a h c e h t m o r
f some moitvaiton
o e v it o m c i s a b e h t t a h t e z i s a h p m e s e ir o e h
t fal lhumansi st obecomea spersonally
n o it c a r e t n i ri e h t s l a e d t i , d e t a v it o m y ll a i c o s s a h n a m u h y r e v E . n a c e w s a d e ll if l u f
. r o i v a h e b s t c e ri d d n a s e t a r e n e g h t o b n o it c a r e t n i s i h t d n a , s r e h t o h ti
w (p .4 .)
y n a s i n o it a v it o m t a h t d e d u l c n o c e b n a c t i , e r o f e r e h
T factor s(such a sneeds ,
d n a s l e e f , s k n i h t e n o y h w n o n i a t n i a m d n a e t a v it c a t a h t ) s t s e r e t n i d n a , s e ri s e d
, e c n e ir e p x e t s a p r e h s a h c u s , r o i v a h e b e c n e u lf n i t a h t s r o t c a f r e h t o e h t d n a s e v a h e b
it a v it o M . n o it a u ti s l a t n e m n o ri v n e e h t d n a s e it il i b a p a c l a c i s y h p r e
h on can be
.
b HumanMo itves
d e s a
B on David C .McClelland’ stheory , there are fou r human moitve s
e c n a d i o v a d n a e v it o m e v it a il if f a , e v it o m r e w o p , e v it o m t n e m e v e i h c a g n i d u l c n i v it o
m e . (p .224 .) However , Ionly discus sachievemen tand af ifilaitve moitve
. h c r a e s e r s i h t o t e t a ir p o r p p a e r a s e v it o m o w t e s e h t e c n i s l a r u t a n e h t s i ” r e tt e b g n i h t e m o s g n i o d s i e v it o m t n e m e v e i h c a e h t g n i d r a w e R “ s i w o n t I . e v it o m t n e m e v e i h c a e h t r o f e v it n e c n
i itmet o becomemoreprecise , s n o s a e r f o s tr o s l l a r o f r e tt e b o d n a c e l p o e p r o
f – topleaset het eache,rt oavoid f f o e m it e m o s t e g o t y l p m i s r o , e n o d e v o l a f o l a v o r p p a e h t n i a g o t , m s i c it ir c s i e v it o m t n e m e v e i h c a e h t n i d e v l o v n i e b d l u o h s t a h W . k r o w m o r
f doing
g n i o d f o n o it c a f s it a s c i s n ir t n i e h t r o f , e k a s n w o s ti r o f r e tt e b g n i h t e m o s .r e tt e b g n i h t e m o s ( .p 227)
e m e v e i h c a , e v o b a t n e m e t a t s e h t m o r
F n tmoitvaiton can be concluded a sa
e h t r o f t u p t u o r e t a e r g t e g o t r o t u p t u o e m a s e h t t e g o t d n a e v o r p m i o t s n a e m r e tt e b o t y li r a m ir p d e t c a rt t a e r a t n e m e v e i h c a h g i h e v a h o h w e l p o e p , s u h T . k r o w e m a s e m e v o r p m i n a e k a m o t e l b i s s o p e r a y e h t e r e h w s n o it a u ti s e h
t n .t
s ’ y o n r e V d n a y o n r e V , n a m f f u H n i y a r r u M o t g n i d r o c c
A Psychologyi n Aciton n a h t r e tt e b g n i o d r o f , s s e c c u s r o f d e e n e h t s a n o it a v it o m t n e m e v e i h c a “ y fi t n e d i s ’ d n a ll e l C c M n I . ” s k s a t g n i g n e ll a h c g n ir e t s a m r o f d n a , s r e h t
o HumanMo itvaiton ,
t n e m e v e i h c a s i m e h t f o e n o h c i h w n i , d e e N f o t s i L e v it a rt s u ll I s i h s e t a t s y a r r u M . s e v it o
m (p .399) .Hede ifne sachievemen tasf ollows:
To accompilsh something dfi ifcutl . To master , manipulate , o r organize T . s a e d i r o , s g n i e b n a m u h , s t c e j b o l a c i s y h
p o do thi s a s rapidly and a s . d r a d n a t s h g i h a n i a tt a d n a s e l c a t s b o e m o c r e v o o T . e l b i s s o p s a y lt n e d n e p e d n i fl e s e s a e r c n i o T . s r e h t o s s a p r u s d n a l a v ir o T . fl e s e n o l e c x e o
T -regard by t he
( .t n e l a t f o e s i c r e x e l u f s s e c c u
s p .4 6)
s ’ k c e B n i e li h
t n e r e f fi d e r a e r e h t s m e e s t i h g u o h T . ’ e l b i s s o p s a y l k c i u q s a d n a l l e w s a t l u c if fi d
e v a h y e h t , n o it a v it o m t n e m e v e i h c a f o s n o it i n if e
d thesamemeaning.I nt hi sstudy ,
d n a s e l c a t s b o e m o c r e v o o t s e v it o m s a d e n if e d e b n a c n o it a v it o m t n e m e v e i h c a
d n a s a y l d i p a r s a , ll e w s a t l u c if fi d g n i h t e m o s o d o t e v ir t s o t ;t n e m e v o r p m i e k a m
. e l b i s s o p s a y lt n e d n e p e d n
i (p .317 .)
s r e f e r ’ s n o it a il if f a ‘ m r e t e h
T jus tto associate wtih others ,apar tfrom the
( m e h t g n i v o l r o m e h t g n i k il n o it s e u
q Beck, .p 354) .I t indicate stha tafifilaiton
e n o e m o s g n i v o l r o g n i k il f o e s u a c e b y l n o t o n , p i h s n o it a l e r f o s d n i k l l a f o s t s i s n o c
