THE CHARACTERS’ CONFLICT IN GILMAN’S SELECTED SHORT STORIES
A THESIS
Submitted to the Faculty of Cultural Sciences Hasanuddin University in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements to Obtain Sarjana Degree
in English Department
HARDIYANTI F21114028
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
MAKASSAR 2018
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahi Rabbil Alamin, the writer would like to express her honor and praise to Allah SWT for his blessing, love, mercy, guidance and most of all, to finish this thesis. Shalawat and salam are addressed to lovely prophet Muhammad saw.
Many problems had been faced in finishing this thesis. Those problems would not have been solved without help, motivation, supports, criticism, and advice from many people. It would be an honor to express her appreciation to all of them.
Therefore, the writer would like to express her thanks to:
1. The writer appreciation and thanks are addressed to Prof.Drs.Burhanuddin Arafah,M.Hum.,Ph.D, and Dr.Sudarmin Harun,M.Hum, the first and the second consultant who gave correction, guided, advice, motivation, suggestion and improvement to finish this thesis.
2. The dean of the Faculty of Letters, Hasanuddin University, all the lectures and the faculty staff especially English Department, thank for your cooperation and support from beginning to the end of her study.
3. Unlimited thanks are dedicated to her dearest parents, Juhari, Rukayah, H.Hairuddin and Hj.Jumriani, for their prayer, support, and spirit who has given her the encouragement during the study, either in material or spiritual shape. Special thanks to for the writer’s greatest aunty who always gives her support, Hj.Anggeriani. Thanks for all, she loves you
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4. Special thanks to Dedi Setiadi Hairuddin for always loving, patient, praying, supporting and caring. You are light that shines her life, thanks for all you have given to her.
5. Sri rahayu (Kam), Nur Hasanah (Anabel), Ayu Asmar (Ted), Uswatun Hasanah (Cwa), Thanks for your time, help, attention and cooperation about almost 4 years. Thank you because you have become very good person in her life. Hopefully what you have given to her will be paid by the best reward from God.
6. Finally, thank to Excalibur 2014 What you have done so far is quite useful to her. She is not able to repay your kindness. she can only say thank you.
The writer realizes that this thesis is still far from perfection. For the reason, the writer expects the constructive critics and suggestion for the improvement of this thesis. Moreover, the writer hopes this thesis will be of some help in conducting research in literary works.
Makassar, 13 Februari 2018
The writer
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER ... i
LEGITIMACY ... ii
AGGREMENT ... iii
APPROVAL FORM ...iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS... vii
ABSTRAK ...ix
ABSTRACT ... x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background ... 1
B. Identification of the Problem ... 3
C. Research Questions ... 4
D. Objective of the Study ... 4
E. Significance of the Writing ... 4
F. Sequence of the Writing ... 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Previous Study ... 6
B. Structural Approach ... 8
1. Character ... 11
2. Plot ... 12
3. Setting ... 13
4. Theme ... 14
C. Theory of Conflict ... 15
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Methodological Design ... 19
B. Source of Data ... 20
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C. Data Collection ... 20
D. Data analysis ... 21
E. Research Procedure ... 21
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS A. The Yellow Wallpaper ... 23
B. Making a Change ... 36
C. External Conflict ... 48
D. Internal Conflict ... 52
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ... 60
B. Suggestion ... 61
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 63 APPENDICES
ABSTRAK
Hardiyanti, 2018. The Characters’ Conflicts in Gilman’s Selected Short Stories.
Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Hasanuddin University.
(Dibimbing oleh Burhanuddin Arafah dan Sudarmin Harun).
The Yellow Wallpaper dan Making a Change adalah cerita pendek yang ditulis oleh Charlotte Perkins Gilman yang menggambarkan kehidupan rumah tangga. Tujuan dari penelitian skripsi ini adalah untuk menjelaskan konflik eksternal dan internal yang terjadi pada tokoh, dan untuk menjelaskan penyelesaian konflik dalam kedua cerita pendek ini.
Untuk menganalisis cerita pendek The Yellow Wallpaper dan Making a Change, penulis menggunakan pendekatan strukturalisme yang mempelajari unsur-unsur intrinsic karya sastra seperti karakter, plot, setting,dan tema. Penulis menggunakan teori konflik untuk mendukung penelitian ini. Penulis juga menggunakan analisis data deskripstif dalam menganalisis data, yaitu suatu metode analisis yang menggambarkan data penelitian apa adanya.
Berdasarkan analisis, penulis menemukan bahwa kedua cerita pendek tersebut didominasi oleh internal konflik. Karakter utama dalam kedua cerita pendek tersebut menyelesaikan konfliknya dengan cara yang berbeda, sehingga hal tersebut mempengaruhi kehidupan, kepribadian, orang-orang disekitarnya dan akhir cerita.
ABSTRACT
Hardiyanti, 2018. The Characters’ Conflicts in Gilman’s Selected Short Stories.
English Department, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Hasanuddin University.
(Supervised by Burhanuddin Arafah and Sudarmin Harun).
The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a Change are short stories authored by Charlotte Perkins Gilman that describes about marriage life. The aims of the research are to describe the conflict that occur, and to elaborate the conflict resolution in both the short stories.
In analyzing The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a Change, the writer used structural approach that studies the intrinsic elements of literature such as character, plot, setting and theme. The writer used theory of conflict to support the research. The writer also used descriptive method in analyzing the data, it analyzed the study of literature as it is.
Based on the analysis, the writer finds that the both short stories are dominated by internal conflict. The main characters solve the conflict in different ways, so it influences life, personality, other people and the ending of story.
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background
In general, conflict is a social process that occurs when someone tries to get rid of the other by destroying each other. Conflict arises because of differences in feelings, culture, interests (individuals or groups), and the rapid social changes.
Conflict is undesirable thing in life. Whereas in a literary work, conflict is an important part of building the flow structure. Conflict in a literary work is an attraction for readers. When someone is telling or listening to a fact or fictional story, the thing that never goes unnoticed is anything that hinders the completion of the story. This is a reference to the importance of analyzing the conflicts that occur in a literary work, one of which is the short story.
Short story is a form of fictitious narrative prose that describes the story of a character through short writing. Some of the features are shorter than other literary works, having a single impression and centered on one character in a situation.
Besides that, the elements on the short stories have similarities the novels, Abrams (1999: 286) says that “short story is a brief work a prose fiction, and most of the terms for analyzing the component elements, the type, and the various narrative techniques of the novel are applicable to the short story as well”. In addition, the amounts of words in short story are less than 10.000 words or less than ten pages.
Short stories only give a single impression and focus on one character and one situation.
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One of American female writers, namely is Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860- 1935) has written over two hundred short stories and about ten novels. One of Gilman’s book is The Yellow Wallpaper and other stories, the book consists seven of her writing. The writer chooses two short stories, they are The Yellow Wallpaper (1892) and Making a Change (1911). The Yellow Wallpaper tells about a depressed wife because she has no chance to become a career woman and socialize with her neighborhood. Under the circumstances, she gets pressure from her husband and the yellow wallpaper that makes more depressed and end tragically. She becomes a crazy woman and locked herself in the house. The Making a Change tells Julia and Frank household. Julia was a musician. After marriage with Frank, she becomes a housewife who takes care of children and husband. It creates a conflict in their lives and makes Julia depressed and then has attempts to suicide. Fortunately, Julia’s mother-in-law blocked it, then they discussed looking for a solution so that Julia becomes musician again. At the end, Frank agreed and they live with happiness.
Both short stories have the same core conflict, a wife who suffered from depression from being locked up at home to take care of husband, children and home. She tried to get the right to be a career woman, but got resistance from the family. The Yellow Wallpaper ends with sadness, while Making a Change ends with happiness.
The writer chooses characters’ conflict because the conflict is a very prominent issue. Both of short stories show captivating conflict, namely conflict in the marriage. The phenomenon often occurs in real life, there are husbands who
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allow their wife to work and some do not. Essentially a literary work is a replica of real life. Conflict is present in a story in disagreement, opposition and tension by characters in the story. Therefore, the conflict is more concerned by the readers. Besides that, the writer never found the research that discusses about character’s conflict in the both short stories.
In addition, the writer also describes the reasons to choose the object of research. Firstly, the writer never heard of Charlotte Perkins Gilman in classes process, so the writer thinks this author is not very popular in English students Hasanuddin University. The second one, the writer never found any thesis or journal in the library that discuss both short stories. Therefore, the writer assumes that research will be the first study of the works of Charlotte Perkins Gilman at Hasanuddin University. The writer’s expectation is that this research will be a reference for other students who will complete the study in English Department and to introduce unpopular works of writers who are less exposed. From the above explanation, the writer decides to make the study entitled "The Characters’
Conflict in Gilman's Selected Short Stories".
B. Identification of the Problems
Based on the background that has been described above, the writer found several problems that appear in short stories The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a Change. Both short stories have the same (internal and external) conflicts and differences in conflict resolution. Therefore, the writer tries to explain the factors that become the decision for the story ending in the both short stories.
4 C. Research Questions
Based on the background that has been mentioned above, the writer formulates two research questions, as follows:
1. Why do the characters’ conflict occur in The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a Change?
2. How is the characters’ conflict resolved in The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a Change?
D. Objective of the Study
Based on the statement of the problems above, this study aims at the following objectives:
1. To describe the conflict that occur in The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a Change.
2. To elaborate the conflict resolution in The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a Change.
E. Significance of the Writing
The research of The Characters’ Conflict in Gilman's Selected Short Stories is expected to provide benefits in theoretical and practical terms:
1. Theoretical benefits
This research is expected to provide motivation in the development of literature, especially the analysis of short story. In addition, this study is
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expected to increase the discourse associated with conflict and a reference for further studies.
2. Practical Benefits
The results of this study are expected to provide benefits to readers to increase the knowledge of the less popular American literary works, especially Gilman’s literary works, such as The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a Change.
F. Sequence of the Writing
The writing consists of three chapters. Chapter one is the introduction of the background of writing, identification of the problems, research questions, objectives of the study, significance of the writing and sequence of the writing.
Chapter two consists of literature review which provides some of the previous study, structural approach and theory of conflict. Chapter three consists of the methodological design, source of data, data collection, data analysis and research procedure. Chapter four consist analysis of internal elements and conflict in The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a Change. The final chapter is conclusion and suggestion.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter, the writer explains about literature review, which consists of previous study, structural approach, and theory of conflict.
A. Previous Study
Previous study is one of references which is used by writer to support this thesis. The writer found some previous studies at the Faculty of Cultural Sciences Hasanuddin University which raised the topic of conflict, they were written by Sayed Nirwana (2010), Hasrima Bt.Harmula (2015), and Zulilmi Andrini Fakhrunnisa (2014).
Nirwana (2010) in the study entitled “Conflict Analysis of The Good Earth”
by Pearl S.Buck analyzed the conflict form which appeared among the characters and to analyze the cause of the conflict appearance which has relation to the characters ambition. The result of this research showed the characters’
development of the novel. The author put narration of farmer and earth. The Good Earth explores the farmer domination in a family life. Nirwana used genetic structuralism theory in the research. In this novel, many interesting themes can be found such as, farmer and earth, family, struggle, destroyed loyalty, suffering, and culture.
Another previous study is by Bt.Harmula (2015) in the study entitled
“Conflicts Between The Main Characters in Khaled Hosseini's The Kite Runner”.
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This novel told the story about Amir as one of the main characters who decides to help his friend named Hasan. At the end, Amir feels repentance for his wrong decision, thus making him depressed. He was feel fear and guilt, so he adopted his friend's child. Bt.Harmula tried to show how the two main characters found the problem-solving and how the conflict affects their personality. The thesis used structuralism approach. The result of the study indicates that internal conflicts seem to be dominated in story and the conflict experienced by main character gives a massage that humans have their own way in conflict-solving.
Fakhrunnisa (2014) in her study entitled “Conflicts in Kelley's Something Scandalous” used a structuralism approach to analyze and explain the description of the type of conflict in the main character. She showed some type of the conflicts, such as, a cross between one person and other person, between one person and a group, and group with a group.
After learning from these previous studies, the writer saw that these studies have common topics with the writer’s thesis. Nirwana (2010) has the same issue that the writer chooses for this thesis but different object, but she used genetic structuralism approach while the writer used structuralism approach. Bt.Harmula (2015) explained about all the conflict that appear in the novel, the writer also explained about all conflict in the short stories. Fakhrunnisa (2014) also has the same issue that the writer was choose for this thesis but with different object.
Besides that, the differences between this research and those previous research is that this research tries to explain the causes of conflict and influences
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the conflicts solving with the ending of stories. While all previous studies above explained the conflict experienced by main character and type of conflict in stories. Finally, those previous studies were only analyzing one object while this study analyzes two objects.
B. Structural Approach
One of the reasons for the emergence of structuralism is New Criticism. New Criticism is a stream of literary criticism in the United States that developed between the years 1920-1960. In the United States, the structural approach manifests as New Criticism, Teeuw says popular figures in this ideology are Robert Penn Warren, Alan Tate, Cleanth Brooks, W.K. Wimsatt, John Crowe Ransom, and Monro Beardsley (1984: 133). New Criticism argues that in the analysis of literary works is an intrinsic approach that emphasis the structure of the literary work itself. New Criticism suggests that in approaching or analyzing literary works to be performed is by conducting a thorough reading of literary works. This reading method is known as close reading. Close Reading is a method of reading literary works that seek to observe the literary works with careful and detailed manner. This is to ensure that there will not be any part of the literary work detached from observation, for all parts of the literature cannot be separated.
This approach assumes that literature must be approached through structure.
As an autonomous structure, literary works must be understood intrinsically, apart from the historical background, independent of itself, and the intention of the author. Frye insists that “literature is an autonomous verbal structure quite cut off
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from any reference beyond itself, a sealed and inward-looking realm which contain life and reality in a system of verbal relationships” (Eagleton, 2003: 80). It simply acknowledges that the essence of each element in each situation has no meaning or role, because the real role is determined by the relationship with others in the situation, in short, the full meaning of an entity or experience cannot be understood unless the entity is integrated into a structure that includes that entity.
New Criticism views the literary text as a system, a complete structure. The principles of structure are: wholeness, unity, complexity, and coherence.
Understanding this shows that the elements in a structure that forms a totality and between the elements in a structure, there is meaning. Hawkens says that the principles underlying the New Criticism views can be formulated in the art works, especially literary works, where they must be understood as an autonomous work which requires careful study of the work itself (Siswantoro, 2010: 22).
There are various approaches that can be used in analyzing a literary work.
The approach depends on the topic in a study, Abrams in Teeuw explains (1984:
50) there are four main approaches: mimetic approach, expressive approach, pragmatic approach, and objective approach. Mimetic approach is an approach that examine the connection between literary work and universe, expressive approach is talking about the relationship between literary work and author, pragmatic approach explains the correlation between literary work and reader and objective approach is an approach that discussed the literary work itself. All of approaches above were developed and became several approaches, one of them is
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structural approach. Goldmann explains that structural approach means reading the literary work without looking at the author, reality and reader. Besides that, study of literary works should begin with structural analysis (Siswanto, 2008:
187).
Structural approach is identical with analyzing the elements that construct a literary work and the relationship of one element to the other. The relationship is not solely positive, such as harmony, conformity, and understanding, but it can also negative, such as conflict. Structuralism believes literary work notice in intrinsic aspect without regard to other aspects. Structuralism ignores literary work as a mirror of its time that produced by an author and contains an overview of the social, political, economic and cultural situation of the time, as Satoto says that the structural approach is an intrinsic approach, namely to discuss the work on the elements that build the literary work from within. The approach examines the work of literature as autonomous and independent of the social, historical, author biographical and all things outside the literary works (Rokhmansyah, 2010). Structural approach assumes a literary work impossible to create without the builder element. Structural analysis aims to explain carefully and clearly the interrelatedness of all literary aspects to generate a whole meaning.
The writer in this research uses a structuralism approach or intrinsic approach, namely discussing the work on the build element in the literary work from within. Furthermore, the structuralism approach is also considered very relevant to this research. Besides that, all of literary work have building element, one of them is short story. Short story is shorter, denser and more straightforward
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to the purpose than other literary work. Short story has builder elements, intrinsic element, and extrinsic element. The intrinsic element is the constructive elements of the story inside and extrinsic element are the elements that build short story from the outside. On this research, the writer explains the main intrinsic element in the short story, such as character, plot, setting and theme.
1. Character
In real life, the character is a person characteristic, style or personality that originated or influenced the environment, while in literary works, character is the actors who created by author and exist in a fiction. This statement is supported by Gill who says that “characters in book are not people but figures who have been specially created by the author “(1995: 127). To put it simply, character is the actor in the literary work who carry the events to unity. Plot will never reach its end without the existence of characters.
Characters are divided into two categories, major character and minor character. The major character is the figure that possesses important role in the story (Aminuddin, 2011: 79). As the most widely told figure, the main character takes the largest part of the story. The volume of appearance of the main character is more than the other characters, so the major character usually plays an important role in every event. The minor characters are those who have important roles because of their emergence to serve and support the main characters. Their characterizations barely undergo changes, or even do not change at all. These characters only emerge once or several times.
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Indarti in Setyaning (2011: 15) proposes another point of view on the types of characters. They are categorized as follows:
a) Protagonist, the central of the story.
b) Antagonist is protagonist's enemy that causes conflict.
c) Tritagonist as divorcee or conciliator between protagonist and antagonist.
d) Auxiliary characters that are not directly involved in the conflict; but still required to resolve the story.
Literary work is the result of imaginative or imaginary and the representation of the character in story is a result of the author who turned on and controlled by the author himself. Characters are the key element in the literary work as they determine its quality. Story will not exist without characters who logically connects of the plot.
2. Plot
Plot is a sequential and causal structure of events in a story. It means, the first event causes the second event and so on, thus creating conflicts and climax.
Brooks in Tarigan considered that plot is also a combination of elements that build the story or the framework of the story and plot is the motion structure contained in fiction or drama (2011: 126).
Plot is a very important basic framework. The plot manages actions to relate to each other, how an event is related to other events, and how the characters are portrayed and played a role in the event. Tarigan divides the plot into three parts namely, exposition, complication and resolution (2011: 127). Exposition is the
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introduction of the characters and explanation of the situation of a story.
Complication is a part of conflict development. In this section, the main character encountered interference or obstacles in achieving its objectives. Besides that, Complication is the relationship between a character and the event that develops a problem (Brooks and Warren in Tarigan 2011: 127). Resolution is the final part of a short story. In this section, the author settles all events that occurred. Resolution is the end of the plot complications that solves the problem in the plot (Brooks and Warren in Tarigan 2011: 128).
Besides, a good plot has several characteristics, as explained by Aristoteles the plot must have the wholeness of the four main conditions: order, amplitude, unity and coherence. Order means the sequence of events must be orderly and there are beginning, middle, and ending story. Amplitude means the development of event or the transfer of one event to the next event be adapted in the extent of the scope of a literary work. Unity means all elements of the plot must exist and not exchange places. Coherence means that writers do not have to mention the real thing that happens, it can be imagination to complete the whole plot (Teeuw, 1984: 121).
From description above, it can be concluded that one of the most important elements in literary work is plot, it means plot makes it easier for readers to follow the storyline from beginning to end. The plot is a series of events based on cause and effect. Each event is causally, it means that one event caused another event.
14 3. Setting
Background is all the information, instructions, references related to time, space, and feeling that occur in the story. Setting is an inseparable part of a story.
“A setting can be memorable because it is in itself arresting, striking and beautiful” (Gill, 1995: 148). Commonly, setting is divided into three, place (physical setting), time (chronological setting), and feeling (atmosphere setting).
The place refers to the location of events in the story. The element of the place used may be a place with a certain name, an initial, or a place with an obscure description. In short stories usually use a little place background, there may even be only one place, it is because short story is shorter than other literary works. The time setting concerns with the moment in which events occur in the story. The time frame can be described as year, morning, day, night or hour. The feeling setting or psychological setting is related to feeling or mood in short story, such as happy, sad, disappointed and others. Thus, setting or background, is a description of time, space and atmosphere of events in a short story. Its purpose is to help the reader to be more immersed in the story.
4. Theme
One of the intrinsic elements of story is theme. Theme is an important element in literary work because theme is the basic for an author to develop a story, “as theme is a complex aspect of literature, one that requires very intentional thinking to discern, it is not likely to elicit the precritical response that the more palpable features do” (L.Guerin, 2005: 13). Moreover, theme is also a
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central idea of the author and the result of imagination or a true story, the theme also can be a guide for authors in developing a story or event in a short story. as Scharbach in Aminuddin, theme is the idea of a story as well as the author's foundation in creating a work of fiction. In addition, the theme also relates to the meaning and purpose of fiction prose exposure by the author (2011: 91). Theme is the main issue expressed by an author in a literary work. Theme can also be called as central idea in making a writing. Theme is developed through characters and conflicts in story, so the theme and the purpose of the story can be submitted to the reader. Themes can be interpreted by:
a) Characterization of a story.
b) Events, stories, atmosphere and other elements such as, humanitarian and social values contained in the story.
c) Problems in the story.
d) Plot the story.
In conclusion, theme is a message be delivered by author through writing. In a short story, the possibility of having more than one theme, it is due to different viewpoints of the reader. In other hand, readers will have different interpretations on determining the theme of a literary work, because of the differences opinion in each reader.
C. Theory of Conflict
Theory is one of the most important instruments in research. However, in accordance to their research objectives, some studies may use different theories.
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In general, theory is a system of scientific or systematic knowledge that sets the relationship between observed symptoms. Theory contains the concept or description of the general knowledge of a point of view.
In the science of literature there are many theories that can be used in analyzing a literary work, one of them is conflict theory. Conflict occurs when two or more people opposes each other because of differences in their backgrounds. Conflict also appears because the lack of tolerance and the differences in individual needs. Galtung says “Conflict as a social system of actors with incompatibility between theory goal-states” (2009: 35).
Conflict can also be triggered by differences in characteristics brought by individuals in an interaction. These differences include the physical characteristics, intelligence, knowledge, customs, beliefs, and others. J.Bartos says “conflict as a situation in which actors use conflict against each other to attain incompatible goals or express their hostility” (2002: 13). In social life, society and conflict in inseparable. It is due to individual differences in the process of interacting. Furthermore, there are types of conflicts, one of which is mentioned by Lewin in Natasha (2017: 17):
1. Approach-approach conflict
This conflict arises when there are two motives of which are positive (pleasant or favorable) and it appears indecisive to select one of them.
17 2. Approach-avoidance conflict
This type of conflict emerges if two opposing motives are raised toward one object, the motive of the positive (pleasant), and negative (harmful, unpleasant).
This causes doubts, whether towards or away from the object.
3. Avoidance-avoidance conflict
This conflict occurs when at the same time, there are two negative motives that must be fulfilled.
Generally, the conflict can be identified because of several characteristics. The first is that it happens to everyone and causes different reactions based on their personal nature. The second one is that conflict occurs when the motives have balanced value or approximately the same, giving rise to doubts and tensions, and the last is conflict can take place in a short time, perhaps a few second, but it can be long, days, months, even years.
Conflict also exists in literary works created by authors. Conflict is one of the important parts of a story. A story is not interesting without conflict because there are no tensions. So, conflict in literary work is the point at which characters feel disturbed and uncomfortable because of interference from other character or other causes.
Nurgiyantoro says in Bt.Harmula (2015: 15) conflict can be divided into two categories: internal and external. Internal conflict is a conflict that exists in a character's mind. In other words, this conflict is a fight between the character and
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himself. Internal conflicts are also called psychological conflict. Internal conflict occurs when character encounters an intrusion or obstacle in his soul while struggling to achieve his goals or happiness. External conflict is defined as a conflict that exists between character in the story and something beyond his power. External conflict is also a conflict that arises between characters (one figure with another figure). Two forms of external conflict are physical conflict such as fights or conflicts of ideas such as disagreements. Conflict makes the story more exciting to be enjoyed by readers.
From some conflict theories above, it can be concluded that the conflict in a literary work is a conflict of figures with one other figure for a purpose or so- called external conflict. In addition, conflict can also occur within the character himself, whether with ideas, thoughts, inner contradictions or with the environment or so-called internal conflicts. In a literary work, conflict is the main factor that serves as a messenger or theme of the story. Conflict can create a tension, and the more complicated the conflict the higher the tension will be or often called the climax. So, the position of conflict in the literary work is the cause of the emergence of dramatic situations that move the story.
19 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the writer explains about the method that is used in analyzing of Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a Change. The writer uses methodology of research that contains methodological design, source of data, data collection, data analysis, and research procedure.
A. Methodological Design
In doing a research, the writer uses methodological study. Methodological study is divided into two kinds, they are quantitative and qualitative research.
Quantitative is a research method that uses of numbers, ranging from data collection, interpretation of the data, as well as the appearance of the results.
Similarly, after the study would be better when accompanied by images, tables, graphics, or other views, as Sugiyono says quantitative is research using numbers or statistics (2009: 7). The purpose of quantitative research is to develop and use mathematical models, theories or hypotheses related to natural phenomena.
Qualitative is a way to pursue in depth understanding aspect on a problem.
Qualitative is research that is a description, tend to use analysis and further highlight the process of meaning. Denzin and Licoln in Noor says qualitative research is a more emphasis on processes and meanings that are not studied strictly or not measured in terms of quantity, intensity, or frequency (2011: 33).
Qualitative research is more often used in literature research because the data source is the literature work itself, the research data text and the results in the
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form of description. So, to describe conflict that occurs in Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a Change, the conflict is resolving in both stories, the writer uses qualitative method of research, because the source data from the literature text and data collect uses library research.
B. Source of Data
The writer uses the data source of short story The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a Change by Gilman and reads closely for several times. The writer chooses them because in both of short stories, they explain about the same point of conflict, but have differences in conflict resolution. The writer collects the texts, the theory and some references from some sources that can support to the object of research. Then, the writer uses books, thesis and website which relate to the analysis to take notes and marks some quotations.
C. Data Collection
Collecting data is important to obtain some complete data and they can be responsible to achieve a successful writing. These data give some description or information related to the writing process. In order to collect data from various sources, the writer uses a methodology namely library research and literature research.
The writer tries to get data by reading short stories The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a Change. It is published by Dover Thrift Editions in New York,1997.
The writer observes the short stories carefully, classifies the problems which related to study objective, and takes note everything emerges in the short stories.
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Besides that, the writer gets some information that related to the problem in this research by reading some text books, thesis and internet resources.
D. Data Analysis
To analyze the collected data, the writer used qualitative research in which the writer was doing observation to the phenomenon that occurred in The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a Change. In data processing, the writer used structuralism approach which explained the intrinsic elements of the short stories such as character, plot, setting and theme. Based on character research, the writer compared and identified the characterization of the character in the short stories based on the action of each character. Then, the writer described the conflict and the conflict solving by using theory of conflict.
E. Research Procedure
The research procedure is a series of activities by researcher regularly and systematically to achieve research objectives. In order to proceed this analysis, the writer applies certain steps to arrange this thesis as follows:
1. Reading The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a Change by Gilman by several times.
2. Writing down the similarity and differences in the both of short stories.
3. Identifying that issues that have to discuss in this research.
4. Determining the main problem or focus of this research.
5. Reading some source data that relevant with this research.
6. Listing the related informations that support this research.
22 7. Writing the result of data analysis.
8. Concluding the result of data analysis.
23 CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
In this chapter, the writer describes intrinsic elements in Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper and Making a change. These elements include character, plot, setting, and theme. The Yellow Wallpaper has two characters, namely John's wife and John, while Making a change has three characters, namely Frank, Julia and Mrs.
Gordins Senior. The plot is divided into three parts, namely the complication, exposition and resolution. The setting is divided into three sections that are setting of time setting of place and setting of feeling. Theme is determined based on the characterization of main character. After explaining the intrinsic elements, the writer will analyze the conflicts that occur in these short stories. In The Yellow Wallpaper, the writer will discuss the conflict between John and his wife and the inner conflict of John's wife. In Making a Change, the writer will discuss the conflict between Frank and Julia, Julia and her mother-in-law, and conflicts with Julia herself. Besides that, the writer will explain how conflict resolution in both the short stories.
A. The Yellow Wallpaper
The Yellow Wallpaper is a short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman written in 1892. The short story has two characters with different characteristics, namely I as narrator or John’s wife and John. John is a doctor who thinks he knows everything. He does not believe in mystical things. In contrast to his wife, his wife has a high imagination. John thought his wife is ill, so he takes his wife to a
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home for resting cure, but his wife felt alienated. She is not socializing with the environment, not writing and she is not doing any home works. John’s wife follows her husband orders without arguing. John’s wife always hallucinating to see the female behind the wallpaper.
1. Character
a. I / John’s wife
The first character is John's wife who has no name. she is a narrator in the story. She tells about her marriage life. John is rent a house for his wife.
John’s wife believes that the house is not change her health. The house looks unkempt. It is been a long time since nobody has occupied the house. John’s wife is scared of the house. In the first time she looked the house, she is felt there was something wrong about the house. She is fanciful and hallucinating. She frightened herself. John's wife is a brave woman, although she feels scared, she does not leave the house immediately.
Still I will proudly declare that there is something queer about it, else, why should it be let so cheaply? And why have stood so long untenanted?
(Gilman, 1997: 1).
That spoils my ghostliness, I am afraid, but I don’t care—there is something strange about the house—I can feel it (Gilman, 1997: 2).
John's wife has a writing talent. However, John forbide her to write, so John's wife writes when no one around her. One day, she wrote her story life and John came, so John’s wife was shock. Then, she hid her book and pencil.
After John left, she continued writing. She is also afraid with Jennie, John's
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sister. Jennie reports about her sister-in-law activities to John. John thinks his wife's pain is getting worse by writing, but John's wife thinks that writing might heal herself.
There comes John, and I must put this away, --he hates to have me write a word (Gilman, 1997: 3).
But I can write when she is out, and see her a long way off from these windows (Gilman, 1997: 5).
John's wife is a submissive woman and does not oppose every word of her husband. John is a doctor who thinks that his wife needs a vacation to decrease her depression. In fact, the cause of John's wife's illness is imprisoned as mother and wife. John’s wife accepts all her husband's decisions. In several times, she disagreed with her husband's decision, but she hides her feelings.
You see, he does not believe I am sick!
And what can one do? (Gilman, 1997: 1).
Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would dome good. But what is one to do? (Gilman, 1997: 2).
John's wife loves her husband so much. She becomes a quiet person because her imagination. She considered unable to do the duties as a mother and wife. She wants her husband to be able to rest without thinking about herself. John's wife thinks that she is burden for her husband.
Of course it is only nervousness. It does weigh on me so not to do my duty in any way!
I meant to be such a help to John, such a real rest and comfort, and here I am a comparative burden already (Gilman, 1997: 3).
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From the analysis above, the writer concludes that John’s wife is very obedient to her husband. It can be seen from several statements in the story, where she does not oppose all her husband's requests. Whenever they are disagreed, John’s wife is the one who always relents. The writer also assumes that John wife is fond with her husband, she feels a burden to her husband.
She tried to restore her health, but circumstances did not support her.
b. John
John is a doctor. The knowledge and experience are the main factors to convince his wife that he keeps his wife with the right way. He thought knows everything, including his wife's illness. He argued that his wife could get well with holidays in the new house. He thought he did the best thing to his wife. He did not believe of mystical thing. He argued that it is just a person's mind and not real. When his wife told about the weirdness of the house to him, John just laughed at his wife. He believed that his wife was hallucinating and her illness was getting worse.
John is a physician, and perhaps— (I would not say it to a living soul, of course, but this s dead paper and a great relief to my mind--) perhaps that is one reason I do not get well faster (Gilman, 1997: 1).
John is practical in the extreme. He has no patience with faith, an intense horror of superstition, and he scoffs openly at any talk of things not to be felt and seen and put down in figures (Gilman, 1997: 1).
That spoils my ghostliness, I am afraid, but I don’t care—there is something strange about the house—I can feel it.’ I even said so to John one moonlight evening, but he said what I felt was a draught, and shut the window (Gilman, 1997: 2).
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John always listens to his wife's story about wallpaper. John is not a coward, so whatever his wife said about the wallpaper, John just laughed at her. Although John is not believing his wife's statement, John is a loving person. He is very kind to his wife. He is very painstaking caring for his wife.
He looks after his wife until she gets well. When John sees his wife nervous and frightened by the room, John He hugs and tries to calm her.
I suppose John never was nervous in his life. He laughs at me so about this wallpaper (Gilman, 1997: 4).
He is very careful and loving, and hardly lets me stir without special direction. I have a schedule prescription for each hour in the day; he takes all care from me, and so I feel basely ungrateful not to value it more.
(Gilman, 1997: 2).
John watched his wife who was observing the wallpaper. That makes her more tired. John do not his wife depression getting worse. John also do not allow Julia to meet anyone because he thought it can upset her. To calm his wife, John took his wife upstairs and read the story. He loves his wife very much because she is the source of happiness for John. At midnight, John sees his wife observe the wallpaper for several times. Then John woke up and scolded his wife. He gives warning for his wife not to walk in the middle of the night because his wife could be cold.
He said I was his darling and his comfort and all he had, and that I must take care of myself for his sake, and keep well. He says no one but myself can help me out of it, that I must use my will and self-control and not let any silly fancies run away with me (Gilman, 1997: 7).
“What is it, little girl?” he said. “don’t go walking about like that—you’ll get cold” (Gilman, 1997: 8).
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John did not understand with his wife's mischief. John always left his wife at home, even late into the night. According to John, his wife is happy with him. John is convinced that there are no reasons to turmoil. John wife's feels she can solve her problem without John, but the confusion still disturbs her.
John is away all day, and even some nights when his cases are serious.
I am glad my case is not serious!
But these nervous troubles are dreadfully depressing.
John does not know how much I really suffer. He knows there is no reason to suffer, and that satisfies him (Gilman, 1997: 3).
John almost desperates with his wife's healing. He has done various ways and he thinks the best way to heal his wife. He has applied his medical science to his wife. Finally, he threatens his wife, John tells his wife that he will take his wife to Weir Mitchell for a repentant. Weir Mitchell is a hospital that is thought to heal his wife. John's wife does not go there, because she has heard of her friend's experience about the hospital.
John says if I don’t pick up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall. But I don’t want to go there at all. A had a friend who was in is hands once, and she says he is just like John and my brother, only more so! (Gilman, 1997: 6).
The writer concludes that John is a husband who loves his family. He just gave the wrong way to keep his wife. He is a doctor who does not believe in mystical things. He thought his wife suffered illness because she wants take a break from her duties as wife and mother, but according to the writer, depression suffered by John's wife because she wants freedom or to become a writer.
29 2. Plot
The short story tells about John and his wife. John believes that his wife is suffering from depression. John is a doctor. He decides to take his wife to a house for healing process. John did various ways to heal his wife, even though his wife did not agree with her husband ideas. The first, they rent a house in Summer. John's wife takes the upper room, there is a wallpaper that makes her uncomfortable. During they stay at the home, John forbids his wife to meet anyone around their house, so she expresses her mind in a writing. John also forbids his wife to write because he thinks writing exacerbate the pain of his wife. So, John's wife wrote without anyone knowing.
A colonial mansion, a hereditary estate, I would say a haunted house, and reach the height of romantic felicity- but that would be asking too much of fate! (Gilman, 1997: 1).
I get unreasonably angry with John sometimes. I’m sure I never used to be so sensitive. I think it is due to this nervous condition (Gilman, 1997: 2).
I don’t like our room a bit (Gilman, 1997: 2).
During the healing process by John, John’s wife gets a nuisance from a wallpaper in her room. She noticed there is a woman behind the wallpaper, a woman is trying to get out and free herself from the wallpaper. The woman seemed to creep up and out into the garden. John's wife tells to John that her saw, but John did not believe it and just guessed his wife. John's wife passes his days to observe the picture, morning-to-night, even she does not sleep to pay attention to the picture in detail.
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I’m really getting quite fond of the big room, all but thet horrid paper (Gilman, 1997: 4).
But I don’t mind a bit – only the paper (Gilman, 1997: 5).
And it is like a woman stooping down and creeping about behind that pattern.
I don’t like a bit (Gilman, 1997: 8).
By the time she is alone at home, she decides to ruin the wallpaper to see who the woman. No one can go into his room; she throws the key to the yard of house. At the end, John's wife is crazy in his room. She crawled around the house. In fact, John's wife was depressed because John did not allow him to write and meet other people. The woman behind the wallpaper is an illustration of John's wife trying to find freedom.
I think that woman gets out in the daytime! And I’ll tell you why-privately- I’ve seen her! I can see her out of every one of my windows! (Gilman, 1997:
12).
But I am securely fastened now by my well-hidden rope—you don’t get me out in the road there! I suppose I shall have to get back behind the pattern when it comes night, and is hard! It is so pleasant to be out in this great room and creep around s I please! (Gilman, 1997: 14).
“what is the matter?” he cried. “For God’s sake, what are you doing?” I kept on creeping just the same (Gilman, 1997: 15).
3. Setting
a. Setting of time
In real life, summer is the best time to vacation. Some people will look for a vacation in a city or a remote place. Likewise, in this story, John and his wife moved into a colonial house in the summer. They are rent the house for three months. Their vacation at the same time healed John's wife who is depressed.
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It is very seldom that mere ordinary people like John and myself secure ancestral halls for the summer (Gilman, 1997: 1).
I don’t care to renovate the house just for a three months’ rental (Gilman, 1997: 4).
Because fiction is a writing result from real life, so the writer assumes that the author chooses Summer as setting time because Summer is the holiday season. Now, people usually do activities outside of their habits, such as renting a house in the depths to rest.
b. Setting of place
The story places are in a house that they rent during the Summer. The house is located about three miles from the countryside. The house is surrounded by walls and locked gates. The house was used for John's wife in the resting cure.
So, I will let it alone and talk about the house. The most beautiful place! It is quite alone, standing well back from the road, quite three miles from the village. It makes me think of English place that you read about, for there are hedges and walls and gates that lock, and lots of separate little house for the gardeners and people (Gilman, 1997: 2).
John choses the upper room for his wife. The room was large and clean.
The window of the room was equipped with bars so that no one could escape from the room. Many ornaments for the children in the room, it seems that room is a child's room.
It is a big, airy room, the whole floor nearly, with windows that look all ways, and air and sunshine galore. It was nursery first and then playroom
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and gymnasium, I should judge; for the windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things and the walls (Gilman, 1997:3).
It is being two weeks since they occupy the house and John's wife does not feel comfortable in writing. When John left, she feels comfortable writing again. no one sees her doing her activities. John wife's is sitting near the window. She is writing and nobody teases her.
We have been here two weeks, and I haven’t felt like writing before, since that first day.
I am sitting by the window now, up in this atrocious nursery, and there is nothing to hinder my writing as much as I please, save lack of strength (Gilman, 1997: 3).
John often goes out to city and leave his wife. Jennie accompanies John's wife, but John's wife often asks Jennie to leave her alone. So, she has time to enjoy the scenery around her home. She was walking in a garden and he was lying on the porch.
And I am alone a good deal just now. John is kept in town very often by serious cases, and Jennie is good and lets me alone when I want her to. So I walk a little in the garden or down that lovely lane, sit on the porch under the roses, and lie down up here a good deal (Gilman, 1997:6).
The author concludes that this story is very simple, because only three places, there are house, room and the surrounding environment. The setting of place supports the occurrence of conflict within the story, where the main character is a woman who is isolated from the outside world. The house is a sign that the main character has limits on every act and she is forced to run domestic duties without thinking of a career outside the house.
33 c. Setting of feeling
John's wife was afraid of the current house, as the house is rural and far away from the crowds. The house was like a prison surrounded by walls and locked gates. There is rarely home, so the atmosphere is very quiet and silence. John's wife thought that the house is a troubled house with the law or heritage house. The house was like not inhabited for years.
That spoils my ghostliness, I am afraid, but I don’t care—there is something strange about the house—I can feel it.
I even said so to John one moonlight evening, but he said what I felt was a draught, and shut the window. (Gilman, 1997: 2).
At that time, John's wife negotiates with her husband. John's wife felt uncomfortable with her husband choices. She tried to persuade her husband that she was moved to the room below. John is not obeying his wife, he is confident that they can help the healing of his wife. John hugged his wife and pray for his wife so that his wife is blessed and rapidly recover.
“You know the place is doing you good,” he said, “and really, dear, I don’t care to renovate the house just for a three months’ rental”.
“Then do let us go downstairs,” I said,” there are such pretty rooms there”.
Then he took me in his arms and called me a blessed little goose, and said he would go down cellar, if I wished, and have it whitewashed into the bargain (Gilman, 1997: 4).
When John's wife wrote, she surprised to see John's sister came. No one can look at John's wife written, because they will be pitted against to John.
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John forbade his wife wrote that, according to John, writing can make his wife depression.
But I don’t mind it a bit – only the paper.
There comes John’s sister. Such a dear girl as she is, and so careful of me!
I must not let her find me writing (Gilman, 1997: 5).
John visited the city to work. While Jennie left John's wife herself. John's wife was feeling lonely at home. She also was not allowed to get out of the house. One day, John's wife is alone at home, she locked the house and threw the key into the yard. She's trying to tear the wallpaper in the room. She set up a rope to catch the woman behind the wallpaper. John came and tried to open the door, he shocked at that time, when the door open, John was terrified of seeing his wife. John's wife is crazy and crawled to surround the house.
And I am alone a good deal just now. John is kept in town very often by serious cases, and Jennie is good and lets me alone when I want her to (Gilman, 1997: 6).
” What is the matter?” he cried. “for God’s sake, what are you doing?”
I kept on creeping just the same, but I looked at him over my shoulder.
“I’ve got out at last,” said I,” in spite of you and Jane. And I’ve pulled off most of the paper, so you can’t put me back!” (Gilman, 1997: 15).
In this story, there are setting of feel, such as afraid, emotion, shock and lonely. The writer argues that this story is a sad story, it is seen from the atmosphere setting that occurred. Not a single quote expresses happiness. In
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addition, setting the atmosphere also makes the reader imagine about the events in the story.
4. Theme
John took his wife to a vacation home, John thought his wife was depressed.
The house is likes a prison, surrounded by walls and fences equipped with a padlock. John chose the top room for his wife. The room was large and clean but gave the impression of a confinement. The room had a window that was barred and the stuff in the room is frightening. John limited his wife's activities. She should not do housework. There is a nurse taking care of her child. There is John's sister who takes care of the household needs. Thus, John frees his wife from her role as a woman. John did not allow his wife to meet with anyone, even with his relatives.
A colonial mansion, a hereditary estate, I would say a haunted house”
(Gilman, 1997: 1).
There are hedges and walls and gates that lock (Gilman, 1997: 2).
It is a big, airy room, the whole floor nearly, with windows that look all ways, and air and sunshine galore. It was nursery first and then playroom and gymnasium, I should judge; for the windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls (Gilman, 1997: 3).
Of course, I didn’t do a thing. Jennie sees to everything now (Gilman, 1997:
6).
John’s wife felt isolated with it. In addition, John forbade his wife to write.
John limits her wife's imagination. When John is not at home, his wife writes quietly without fear. John is furious when he looks his wife writing. According to
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him, writing can make her depression worse. she thinks that her wife's imagination makes her lose self-control and hallucinates.
It is so discouraging not to have any device and companionship about my work (Gilman, 1997: 4).
He hates to have me write a word (Gilman, 1997: 3).
John's wife feels uncomfortable during in the house. One night, John's wife tries to express her problem to John, but John is asleep, she cannot bear to wake her husband. John's wife stands up from her bed and observes the picture.
Suddenly John woke up and scolded his wife. John's wife fells it is the best time to say her feeling. She wants John to take her away.
John was asleep and I hated to waken him, so I kept still and watched the moonlight on that undulating wallpaper till I felt creepy.
I thought it was a good time to talk, so I told him that I really was not gaining here, and that I wished he would take me away (Gilman, 1997: 8).
From the explanation above, the writer concludes that "confined women" is a suitable theme for this short story. The confined woman described by John's wife who was treated unworthily. She was isolated in a house, without relatives, and without a job. She had a high imagination, she should have poured in a writing and created a work, but John thought it made his wife even more depressed.
B. Making a Change
Making a change is a short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. The story contains characteristics of each character, namely Julia, Frank and Mrs.Gordins
37
senior. They are concerned about the children of Julia and Frank. They argue, they in various ways, but one goal is to have the children of Julia and Frank is care and they live in peace and happy. The difference is in the way they express their opinions, Frank is emotional man, Mrs. Gordins senior who blames Julia but regretted his actions and Julia who just resigned and patiently received insults from Frank and his mother-in-law. Julia sacrificed her dream of the best musician. This creates a conflict within their family.
1. Characters a. Julia
Julia is a musician. After marrying Frank, she became a young wife who just stayed at home and took care of her husband. They have a child and Julia is getting harder to become a musician again. Music can make Julia's life happy and she feels music is part of her life. Julia feels her dream of becoming the world's best musician has been destroyed. Julia loves her child.
She takes good care of her child because she knows that is her job. She spends her days fulfilling his son's needs. She gave up her bedtime to take care her son.
She had been an ardent musician before her marriage and had taught quite successfully on both piano and violin. To any mother a child's cry is painful; to a musical mother it is torment (Gilman, 1997: 49).
Here was affection, propriety, and peace. Here was a noble devotion on the part of the young wife, who so worshipped her husband that she used to wish she had been the greatest musician on earth—that she might give it up for him! She had given up her music, perforce, for many months, and missed it more than she knew (Gilman, 1997: 50).
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Julia has a child, Albert. She loves her son very much. She takes good care of her child. When Julia gets tired, she gives her son to Mrs.Gordins senior.
She can rest, because she believes the Mrs.Gordins senior can take care of her son.
She carefully picked up the child and his bottle, and carried him to his grandmother’s room.
“Would you mind looking after Albert?” she asked in a flat, quiet voice; “I think I’ll try to get some sleep (Gilman, 1997: 52).
Julia is a patient person. Mrs.Gordins senior and Frank insult her, she is patient and does not fight his mother-in-law. She also does not say rude to his mother-in-law. Her angers is only visible in her expression. She greatly respects her mother-in-law, although they differ in different ways, they are still loving each other. Julia is a reluctant woman because she does not make problems in her family.
Young Mrs.Gordins looked at her mother-in-law from under her delicate level brows, and said nothing. But the weary lines about her eyes deepened; she had been kept awake nearly all night, and for many night (Gilman, 1997: 49).
or a change of residence, offered the younger, in a deadly quiet voice (Gilman, 1997: 50).
From the analysis above, the writer concludes that Julia is a responsible mother. She gave up her dreams for the care of his son and husband. She is exhausted in doing her duties. No one knows that Julia has lost time to rest.
Though the people around her add to the burden of her mind, she displays a polite and patient attitude. Every time there is a debate, she always relents.
39 b. Frank
Frank is Julia's husband. He had changed his wife’s life. She decides to make Julia as housewife. She does not help Julia to take care of their child.
He is an emotional person. He shows his anger at Julia. He cannot keep his wife's feelings. He blames Julia for what happened to their child. He did not understand how Julia was taking care of their child.
Frank Gordins set down his coffee so hard that it spilled over into the saucer. “is there no way to stop that child crying? he demanded” (Gilman, 1997: 49).
Frank Gordins glared at his wife. His nerves were raw, too. It does not benefit anyone in health or character to be continuously deprived of sleep.
Some enlightened persons use that deprivation as a form of torture”
(Gilman, 1997: 50).
Frank is a responsible father and husband. Even though he had a fight with Julia, he kept thinking of his responsibility to make Julia and her son happy.
When Frank left home, he does not forget to kiss his wife. Frank does not think about the marriage problem, he did his job to earn money.
When a friend asked him, “All well at home?” he said,” Yes, thank you – pretty fair. Kid cries good deal – but that’s natural, I suppose.
He dismissed the whole matter from his mind and bent his faculties to a man’s task – hosw he can earn enough to support a wife, a mother, and a son (Gilman, 1997: 51).
The writer assumes that Frank is a husband who loves his wife and child.
He shows affection to his wife by kissing his wife. In addition, Frank is a responsible person. He performed his duties as father and husband. He works to meet the needs of his family. However, frank has a negative side, he is an
