CRITIQUE TOWARD HUMAN HYPOCRISY SEEN IN THE MAIN CHARACTERS OF ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON’S THE STRANGE
CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
AMADEUS SYAILENDRATAMA
Student Number: 014214034
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA 2008
The world is a dangerous place,
The world is a dangerous place,
Not because of those who do evil,
Not because of those who do evil,
But because of those who look on
But because of those who look on
and do nothing.
and do nothing.
Albert Einstein
This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to
This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to
My beloved parents
My beloved parents
My dearest brothers “Leon and Ito”
My dearest brothers “Leon and Ito”
My
My dearest “Rina”
“Rina”
and
and
My dearest big family of
My dearest big family of
“English Letters Class 2001”
“English Letters Class 2001”
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To begin with, I surely want to thank and praise Jesus Christ who has
given me this wonderful life to live. Also, I thank my Mother Mary for always
there for me.
I am forever grateful to my beloved parents, Papi, and Mami, for their
never ending love and care, without them I would not be the way I am today. I
also thank my brothers, Leon and Ito, for the guidance, prayers, and support
during the process of writing of this thesis. My special gratitude goes to my
dearest Theresia Oktorina Kusmiyanti S.Pd. for his never-ending love, care,
companion, encouragement, patience, phone calls, and visits to Jogjakarta
I am so much in debt to Mr. Gabriel Fajar Sasmita Aji, S.S., M.Hum, and
Mrs. M. Luluk Artika, W., S.S and Mr. Tatang Iskarna, S.S., M.Hum. as my thesis
advisors for their patience, their much-needed suggestions and their dedication in
guiding me in writing this thesis.
I dedicate my special gratitude to all my friends in English Letters Sanata
Dharma University: Eka Dina, Obed, Imbik, Bima, Risa, Sindha, Aryo,
Sigit/Koent, Ian, Wisnu, Nova, Dian Kiting, Fangky, Erna, Melia, Yosep, Ikhsan,
Fariz, Geri, Wawan, and all of 2001 folks. I thank them for the true friendship
they have given to the writer.
Amadeus Syailendratama
TITLE PAGE……… i
1. Theory of Character and Characterization ………. 11
2. Theory on Psychology ...……….14
1. The Characterization of Dr. Henry Jekyll……….25
2. The Characterization of Edward Hyde……….28
B. The Explanation of the Main Characters’ Abnormal Behavior………....32
1. Jekyll’s Addiction to the Drug………..33
2. The pressure from the Respectable Society for Being A Respectable Gentleman..………...38
3. The Multiple Personality Disorder………....40
4. The Characteristic of Id in the Characterization of Mr. Hyde…..42
C. The Dualities Existed in the Characterization is Considered as a Critique Toward Human Hypocrisy …….……….45
APPENDIX……….. 54
ABSTRACT
AMADEUS SYAILENDRATAMA. Critique Toward Human Hypocrisy Seen in the Main Characters of Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.
The uniqueness of human personality and the existence of the second personality inside human is the basic idea of Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The novel tells a story about a doctor who got obsessed in finding a cure to purge evil in human soul. However, instead of finding a cure, he found a drug which can brought out his evil personality.
This thesis presents a discussion on the issue of multiple personality disorder which the writer believes can be considered as the main problem of the main characters’ abnormal behavior and then the writer will connect it with the issue on hypocrisy of human because the writer also believes that the multiple personality issue symbolizes the hypocrisy of human. Therefore firstly, the study is to know how the characterization of the main characters. Secondly is to know the causes of the main characters’ abnormal behavior. Thirdly it is to know how the abnormal behavior is considered as a critique toward human hypocrisy.
There are three steps the writer did in this study. The first step was to read and re-read the novel until the better understanding about the story could be gained. Secondly, the writer tried to collect some books related to psychological theories since the approach applied in this thesis is psychological approach. Thirdly, the writer tried to relate the psychological disorder of the main characters with the hypocrisy of human. The last step, the writer drew the conclusion of the analysis.
This literary work has two major characters, who are Dr. Henry Jekyll and Mr. Edward Hyde. Dr. Henry Jekyll is the ‘good’ guy while Edward Hyde is the ‘bad’ guy. In the novel the term ‘good’ and ‘bad’ is more related to the idea of id, ego, and superego. When Dr. Jekyll transforms into Hyde, his id is misplaced with his ego. While the superego which has the ability to filter human behavior is changed by the power of the drug. Therefore Dr. Jekyll does what he is not supposed to do. This act is similar with the practice of hypocrisy, Dr. Jekyll is like someone who wears a mask of goodness to hide his rotten self.
ABSTRAK
AMADEUS SYAILENDRATAMA. Critique Toward Human Hypocrisy Seen in the Main Characters of Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008.
Keunikan dari kepribadian manusia dan keberadaan kepribadian kedua dalam diri manusia adalah ide dasar dari novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde karya Robert Louis Stevenson. Novel ini bercerita tentang seorang dokter yang sangat terobsesi dalam mencari obat untuk menghapus sisi jahat manusia. Namun, alih-alih mendapatkan obat untuk menghilangkan, ia malah menemukan obat untuk memunculkan sisi jahat dari kepribadiannya sendiri.
Skripsi ini membahas tentang penyakit dua kepribadian yang dialami oleh karakter utama. Penulis percaya penyakit dua kepribadian ini dapat dikategorikan sebagai pokok permasalahan dari kelainan yang dialami oleh sang karakter utama. Kemudian penulis akan menghubungkan antara penyakit tersebut dengan kemunafikan manusia karena penulis juga berpendapat bahwa penyakit dua kepribadian yang dialami oleh karakter utama melambangkan kemunafikan manusia. Hal-hal yang akan ditunjukkan dalam skripsi ini adalah: pertama, skripsi ini akan menjelaskan pelukisan watak dari karakter-karakter utama. Kedua, skripsi ini akan mencari tahu penyebab-penyebab dari kelakuan-kelakuan tidak normal yang dialami oleh karakter utama. Ketiga, skripsi ini akan membuktikan bahwa kelakuan-kelakuan tidak normal yang dialami oleh karakter utama dapat diartikan sebagai kritik terhadap kemunafikan manusia.
Ada empat langkah yang dilakukan oleh penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Langkah pertama adalah membaca novel sumber berulang kali sampai penulis dapat menangkap maksud dari cerita yang ada dalam novel tersebut. Langkah kedua adalah, penulis mencari buku-buku yang berkaitan dengan teori-teori psikologi, hal ini dilakukan karena pendekatan teori-teori yang dipakai oleh penulis adalah pendekatan psikologi. Langkah ketiga adalah, penulis mencoba untuk menyambungkan antara kelainan psikologi yang dialami oleh karakter utama dengan kemunafikan manusia. Langkah terakhir adalah menarik kesimpulan dari analisis.
Karya sastra ini memiliki dua karakter utama, mereka adalah Dr. Henry Jekyll dan Mr. Edward Hyde. Dr. Henry Jekyll adalah tokoh ‘baik’ sedangkan Edward Hyde adalah tokoh ‘jahat’. Dalam novel ini pengartian terminology ‘baik’ dan ‘jahat’ lebih condong kepada pengertian tentang id, ego, superego. Ketika Dr. Jekyll berubah menjadi Hyde, id dari Dr. Jekyll bertukar tempat dengan ego nya. Superego yang berperan sebagai penyaring tingkah laku manusia, berubah fungsi dikarenakan oleh obat tersebut. Alhasil, Dr. Jekyll melakukan hal-hal yang tidak seharusnya dia lakukan. Perilaku ini merupakan perilaku yang munafik, Dr. Jekyll seperti seseorang yang memakai topeng untuk menutupi kebusukan yang ada dalam dirinya.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
In his book, Psychology: A Concise Introduction, Terry F. Pettijohn says; “In the very real sense personality forms a core of psychology. It is the sum total of what a person is – including his or her behaviors, thoughts, and feelings…we define personality as the distinctive and enduring patterns of behavior and cognition that characterize a person adaptation to life” (1999:260).
Thus human personalities are very unique and work in very complex ways. It was
built neither in a day nor in the same way or conditions as other personalities.
Each human must have different kind of personalities; in general, the society only
defines it as good personality and bad personality; however the wide varieties of
personality may create different kinds of characteristic, ideas, and conflicts which
eventually lead into to a more complex definition rather than just good personality
and bad personality. From the excerpt above the writer also conclude that the
development of personality can not be separated from the society. Which means
every person adapts with the environment he lives in.
The object of this study is the novel created by Robert Louis Balfour
Stevenson The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and the main focus of this study is the personality of the main character which is uniquely presented as
having more than one personality in one single body. Basically the story is about a
noble person who is able to find a compound which can reveal the inner side of
human. As the result, the person is suffering from some kind of mental illness
famously known as Multiple Personality Disorder which is presently called
Dissociative Identity Disorder. However the writer sees the interesting part of the
story is about how the noble person manipulates the compound as an oasis of
freedom from his dull and hypocrite life. There are big possibilities that the
mental illness does not only come from the chemicals compound but actually
comes from his own inner desire which have been sealed by his rank in the
society.
In order to have a better understanding of what personality is, the writer
feel obliged to quote the definition of personality from Phares who views
personality as “the characteristic pattern of thoughts, feeling and behaviors of a
person that are distinctive and enduring.” (1999:260). From Phares’ definition, the
writer concluded that personality is unmatched, no one have the exact identical
personality in this whole universe. Furthermore personality grows; it changes
through times and keeps changing till human dies.
In addition to the definition of personality, Mischell defines personality as
an Individual’s overall, stable, and distinctive patterns of behavior in responding
to people and environmental events – that is, each person’s characteristic patterns
of behavior that are consistent across a variety of situations (1999:260). From the
excerpt above the writer concluded that personality might go differ one to another
depending on the surroundings, the place he or she lives, the way he or she raised,
and so on. In this case the writer will also a little bit analyze the background
society of the nobleman Dr. Jekyll as a probable cause of the incident happens in
the story.
resembles the real character of human. Essentially, the ‘illness’ (dissociative
identity disorder or famously known as multiple personality) exists in the real life
and truly happens among people.
Moreover, psychology had played an important role in the history of
literature as what Guerin says in his book A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature, it plays important role in literature as early as the fourth century B.C., Aristotle used it in setting forth his classic definition of tragedy as combining the
emotions of pity and terror to produce catharsis. (1999:126).
In addition, works of literature cannot be separated from the psyche of the
author. In his book, The Interpretation of Dream (1900), Freud lays the foundation theory of how our minds work and operate. He believes that the
unconsciousplays a large part of how we act, think, or feel, and the finest way for
discovering the content and the activity of the unconscious is through our dream. (Bressler, 1994: 148). Related to Freud’s theory, The Strange Case of Dr. Jeckyl and Mr. Hyde (1886) is considered as fiction literature and it originally comes from the dreams, or specifically the nightmares of the author.
However, Daiches in his book Critical Approaches to Literature spoke different subject, he believes that work of literature can be analyzed with
psychological approach without considering the author background (Daiches,
1956: 348) and this theory will be the foundation of this thesis for the writer finds
it hard to get neither credible nor complete information of Robert Louis
Stevenson.
characterization, but also applied the psychological approach. The writer
considers this approach very important because the writer needs to find out how
one character can have more than one personality and the writer agreed that
theories on psychology of human specifically theories on identity disorders could
provide the information needed. Nevertheless, considering that the object of the
study is not a real human but a merely fiction novel, literature theories will also be
applied to assist the psychological approach.
B. Problem Formulation
In order to have thorough analysis, the writer will only focus on the
problems stated below.
1. How are the characterizations of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde?
2. What are the causes of the characters’ psychologically abnormal
behaviors?
3. How can the characterization be considered as a critique toward human
hypocrisy?
C. Objective of the Study
The thesis is meant to present a discussion of a critique toward human
hypocrisy by using duality which happens on the main characters of the novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The discussion is mainly to answer the problem listed in the problem formulation above.
According to the problems formulation above, there are three aims that can
be obtained from this study. First, this study attempts to find out how is the main
dualities happens in the main character’s personality, therefore it is a must to
reveal how the characterization of Dr. Jekyll as the main character is. Secondly,
the study is aimed to see how Dr. Jekyll as the main character could have such
mental abnormality.
Furthermore the second problem formulation aimed to find the root of the
mental abnormality shown by the main characters regarding the main characters’
psychological aspects. The first root is the chemical compounds or the drugs that
Dr. Jekyll invented. The second root is the pressure from the high class society
where Dr. Jekyll lives. The writer believes that those two roots are connected to
each other which then form the dissociative identity disorder illness. In
accordance, the writer also believes that the dissociative identity disorder
presented in the novel has resemblances with Sigmund Freud’s theory of id, ego,
and superego.
Finally the writer will explain how the characterization of Dr. Jekyll can
be considered as Stevenson’s critique on human hypocrisy in general.
D. Definition of Terms
1. Hypocrisy
According to Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of English Language, hypocrisy means:
a. a pretense of having a virtuous character, moral or religious beliefs or
principles, etc., that one does not possess.
b. a pretense of having desirable or publicly approved attention (1989:2150)
Mental illness is characterized by disturbances in a person’s thoughts,
emotions, or behavior. The term mental illness can refer to a wide variety of
disorders, ranging from those that cause mild distress to those that severely impair
a person’s ability to function. Mental health professionals sometimes use the
terms psychiatric disorder or psychopathology to refer to mental illness.
(Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005).
3. Psychological Aspects
According to Lester D. Crow and Alice Crow, (1956: 7) psychology is
“the study of human behavior and human interrelationship”. Moreover, in their
book they explain that a person’s behavior can not only be seen from their vivid
act but also from every bit of their responses to the world (surrounding
environment).Therefore, psychological aspects means the aspects that have
connection with psychology. It concerned with every phase of human
development, behavior, and interrelationship. They can be in the form of
motivation, emotions, personality, and so on.
4. Dissociative Identity Disorders / Multiple Personality
According to the book entitled The Dictionary of Psychology written by Arthur S. Reber, multiple personality is defined clearly as a relatively rare
disorder in which the usual integrity of one’s personality becomes so fractionated
that two (or more) relatively independent sub-personality emerge. (Reber,
1985:476)
In the broadest sense, a symbol is anything which signifies something; in
this sense all words are symbols. In discussing literature, however, the term
symbol is applied only to a word or a phrase that signifies an object or event
which signifies something or has a range of reference. (Abrams, 1981:205)
6. Message
In order to give depiction to the reader, the author has to give physical
description of the characters. By giving the physical description, it means that the
author gives a description of a character through physical appearance, such as
how is the face, the physique, and the appearance of the character. This method
will help the readers to visualize how the character’s appearance is. (Murphy,
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
Robert Louis Stevenson received a lot of acknowledgements as well as
criticisms from the other authors at that time. These show that Stevenson’s works
were well noticed and appreciated by other writers. However in this sub-topic, the
writer would like to present the criticism after the publication of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
The other writer’s criticisms toward the novel can be checked over in the
books, for instance: a Record, an Estimate and a Memorial, written by Alexander H. Japp, and also the book that shows his biography entitled, Stevenson, written by Sir Walter A Raleigh. The writer successfully found these books not from the
library but from the internet. Since Stevenson is a Scottish writer, somehow the
biographies and critical studies of his works are rarely found at several libraries,
therefore, the only way that the writer found is by searching over the internet.
In relation to the study, the writer would like to present a criticism from
the introduction of the novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Claire Harman, she says “I doubt that there are many contemporary readers of
‘The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ who can pick up the story for the
first time and not already know – or think they know—what it is all
about”(1996:vii). The compelling storyline of the novel is actually simple yet – if
the readers give thorough analysis on it – sophisticated. This shows that
Stevenson were able to deliver a story which is not only entertain but also thought
provoking.
One of the homepage containing information about Stevenson’s works is
http://www.WorldWideSchool.com. This homepage provide some books which are written by Stevenson himself and other writers that describe him. Unfortunately,
the books does not have page number, so instead of inserting the page number in
the bracket of quotation, the writer will write the chapter number, the last name of
the author, and the year of publication. The book which is written by Alexander
H. Japp, a record an Estimate a Memorial, also criticizes on Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, especially Stevenson’s philosophy of life, dealing with the way he views the good and bad in life.
But terrible thing about the Stevenson philosophy of life is that it seems to make evil over some good in the sense of absorbing it, or preventing it, or at best lowering it. When good and evil come in conflict in one person, Dr. Jekyll vanished into Mr. Hyde. (Japp,1905:10)
Other Criticism also comes from Hammerton’s point of view in tackling
Stevenson’s philosophy of life. He cites that sometimes Stevenson offers the
contrastive insight in his fiction and real life.
In the story, Hyde, the worse one, wins, in Stevenson himself – in his real life – Jekyll won, and not Mr. Hyde. This write, too, might have added the Master of Ballantrae also wins as well as Beau Austin and Deacon Brodie. R.L. Stevenson’s dramatic art and a good deal of his fiction, then was untrue to his life, and on one side was a lie – it was not in consonance with his own practice or belief as expresses in life. (Japp, 1905:16)
Besides criticizing his philosophy of life, another writer namely Walter
Raleigh in his book Stevenson, also tackles directly this gothic work. Stevenson’s
Even The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and the story of the bottle IMP are manufactures bogeys, that work on the nerves and not on the heart, whatever may be said by those who insist on being allegory in what is only dream-fantasy. The supernatural must be rooted deeper than these in life and experience if it is to reach an imposing stature: the true ghost is the shadow of a man (1915:3)
The reaction of other critics toward this novel has been described in the previous
paragraph. In order to criticize Stevenson’s personality and his works in general,
the writer adopt one strong criticism (1914 – early 1950’s) that comes from Frank
Swinnerton’s R.L. Stevenson: A Critical Study. He cites:
Stevenson was now considered outmoded: his literary greatness was questioned with changes in taste, and his bohemian persona was analyzed by new psychoanalytic biographers. His reputation did not necessarily collapse so much outside Britain. (1914:12)
Swinnerton’s opinion about Stevenson is not totally true. Stevenson’s
literary works are still regarded as masterpiece even until now. His reputation did
not fade in Britain or elsewhere. In contrast with Swinnerton’s opinion,
Stevenson’s books are still published until the present day.
Prof. William P. Trent in his statement in http://www.bartleby.com says
that Robert Louis Stevenson made a wonderfully successful book based on his
real experience. From his statement, we can see that most of Stevenson’s books
have more messages to the real life of human because they are based on real
experience.
The books about Stevenson’s works after his death are, to mention some,
works. For instance, Goldsmith cites in Stevenson: “To be the most beloved of English writers what a title that is for a man! The majority of Stevenson’s Literary
works contain less symbol, more individuality and man-centered” (In Raleigh,
1915:4). This statement might be true. However, Stevenson as one of the greatest
writers may have his own method in conveying his ideas. Personally, the writer
comments that most of Stevenson’s novels can be considered as men-centered
because the novels themselves are mostly adventures and thriller ones. Goldsmith
criticize that Stevenson’s novels have “less symbol”. It is not totally true, from the
title itself; The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde already symbolizes something. The name Jekyll could be meant as jackal (a wild dog) and the name
Hyde could be meant as skin or cover.
However, from the other studies above, the writer had a different point of
view in studying the literary works. The writer more concerns about the
personality disorder which happened on the main character of the novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, to find out how and why this personality disorder happened and to reveal the message of the personality
disorder.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory on Character and Characterization
Abrams has two definitions of character in his Glossary of Literary Terms. First, it is the name of a literary genre which is usually a short and humorous
prose of a distinctive type of person. Second, it refers to the person presented in a
being provided with moral, dispositional and emotional qualities that are
expressed in what they say (the dialogue) and by what they do (the action) (1993:
23). The second definition of character is the most appropriate in discussing the
definition of character in this study. To make it simpler, Kennedy and Gioia in
their Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, define character as an imaginary person who inhabits a story (1999: 60).
Sometimes, it is not easy to understand character in a literary work such as
short story or novel. As stated by Guth and Rico (1997: 69), in much modern
fiction, the author may let the reader make their own conclusion by watching the
character from outside. Other author may take the reader inside the character’s
mind, let the reader overhear private thoughts and share in feeling masked to the
outside world.
Murphy in his Understanding Unseens describes several ways of how the author “gives life” to their character so that the reader could have a good
understanding of them (1972: 161-173):
a. Personal description.
The author describes the character from the physical appearance, the clothes, the
structure, the feature, etc.
b. Character as seen by other.
The author describes the character from the other character point of views and
c.Speech.
The author gives the reader a clue of the character’s personality through the
speech of the character, whenever the character talks, whenever the character in
conversation with other characters.
d. Past Life.
Letting the readers know and learn something about a person’s past life surely can
give a clue to shape the person’s character.
e. Conversation of other.
The author can also gives us clues to a person’s character through the
conversation of other people and the things they say about him.
f. Reactions.
The author can also give the reader a clue to a person’s character by considering
the reaction of the character toward specific events. The author creates a condition
which will draw the character’s personality so the reader will understand the
character from his reaction.
g. Direct comment.
The author describes or comments about the character directly. The author merely
gives definition of the personality of the character.
h. Thoughts.
The author can give the direct knowledge to the reader of what the character
i. Mannerisms.
The author can describe a person’s mannerisms or habits in order to tell the
readers something about his character.
2. Theory on Psychology
In some aspects, literature and psychology have a close relationship with
each other. According to Richard A. Kalish, psychology and literature can walk
simultaneously, as in the following quotation, “Writers can use the understanding
provided by psychologist to enrich their stories, and psychologists can gain in
their understanding of human behavior by drawing from the deep sensitivity of
good authors” ( 1973: 8).
James C. Coleman in his book Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life
states that even though “literature cannot provide the theoretical or practical basis for understanding and treating specific cases of abnormal behavior, but it does complement psychology in giving a different kind of understanding of such behavior” (1972: 8).
Moreover, based on Derek Wright’s theory of character, taken from his
book The Psychology of Moral Behavior, there are six main types of character; the amoral character, the conformist character, the authoritarian character, the
collectivist character, the conscientious rule-following character, and the
altruistic-autonomous character. The details are stated below.
1. The Amoral Character
A character is called amoral if he says and does whatever he wants at the
time without having a certain thought about it (1971:208)
a. Premoral Infant, human start life amoral, so it is the purest example of the
character. The influences of the amoral character are really bad, broken, and
morally corrupt.
b. Psychopatic character, the character taking of socializing influences is not as
big as others. What he takes is insufficient and defective
c. Unsocialized, the character’s conflict with parents brings him to reject all
humanizing influences angrily. He is insulated from others caused his own
hostility towards and suspicion.
2. The Conformist Character
The conformist character is a person who cannot be himself. He needs to
have his faith attachment in a collective. His personality depends on his
environment or his group, he becomes an unstable personal. He gives everything
for himself and never share with others. His morality is the morality of the group.
If the group changes, his morality will follow his new group.
3. The Authoritarian Character
The social position and the status are important for the authoritarian
character which influences one’s sense of identity, security, and worth. Actions
done by other which endanger the stability of social order and the hobby for
pleasurable self of others are two main sources of personal threat to the
authoritarian personality. The ways of thinking are conventional and conservative,
which does not want other to criticize him, but he likes to look down others as
inferiors. His moral belief orients to people whose status and power are higher
4. The Collectivist Character
The socializing influence of the educational polities adopted by society
brings him to be a collectivist character. It is not caused by parents who abdicated
their responsibility. His faith to the group is really conscious from his own desire,
not because following others. His moral beliefs are determined by ideology of
public rather than by group norms.
5. The Altruistic-Autonomous Character
It is the most mature character of all types. Autonomy is the basic for the
natural process of development. He chooses some rules for his life and adopts it
free to modify with his nature experience which is followed by changes in his
behavior. He is flexible and his application to this principle depends on particular
situation. The character type is the combination of independence and individuality
with moral sensitivity and concern for others.
3. Theory on Dissociative Identity Disorder
Several definitions of Multiple Personality Disorder or Dissociative
Identity Disorder are introduced. However, all of them have the same basic idea,
which is “the existence of two or more personalities in one individual”.
In the book entitled Understanding Abnormal behavior, David, Derald and Stanley Sue propose the brief and understandable definition of Multiple
Personality Disorder. They state:
Multiple Personality Disorder is a dramatic disorder in which two or more relatively independent personalities exist in one individual. Each ego state has its characteristics attitudes, perceptions, memories, associations, and behavior (1986:194).
Mark and Judith Vernoy define Multiple Personality or Dissociative Disorder as:
A person who has two or more distinct personality systems that becomes dominant at different times. Each personality has unique memories, behaviors, and social relationships. Transition from one personality to another occurs suddenly and often associates with psychological stress (1997:506).
In order to identify whether one suffers from Multiple Personality
Disorder or not, it is introduced several symptoms of Multiple Personality
Disorder. In the book Understanding Abnormal Behavior, written by David Sue et al., the writer adopts three symptoms of Multiple Personality Disorder namely
Anxiety, Amnesia, and Affective symptoms proposed by Bliss (1986:198).
However, the writer also supplies several explanations to strengthen these
symptoms which come from G. Terrence Wilson who stated that an individual
with dissociative identity disorder appears to have two or more distinct
personality or personality state. These personalities take turns in controlling his
actions; Because of this the individual with this disorder is unable to recall
personal information – a memory problem which cannot be explained by mere
forgetfulness (1996: 181). From this theory it can be concluded that the patient of
dissociative identity disorder does not have any memory recollection of what he
had done when the alter personality take control of his body. In a more
4. Psychoanalytic Theory
In 1923, Freud developed a structural model for psychoanalysis that is
defined by concepts of id, ego, and superego, which refer to different aspects of
people functioning.
a. Id
The id represents the source of all drive energy. The energy for a person’s
functioning originally sides in the life and death, or sexual and aggressive
instincts, which are part of the id. In its functioning the id seeks the release of
excitation, tension and energy. It operates according to pleasure principle, the
pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. It has qualities of a spoiled child.
The id cannot tolerate frustration of inhibitions. It shows no regard for reality
and can seek satisfaction through action or through imagining. It is without
reason, logics, values, moral, or ethics. In sum, id is demanding, impulsive,
blind, irrational, asocial, and finally, pleasure loving (2001:80)
b. Ego
The third structured conceptualized in the theory is ego. Whereas the id seeks
pleasure and the superego seeks perfection, the ego seeks reality. The ego’s
function is to express and satisfy the desire of the id in accordance with the
reality and the demands of the superego. Whereas the id operates according to
pleasure principle, the ego operates according to the reality principle:
gratification of the instinct is delayed until the time when the most pleasure can
be obtained with the least pain or negative consequences. According to the
gradually, all in accordance with the demands of reality and the conscience.
Such an operation does not contradict the pleasure principle, but rather
represents a temporary suspension of it. The ego is able to separate wish from
fantasy, can tolerate tension and compromise, and changes over time.
Accordingly, it expresses the development of perceptual and cognitive skills,
the ability to perceive more and think in more complex terms. For example, a
person can begin to think in terms of the future and what is best in the long run.
All these qualities are in contrast with the unrealistic, unchanging demanding
qualities of the id (2001:80-81)
c. Superego
In contrast to the id is the superego, which represents the moral branch of our
functioning, containing the ideals we strive for and the punishment (guilt) we
expect when we have violated our ethical code. This structure functions to
control behavior in accordance with the rules of our society, offering rewards
(pride, self-love) for “good” behavior. The superego may function on a very
primitive level, being relatively incapable of modifying its action depending on
circumstances. In such cases, the person is unable to distinguish between
thought and action, feeling guilty for thinking something even if it did not lead
to action. Excessive use of words such as good, bad, judgment, and trial express
a strict superego. But the superego can also be understanding and flexible. For
example, people may be able to forgive themselves or someone else if it is clear
that something was accident or done under severe stress. In the course of
things not only in all-or-none, right-or-wrong, black-or-white terms (2001:81).
However without disregarding the theory of ego and superego, the writer
will focus the most on the theory of id for the writer has found many correlations
between the personality and the dissociative identity disorder symptoms of the
Mr. Hyde with the theory of id. Therefore, the writer feels necessary to add
another explanation of the theory of id by Thomas Hardy Leahey. He stated that
the id represents the biological basis of mind, the source of all motives, and this is
the ultimate engine of behavior. The desires of the id usually hidden behind all
that is best and worst in human history, behind tragedy and achievement, war and
art, religion and science, health and neurosis, and all of human civilization. The
study of the instincts of the id is the heart of Freudian psychoanalysis.
5. Theory on Conflict
Perrine (1974:44) defines conflict as “a clash of actions, ideas, desires, or
wills between two individuals or among people in the society”. In accordance,
Stanton presents another explanation about conflict. In his opinion, conflict is
divided into two categories; they are external conflicts and internal conflict
(1974:16). External conflict is the conflict happen between the characters. Internal
conflict or psychological conflict refers to the struggle within the heart, the mind
of the protagonist.
The writer agrees with the opinion that most story or to be specific a novel
must have conflict in it to give a more vivid information about the character’s
personality, behavior, and ideas and to elaborate the actual message of the story.
conflict in order to give explanation to the reader about the conflict happen on the
main characters in the novel. Therefore the reader will be easier to distinguish the
conflict and furthermore the message presented in the novel.
D. Theoretical Framework
The theory of Character, Characterization, Multiple Personality Disorder,
psychoanalytic, and conflict intend to assist the writer to analyze deeper on the
abnormal behaviors of personality of the central characters in the novels The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. These theories provide clear and comprehensive explanations as well as example. Thus, problems in understanding
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
In this study the writer compares two novels of the same author entitled
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The first book was published in 1886. The writer tries to analyze the main characters psychological development
and to understand the psychological development, the writer focused on the
analysis of the main character’s experience, behavior, and qualities.
The novel has been reprinted many times. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the writer is using the book that was published by Everyman and was reprinted in the year of 2000 in Great Britain. This novel was composed of 58
pages and built of 10 chapters. The novel was written by Scottish author, Robert
Louis Balfour Stevenson. The analysis focused only on the unique personal
duality of the main character of the novel. In brief, the analysis searches the
psychological experience of the main characters. The summary of the study is
given as follows.
The following phrases are the summary of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The story is about human duality. It is dual personalities that occur in a single man representing beauty and beast which is understood as human
nature. The main character, Dr. Jekyll experiences this duality. He is a physician
who is well respected and proper in his society and friends. However, he is also a
hypocrite man. He knows that within each human being there exist two forces,
good and evil. This thought leads him to an experiment to separate those two
forces by creating the body for each.
Both forces are actually impossible to be separated though they contrast
each other, but with the help of science Dr. Jekyll is able to separate the two
personalities and create the body for them. Dr. Jekyll is a good personality, and
Mr. Hyde is an evil one. When Dr. Jekyll drinks a chemical potion, he will change
into something bad. He will be transform into Dr. Jekyll back if he stopped doing
something worse.
However, Dr. Jekyll enjoys this experiment. Later, the purpose is not
merely for scientific reasons, but also for pleasure. Dr. Jekyll enjoys jumping
from one personality to another until one day his evil side finally dominates his
life and brings him into trouble. No medicines even poison are able to restore his
original personality. At the end, he kills himself while in the figure of Hyde.
B. Approach of the Study
In this thesis, psychoanalytic approach is applied to support the analysis of
the main character’s qualities in Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. This approach is chosen to explore the stories because the writer sees the possibilities that the qualities of the main characters of the novel undergo
some psyche problems in finding their identity.
According to Rene Wellek and Austin Warren in their book entitled
Theory of Literature, psychology of literature means the psychological study of the writer, as type and as individual, or the study of the creative process, or the
finally the effect of literature upon its readers or audience psychology (1956: 81).
From their statement, it can be concluded that psychological approach can be used
to analyze the work of literature with the author as the center of the analysis or
just the focusing on the work of literature without regarding on the author
psychological aspects.
Daiches in his book Critical Approaches to Literature (1956: 348) also has quite the same idea with Wellek and Warren, analyzing psychological problem of
a work of literature can be done without any knowledge about the author’s life.
We can look at the behavior of characters in a novel or a play in the light of
modern psychological knowledge and, if their behavior confirms what we know
about subtitles of the human mind, we can use modern theories as a means of
elucidating and interpreting the work (Daiches, 1956: 348). However, the writer
finds clues that the core problem of the main character’s abnormal behavior is
from his own unconscious minds, from his psyche. Therefore the writer draws a
conclusion that psychoanalytic approach is the most appropriate approach to
analyze the main characters of the novels rather than the psychological approach.
C. Method of the Study
In completing this thesis, there were some steps that the writer took.
Firstly, the writer read the main source that was The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, then read and re-read it so that the writer get a better understanding of what the actual meaning of the novel. Secondly, the writer tried to figure out
the interesting thing in the novels which made it different from other novels. As it
character’s personality to get the message from the main characters. To answer
the first problem, the writer quoted from the primary books which related to the
description of the character’s personalities from the beginning to the end of the
stories and then analyzed them one by one. To answer the second problem, the
writer also quote from the primary books which showed the difference of duality
shown by the major characters and then analyzed them one by one. After the first
and second problems were answered, the writer tried to answer the third question.
The writer had different way to answer the third question, because the writer
answer it by making conclusion and getting some moral values from the meaning
of the duality existed in both novels based on the writer’s point of view. After the
analysis part had been done, finally the writer drew conclusion. In making
conclusion, the writer concluded all of the analysis; starting from how duality is
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
A. The Characterization of the Main Characters
In this analysis chapter the writer first off all will discuss the
characterization of the two major characters in the novel which is Dr. Henry
Jekyll and Edward Hyde. The writer considers discussing characterization of Dr.
Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as a great necessity to reveal the true message reflected in the
character of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Stevenson is using two types of
characterization in this novel. The first, he introduces the main character to the
reader with the explanation and the point of view of other characters
(Murphy,1972). Most of the story is narrated by the Dr. Jekyll closest colleagues,
Mr. Utterson and Dr. Lanyon. These two minor characters handle a very
important role in the story’s plot. Both of them continually speak about the quality
and personality of Dr. Jekyll as the main character throughout the story except in
the last chapter, Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case. The last chapter is an exception, for in this chapter Dr. Jekyll, as the main character, give full
description of his character to the reader. (Murphy,1972)
1. The Characterization of Dr. Henry Jekyll
According to Murphy, the mental qualities and the characteristics of a
character can be seen from his physical appearance or condition (Murphy, 1972).
Information about the character of Dr. Henry Jekyll comes mostly from Jekyll’s
speech in the last chapter of the novel, Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case.
Dr. Henry Jekyll is a rich man living in a rich and respectable society and he is
aware of it; I was born in the year 18--- to a large fortune, endowed besides with
excellent parts, inclined by nature to industry, fond of the respect of the wise and
good among my fellow-men, and thus, as might have been supposed, with every
guarantee of an honourable and distinguished future.(p.141) Moreover, in addition
to his perfectness as a high ranked gentleman, Mr. Utterson says that Dr. Jekyll
has a good sense of art; a good picture hung upon the walls, a gift (as Utterson
supposed) from Henry Jekyll, who was much of a connoisseur;(p.116) He is also
a respectable man of his profession. His life was like a wonderful dream, wealthy,
handsome, and endowed with a bright future I front of him.
To this rule, Dr. Jekyll was no exception; and as he now sat on the opposite side of the fire--a large, well-made, smooth-faced man of fifty, with something of a slyish cast perhaps, but every mark of capacity and kindness--you could see by his looks that he cherished for Mr. Utterson a sincere and warm affection. (p.111)
However, it seems that his wealth is not his source of happiness anymore.
He began to grow old and whether he wanted or not he had to follow the rule of
his society and not be able again to fulfill his thirst of liberty like when he was
young. Information about Dr. Jekyll youth were so few, the writer only found one
statement from Mr. Utterson telling about Dr. Jekyll “…He was wild when he was
young; a long while ago to be sure;…” (p.110). This tension of repressed freedom
grows steadily inside him waiting to be freed.
Dr. Jekyll is a good doctor and a hardworking type but he often obsessed
with his work. He is obsessed to do something that is beyond imagination. He
believes that men comprise two different sides, the good side and the evil side.
With every day, and from both sides of my intelligence, the moral and the intellectual, I thus drew steadily nearer to that truth, by whose partial discovery I have been doomed to such a dreadful shipwreck: that man is not truly one, but truly two. I say two, because the state of my own knowledge does not pass beyond that point. I hazard the guess that man will be ultimately known for a mere polity of multifarious, incongruous, and independent denizens.(p.142)
He believes that men will achieve perfect happiness if they only have the good
side. Therefore he commits to find a way (or a drug) to separate the evil side of
men. He became obsessed with his ‘mission’ until finally he invented the
chemical compounds to complete his obsession. So obsessed he is with his
experiment that he eventually decide to be the experimental lab rat and drinks the
compound himself although he knows that he put his life at stake by doing that.
2. The Characterization of Edward Hyde
According to the writer’s opinion, Mr. Hyde is the most interesting
character in the whole story. From his malevolent action throughout the story, the
reader is led to consider him as the evil character. Unlike Dr. Jekyll, the
description or information about him does not come from himself but from other
characters conversations and statement. From the Understanding Unseen by Murphy, the writer considers that in explaining the character of Mr. Hyde,
Stevenson was also applying the theory of reaction and mannerism to give the
readers a good perspective about the personality of Mr. Hyde (1972: 161-173).
reader will automatically conclude that Mr. Hyde is an evil man.
Originally, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is the same individual but they have
separate identities. Both of them are living in the same single body but have
significantly different characteristic and behavior. Maybe it is a little confusing, in
simpler words, when their identity changed, their body also alters. As have been
discussed earlier, Dr. Jekyll is a good gentleman with beautiful features but when
he transforms into the identity of Mr. Hyde, his behavior as well as his appearance
changed into as what Mr. Utterson mention as troglodytic. “There is something
more, if I could find a name for it. God bless me, the man seems hardly human!
Something troglodytic, shall we say?(p.109). In a more common word, troglodytic
means a cave man. This perception from Mr. Utterson gives a clear view of the
wild behavior of Mr. Hyde.
Before discussing more about the personality of Mr. Hyde, firstly would
like to give a clear view of the physical characteristic of him. In overall, Mr. Hyde
has the exactly opposite physical characteristic of Dr. Jekyll. He is younger,
swifter, and wilder. Mr. Hyde shrank back with a hissing intake of the breath. But
his fear was only momentary; and though he did not look the lawyer in the face,
he answered coolly enough: “That is my name. What do you want?”(p.107)
Mr. Hyde was pale and dwarfish, he gave an impression of deformity without any nameable malformation, he had a displeasing smile, he had borne himself to the lawyer with a sort of murderous mixture of timidity and boldness, and he spoke with a husky, whispering and somewhat broken voice; all these were points against him, but not all of these together could explain the hitherto unknown disgust, loathing, and fear with which Mr. Utterson regarded him. (p.109)
give a sense of animalistic behavior to anyone who meets him. “…He spoke with
a husky, whispering and somewhat broken voice;…” (p.109). He is a very
extraordinary looking young man in an ugly term but at first sight people paid less
attention to him. In a flash he is just like other ordinary man, it can be proved by
the statement of a maid who has been the witness of the murder of Sir Danver
Carew which committed by Mr. Hyde. “…And as she so sat she became aware of
an aged and beautiful gentleman with white hair, drawing near along the lane; and
advancing to meet him, another and very small gentleman, to whom at first she
paid less attention…”(p.113). The maid was amazed by the handsome appearance
of Sir Danver Carew that she did not really notice the present of Mr. Hyde
although actually the maid has already met Mr. Hyde before. “…she was
surprised to recognize in him a certain Mr. Hyde, who had once visited her master
and for whom she had conceived a dislike…” (p.113). However, this is merely the
nature of human to be more interested on beautiful things rather than the ugly
ones. This maid’s reaction, according to the writer can be defined as the act of
hypocrisy that will be discussed later to answer the third problem formulation.
The behavior of Mr. Hyde is also in opposite in every ways with Dr.
Jekyll. He is an unpredictable man with unstable emotion, in another word
impulsive and has the tendency of violence.
"He is not easy to describe. There is something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something downright detestable. I never saw a man I so disliked, and yet I scarce know why. He must be deformed somewhere; he gives a strong feeling of deformity, although I couldn't specify the point. He's an extraordinary-looking man, and yet I really can name nothing out of the way.(p.103)
words speaks from his mouth, assaults the gentlemen by brandishing his cane and
stamping him to death with his bones shattered on the roadway.
And then all of a sudden he broke out in a great flame of anger, stamping with his foot, brandishing the cane, and carrying on (as the maid described it) like a madman. The old gentleman took a step back, with the air of one very much surprised and a trifle hurt; and at that Mr. Hyde broke out of all bounds and clubbed him to the earth. And next moment, with ape-like fury, he was trampling his victim under foot and hailing down a storm of blows, under which the bones were audibly shattered and the body jumped upon the roadway.(p.113)
In this The Carew Murder Case chapter, Stevenson gives a shocking act to the readers, at first he depicts a quite beautiful night with a woman looking peacefully
at a handsome man from her window, never had she felt more at peace with all
men or thought more kindly of the world (p.113) but suddenly the scene become
so horrifying with the brutal murder of the handsome gentleman. The scene itself
can be considered as impulsive as Mr. Hyde.
However Mr. Hyde is also known for his coldness. He does not have the
feeling of sympathy towards other, not even with a child. There is this incident
that involves Mr. Hyde and the trampling of a young girl. Mr. Hyde tramples a
young when they walk to each other at a corner of a street. After trampling the
young girl, Mr. Hyde just keep walks on and does not care with the girl’s
condition although the girl seems hurt and screaming on the ground.
man; it was like some damned Juggernaut.(p.101)
The interesting part of this scene is that after trampling the girl and pinned down
by so many angry people, Mr. Hyde still stay calm although frightened. It’s just
seems like he already know what will happen next. Calmly he ask the angry
people to name the price to pay for the incident and after he give a cheque worth a
hundred pounds, all the anger vaporized like thin air.
B. The Explanation of the Main Characters’ Abnormal Behavior
This part of the study will elaborate the true meaning of the abnormal
behavior conducted by Dr. Jekyll. The most frequent explanation employed in
other theses is that Dr. Jekyll suffered from multiple personality disorder
(dissociative identity disorder). Nevertheless, the writer found more evidences
that led to the conclusion that Dr. Jekyll is not only suffering from dissociative
identity disorder but also from other ‘illnesses’. There are evidences that he also
has problem with addiction to drugs. There are also evidences that somewhat Mr.
Hyde has the characteristic of id. However there are evidences that Dr. Jekyll’s
abnormal behavior is just the result of his distress caused by the pressure from the
society for being a wealthy gentleman. Is it merely some kind of mental illness,
drugs addict, distress, or a deep psychological problem? To prove it, the writer
will distinguish every abnormal act conducted by Dr. Jekyll and relates them with
the symptoms of the ‘health’ problems mentioned above. Moreover, the writer has
great confidence that these problems are just the way for Stevenson in interpreting
the dissociative identity disorder for he does not have a decent knowledge
1. Dr. Jekyll’s Addiction to the Drug
According to Abrams in literature the term symbol is applied only to a
word or a phrase that signifies an object or event which signifies something or has
a range of reference. (1981:205) Based on the theory of symbol, an ordinary bottle
can have more meaning than just a tube made from glass. In the novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde the writer found a very significant object that can be considered as a symbol that object is the drug invented by Dr. Jekyll.
According to the writer it symbolizes the gate to the unconscious side of men and
also the addiction of Dr. Jekyll. He thanked me with a smiling nod, measured out
a few minims of the red tincture and added one of the powders. The mixture,
which was at first of a reddish hue, began, in proportion as the crystals melted, to
brighten in colour, to effervesce audibly, and to throw off small fumes of vapour.
Suddenly and at the same moment, the ebullition ceased and the compound
changed to a dark purple, which faded again more slowly to a watery
green.(p.139)
The excerpt above shows the process of the drug manufacturing. From the
process itself, the writer found some symbols like the color and the form of the
drug. The first changes is dark purple, it shows the dark side of men, the color of
purple give sense to the reader that the atmosphere is gloomy and scary, it
symbolizes Edward Hyde. There is one situation in the story when Dr. Jekyll
desperately wants to transform into himself he drank the potion when the
transformation is not completed yet. He is still in the form of the scary Edward
drank it and it was without efficiency…”(p.155). The second change of color is
watery green, water symbolizes current which always flows and varies and the
color of green symbolizes happiness and achievement. So that every time Dr.
Jekyll drinks the potion when its color has been completely transforms, he can
achieve what he wants. When he wants to get pleasure he can be Mr. Hyde and
when he wants a shelter from his sins, he transform back to his true identity. The
form of the drug also means something; it has a gaseous characteristic while gas
has the ability to decrease human consciousness just like narcotic or any other
sedative compound which will reveal the unconscious part of the drug users.
Another interesting ingredients of the drug which strengthen the writer’s
opinion is the present of some volatile ether which Mr. Utterson found when he is
examining the cabinet of Dr. Jekyll “seemed to me to contain phosphorus and
some volatile ether.”(p.137) ether is used in medic as anesthetic.
However the Dr. Jekyll case is unique he is not addicted to the drug but to
the effect of the drug which is the alteration of his identity. He addicted to Hyde
when he seeks for liberty for he can do anything he wants when he is in the form
of Hyde. And he is addicted to Dr. Jekyll when he seeks for a shelter from every
bad thing he commits when he is in the form of Mr. Hyde. This addiction of his
becomes worse and worse. It consumes not only his psyche but also his physical
health and even his colleague notices the degradation of his physical health
"Well, I tell you so again," continued the lawyer. "I have been learning something
of young Hyde." The large handsome face of Dr. Jekyll grew pale to the very lips,
to have blackness bout their eyes, it is because the lack of resting and the lack of
decent meal. Dr. Jekyll also has a very low appetite for food. “Small indeed was
my appetite.”(p.148)
The attitude conducted by Dr. Jekyll is also showing the symptoms of
drug’s addiction. He repeatedly states that he can get rid of his alter identity any
time he wants to but his words are always far from the reality. He keeps altering
to his second identity whenever he pleases and he does not have the ability or the
courage to stop his own desire. This kind of act is exactly the same with what
happen with most of the drug abuse victims. They repeatedly says that they are
able to control their needs of drugs but the real fact is that their words only works
as a mask so that the other person believes them and have some faith in them. And
even though they really mean it, they do not have ability to do that. Dr. Jekyll tells
repeatedly to Mr. Utterson that he takes control of Hyde but the fact is the
opposite. I believe you fully; I would trust you before any man alive, ay, before
myself, if I could make the choice; but indeed it isn't what you fancy; it is not so
bad as that; and just to put your good heart at rest, I will tell you one thing: the
moment I choose, I can be rid of Mr. Hyde.(p.112). After he says those words to
Mr. Utterson, his addiction become worse. Close up to the warmth, sat Dr. Jekyll,
looking deadly sick. He did not rise to meet his visitor, but held out a cold hand
and bade him welcome in a changed voice. (p.117). However he is still trying to
convince Mr. Utterson that he is already got rid of Mr. Hyde.
will never more be heard of." (p.117)
But in the end he finally lost his own faith.
"I cannot say that I care what becomes of Hyde; I am quite done with him. I was thinking of my own character, which this hateful business has rather exposed."
"I wish you to judge for me entirely," was the reply. "I have lost confidence in myself." (p.118)
However, the doctor can repress his needs of Mr. Hyde because he is afraid that
Mr. Hyde would completely overthrow the identity of Dr. Jekyll and he still wants
the normal life that Henry Jekyll has. I began to spy a danger that, if this were
much prolonged, the balance of my nature might be permanently overthrown, the
power of voluntary change be forfeited, and the character of Edward Hyde
become irrevocably mine.(p.148)
Yes, I preferred the elderly and discontented doctor, surrounded by friends and cherishing honest hopes; and bade a resolute farewell to the liberty, the comparative youth, the light step, leaping impulses and secret pleasures, that I had enjoyed in the disguise of Hyde. (p.149)
He finally stops using the drug and by then Mr. Hyde is vanished, momentarily.
But like any other junkie, deep in his mine he still wanted to taste the sweetness of
liberty which Hyde always provided him with. He stops using the drug but he still
keeps Hyde’s clothes in Soho. The writer consider this as an act of reservation
that Dr. Jekyll still addicted to Hyde and wants to transform into his alter identity
again. I made this choice perhaps with some unconscious reservation, for I neither
gave up the house in Soho, nor destroyed the clothes of Edward Hyde,(p.149)
