1
* Ham idah Hanum ,
1Lisnawit a, and
2Ahm ad Rafiqi Tant awi
1
Program Agrot echnology st udies Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Nort h Sum at ra
I n t r od u ct ion
Ganoderm a is a fungal pathogen t hat causes m ajor dam age t o oil palm plantat ions. Plants are at t acked by decay and event ually die. Ganoderm a is not only at tacking t he plant produces or old plants are planted on land form erly used for replant ing but also att ack plants t hat have not produced even in plant s seedling nursery. Oil palm plant at ions in t he village of Gunung Melayu, Bukit Kij ang, Dist rict Rahuning, Asahan already infected stem rot disease caused by t he fungus Ganoderm a an incidence rate of m ild to severe disease ( 0.71% - 50% ) . Sym pt om s of t he disease found in young plants ( 4 years old) t o t he second generat ion of older plant s ( 33 years) first generat ion ( Lisnawit a et al., 2014). I n t he oil palm replant ing, Ganoderm a att acks can reach 22% in t he year t o 10, rising to 40% four years lat er ( Singh, 1990) .
Rapid progression of t he disease and t he weight on nut rient - poor soil, especially t hat contain lot s of sand fract ion. Susant o et al ( 2013) reported an infect ion rat e of Ganoderm a in the plant ing m edium sand is m ore rapid onset and a higher incidence t han in t he plant ing m edium - text ured clay. Hanum et al ( 2014) reported t hat t he nat ure of t he soil under st ands of palm are at tacked Ganoderm a has a wide range. Soil pH values in t he range of criteria very acid unt il slight ly acidic, organic-C levels of crit eria is very low t o very high, levels of N- soil of the criteria is very low t o low, and the t exture of sandy loam soil, sand and loam y sandy clay loam .
Various cont rol m easures have been carried out but have not provided sat isfact ory result s. I m provem ent of oil crops nut rient st atus since in the nursery t hrough t he use of organic fert ilizers and m icrobial antagonists are effect ive cont rol m ethods and environm ent ally friendly. which can increase plant resist ance t o Ganoderm a at tacks. The role of soil organic m at ter t o im prove soil propert ies, especially soil nut rient stat us will prom ote plant growt h and developm ent of m icrobial antoganis. Various endophyt ic fungus has been report ed t o be effect ive biocont rol agent s such as Trichoderm a
( Sariah, 2003) and Penicillium ( Dharm aput ra et al., 1989) , which showed antagonist ic- react ion- wit h-Ganoderm a.
Com post of em pt y fruit bunches and palm m idrib can be used as a source of organic fert ilizer and reducing t he need for chem ical fert ilizers. I n 100 kg of em pt y fruit bunches com post contained N, P and K respect ively equivalent t o 5,09 kg of urea, 1.97 kg of SP- 36, and 11.85 kg of KCl ( Firm an, 2010) . How the potent ial of com post from palm oil waste in t he supply of nut rient s and increase growth at prenursery seedling in relat ion t o t he inoculat ion prenursery endophyt ic m icrobes need t o know m ore. This st udy aim ed t o com pare t he effect of t he int eract ion between com post and inoculat ion of endophyt ic m icrobes t o increase N, P and K plant oil palm on prenursery seedling.
2
Program Agrot echnology st udies Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y Medan Area
* Corresponding Aut hor
: ham [email protected]
Abst r a ct
I m pr ov em ent of palm oil nut rient st at us since at t he nu rsery is one of t he effort s t o im prov e plant resist an ce t o Ganoderm a at t ack s. Com post from palm oil w ast e and pot ent ially endophy t ic m icrobes could pot ent ially increase plan t nut rien t s, especially N, P and K. This st udy aim s t o det erm ine t h e pot ent ial of oil palm w ast e com post and endophy t ic m icrobes in increasing N, P and K in t he plant oil palm under prenursery seedling. The st udy w as conduct ed in a fact orial ex perim ent w it h t he fact ors t est ed w ere t y pes of com post , t y pe and t im e of endophy t ic m icrobial in oculat ion. Resear ch result s indicat ing t hat t he lev els of N, P and K plant s are not affect ed by t he m ain fact ors and fact or int eract ion s of t hree fact ors. The concent rat ion of of N, P, K soil is influenced by t he int eract ion effect of t w o fact or s. The em pt y fruit bunch com post enriched ev ery t y pe endophy t e show ed bet t er effect s t han com post m idrib in in creasing lev els of P and K nu t rient in plant s and plant grow t h The applicat ion endofit ic m icr obe aft er and before Ganoderm a applicat ion inreased phosphor an d pot assiu m in plant and grow t h plant .
Ke yw o r ds: N, P, K, em pt y fruit bunches com post , com post m idrib
Th e I n
c
r e a sin g of N , P, a n d K N u t r ie n t in Pa lm Oil
M a t e r ia ls a nd M e t h ods
St udies using pure cult ures of Ganoderm a and t hree isolates of Endofit ic Microbial nam ely
Trichoderm a sp1, Trichoderm a sp 2, Aspergillus sp as collect ion Phyt ophatology Laboratory of Universit y of Nort h Sum at ra isolat ed from oil palm t rees in t he village of Gunung Melayu, Asahan, Nort h Sum at ra- I ndonesia, sterile soil m aterials, com post em pt y fruit bunches, palm m idrib com post palm age 1 m ont h. Experim ent s carried out at the hom e of gauze Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Nort h Sum at ra Medan I ndonesia, using a fact orial random ized block design. The first factor is t he t im e of inoculat ion Ganoderm a and endophyt ic m icrobes, nam ely t he int roduct ion of ganoderm a, 2 weeks aft er the applicat ion of com post berendofit (W1) and t he applicat ion of com post berendofit, 2 weeks lat er applicat ion ganoderm a (W2) . The second fact or is t he applicat ion of com post, consist ing of no com post ( K0) com posts em pt y fruit bunches ( K1), and com post palm fronds ( K2) . The t hird factor is com posed of endophyt ic m icrobes wit hout endophyt ic m icrobes ( E0) , Trichoderm a sp1 ( E1), Trichoderm a sp 2 ( E2) and Aspergillus sp ( E3) . Endophyt ic m icrobes used was based on t he result s of in vit ro t ests ( Lisnawit a, et al, 2014) .
Propagat ion endophyt ic fungus carried on t he carrier grit s. Aft er t hat reproduced by using a zeolit e wit h a rat io of 1: 9 ( fungus endophyte in corn flour: zeolit e) . Ganoderm a propagated in t he t runk of rubber wood. Rubber rod planed to dispose of bark, aft er it was cut into pieces with a size of about 5 cm . Pieces of rubber rods boiled t o rem ove the tannin content after it is sterilized wit h NaOCl 5.25% for 5 m inutes, followed by 95% et hanol for 30 seconds. Once it is rinsed with sterile water 3 t im es. The next piece of rubber rods inserted in an oven at a t em perat ure of 100 ° C for about 60 m inut es. Aft er t hat piece of rubber rods im m ersed in m edia m ealt ext ract agar ( MEA) and sterilized by using aut oclaf ( Nur Ain I zzat i and Abdullah, 2008) . Ganoderm a inoculat ion is done by at t aching a piece of pure cult ures of Ganoderm a in the t op of t he piece of rubber rods. Cult ures were incubated at room t em perature for 4 weeks.
The applicat ion of com post and t he int roduct ion of Ganoderm a and inoculat ion of endophyt ic m icrobes adapted t o t he t reatm ent t hat has been com piled. I noculat ion is done on a pre nursery of oil palm seedlings t hat are ready m oved t o t he m ain nursery. 300 g of com post m ixed wit h 30 g of endophyt ic fungi are given in each polybag size of 10 kg of soil. Tim ing of com post and Ganoderm a and also endophyt ic m icrobe adapted t o t reatm ent, t here are com post wit h endofit ic m icrobe given at the beginning of t he plant by m ixing wit h plant ing m edium . On t he ot her t reat m ent s com post wit h endofit ic m icrobe given 2 weeks after t he applicat ion of Ganoderm a. Applicat ions Ganoderm a done by direct contact Ganoderm a on pieces of old rubber t rees wit h palm root s. I norganic fert ilizat ion is not done. Experim ent s carried out unt il t he plant s are 6 m ont hs old. The param eters m easured were observat ions of N, P and K plant and crop growth. Dat a were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan test at 5% .
Resu lts a nd D iscussion
The result s showed t hat t he m ain effect of endophytic m icrobes do not affect t he nut rient levels and plant growt h but t he effect becom es apparent if com bined wit h other fact ors, especially t he t ype of com post . Furtherm ore, it is known that t he interact ion of com post and t ypes of endophyt ic and int eract ion com post and inoculat ion t im e endophyt ic affect the levels of N, P and K in plant and plant growth. The t im e difference inoculat ion and t ypes of endophyt ic affect N plant and plant growt h. While t he effects of t he int eract ion of t hree factors t ested t reatm ent does not affect t he levels of N, P, K plants and plant growth ( Table 1) .
Table 1. Effect of organic fert ilizer, t he t ype and t im e of applicat ion of endophyt ic m icrobes on levels of N, P, K in plant , and t he growth of palm seedling aged 6 m ont hs
t reat m ent N ( % dry m at ter)
P- ( % dry m at ter)
K- ( % dry m at ter)
High Plant ( cm )
Tot al m idrib ( g)
girt h ( m m )
K ns * * * * * * ns * *
W ns ns ns * * ns * *
E ns ns ns ns ns ns
KxE * * * * * * * ns * *
KxW * * * * * * * * * *
WxE * ns ns * * * * * *
KxWxE ns ns ns ns ns ns
Not e:
* : Significant , * * : very significant , ns: not significant
W2: endophyt ic m icrobial inoculat ion, 2 weeks later int roduct ion Ganoderm a
E0: wit hout m icrobial endophyte, E1: endophyt ic m icrobes t ype 1 ( Trichoderm a sp1 E2: endophyt ic m icrobes t ype 2 ( Trichoderm a sp2) , E3: endophyt ic m icrobes (Aspergillus)
Differences in levels of N, P, K in plant and plant growt h as t he effect of t he int eract ion bet ween t he fact ors of t he t ype of com post and t ypes of endophyt ic m icrobes can be seen in Table 2.
Table 2. Effect of organic fert ilizers and t ypes of endophyt ic m icrobes on levels of N, P, K in plant and plant growt h
t reat m ent N canopy ( % )
P- canopy
( % )
K- canopy ( % )
High Plant ( cm )
Tot al m idrib
( g)
girt h ( m m )
Wit hout com post
Wit hout
Endophyt ic 2.03 ab 0.165 b 1.113 de 53.80 b 9.50 67.67 b Trichoderm a sp1 2.08 ab 0.187 ab 1.084 de 52.52 b 9.33 67.71 b Trichoderm a sp2 1.95 ab 0.168 ab 1.277 cde 56.70ab 10.00 72.45 ab Aspergillus sp 2.08 ab 0.167 ab 1.045 e 56.35 ab 9.67 73.63 ab
com post Bunches
Wit hout
Endophyt ic 2.05 ab 0.194 ab 1.639abc 60.08 ab 9.50 76.41 a Trichoderm a sp1 1.75 b 0.208 ab 2.018 a 58.28 ab 9.50 73.50 ab Trichoderm a sp2 1.97 ab 0.195 ab 1.651 abc 60.63 ab 10.17 77.15 a Aspergillus sp 1.64 b 0.214 a 1.875 ab 60.87 ab 10.33 78.05 a
com post Midrib
Wit hout
Endophyt ic 2.26 a 0.176 ab 1.466 cde 59.52 ab 9.83 74.06 ab Trichoderm a sp1 1.95 ab 0.191 ab 1.457 cde 61.52 a 9.83 74.57 ab Trichoderm a sp2 2.16 a 0.173 ab 1.455 cde 63.47 a 10.17 75.75 a Aspergillus sp 1.77 b 0.185 ab 1.554 bc 53.80 b 9.83 72.54 ab Descript ion: The num ber in t he sam e colum n followed by t he sam e lett er are not significant ly different according t o Duncan test at 5%
Levels of N canopy tends t o decline wit h endophyt ic enriched com post applicat ion. I nst ead endophyte-enriched com post applicat ion increases levels of P and K in plant . P in plant highest levels found in com post t reatm ent com binat ions em pt y fruit bunches and endophyt ic t ypes of Aspergillus sp. K in plant highest levels found in t he com binat ion t reatm ent of em pt y fruit bunches com post enriched
Trichoderm a sp 2. Growth increased wit h t he applicat ion of com post enriched m icrobial endophyte, and every kind of endophyt ic show t he sam e effect . Decreasing levels of N headline on t his st udy due t o t he lim it ed availabilit y of soil N t hat does not m eet t he needs of t he plants while urea is not given. Besides com post is applied have C / N rat io is st ill som ewhat high at 22.32 ( em pt y fruit bunches com post ) and 25.6 (com post m idrib). Em pt y fruit bunches have a high fiber content which is difficult t o decom pose, which is approxim at ely 45.95% cellulose; hem iselulose approxim at ely 16.49% and approxim at ely 22.84% lignin ( Darm osarkoro and Winarna, 2003). That organic m at erials wit h C/ N have the longer t he effect in increasing soil fert ilit y ( St evenson, 1984).
Bet ter plant growt h was reached by t he applicat ion of com post and endophyt ic m icrobes. Com post adds nut rient s t o the plant and m icrobial endophyte, and endophyt ic m icrobes t hought t o increase plant resistance t o pathogen att ack. The im port ance of the role of organic m aterials reported Herliyana et al ( 2011) report ed growth of plant seedlings at 8 MST sengon highest in t he t reatm ent of organic m at erials applicat ions without Trichoderm a and Trichoderm a sm allest value in t he t reat m ent wit hout organic m at ter, plant showed signs of nut rient deficiencies, especially- nut rient - N- (Herliyana et al., 2011).
From this research it is known t hat com post enriched endophyt ic m icrobes potent ial t o im prove t he nut rit ional st atus of low t o m edium P and K nut rient st at us increased up t o a high level. The range of P and K nut rient st atus are said t o be for oil crops respect ively 0: 17 to 0: 18% and 1- 1.3% ( Dierolf, et al., 2001) . There are differences in nut rient content of P and K on the used com post, com post ingredient in em pt y fruit bunches ( 1: 16% P, 1.93% K) higher than com post palm fronds ( 0.30% P, 1: 22% K) .
sp1., Trichoderm a sp 2, and Aspergillus sp. has a higher inhibit ory against Ganoderm a t han Fusarium
sp. and Penicillium sp. ( Lisnawita, et al., 2014) . Trichoderm a are known to have ant agonist ic react ion wit h Ganoderm a ( Sariah, 2003) . Pot ent ial antagonist ic also determ ined t he t ype of m icrobe. Based on t he test antagonist in vit ro as biological agents, Trichoderm a T38 and T39 were able t o inhibit t he growth of Ganoderm a. Trichoderm a isolates T39 has t he potent ial ant agonist ic st ronger than
Trichoderm a T38 (Herliyana et al., 2011)
Con clusion
Em pt y fruit bunches and m idrib com post enriched endophyt ic m icrobes increase t he levels of P and K in plant and seed growt h under prenursery seedling. An im provem ent of P levels of plants from low to m edium and K nut rient levels of m edium t o high, while N levels was low. Applicat ions of bot h t ypes of com post nam ely em pt y fruit bunches and palm m idrib enriched endophyt ic m icrobes wich applicated before int roduct ion Ganoderm a have bet ter effect t han t he enriched endophyt ic wich applicated after t he int roduct ion of Ganoderm a in increasing levels of P and K canopy and also t he growt h of plant s.
Trichoderm a sp1, Trichoderm a sp2 and Aspergillus inoculat ed eit her before or after t he applicat ed of
Ganoderm a have sam e pot ent ial in im proving t he growt h of plant s. There was no interact ion effect bet ween com post , t ype and t im e of endophyt ic m icrobial inoculat ion.
Ack n ow led g em e n t
The aut hors t hank t he financial support from t he Minist ry of Educat ion and Culture, I ndonesia Goverm ent. This st udy is part of research on t he Nat ional Com pet it ive Grant s Schem e MP3EI fiscal year 2014.
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