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I D A K s e m u a y a n g r a s a n y a m a -n i s a m a -n u -n t u k d i k o n s u m s i . B e b e r a p a j e n i s p e -m a n i s b u a t a n d a -p a t d i a n g g a -p s e b a g a i
silent
killer
d a n d i n e g a r a m a j u s u -d a h l a m a -d i t i n g g a l k a n p e -m a k a i a n n y a u n t u k p a s a r i n -d u s t r i . B e l a k a n g a n i n i t e r j a d ipro
d a n k o n t r a m e n g e n a i k e a -m a n a n p e n g g u n a a n p e m a n i s b u a t a n a s p a r t a m . K e a m a n a n -n y a m u l a i d i p e r t a -n y a k a -n o l e h b a n y a k p i h a k , t e t a p i s e r t i f i k a s i a m a n y a n g t e l a h d i k e-l u a r k a n o l e h B a d a n K e a m a n -a n M -a k -a n -a n d a n O b a t A m e r i -k a ( F D A ) d a n F S A E r o p a a k h i r n y a m e n y u l u t k o n t r o v e r -s i . D i t e n g a r a i a d a j e n i -s p e m a -n i s b u a t a -n y a n g m e n i m b u l k a n
w a b a h d u a p e n y a k i t b e s a r d i A m e r i k a U t a r a y a k n i p e n y a k i t s a r a f t u l a n g b e l a k a n g
(multi-ple sclerosis),
p e n y a k i t l u p u s , d a n g a n g g u a n o t a k .P e r l u k i t a k e t a h u i b a h w a d a r i s i s i p r o s e s p r o d u k s i d i k e -n a l d u a j e -n i s p e m a -n i s y a i t u s i n t e t i s d a n n a t u r a l , s e d a n g -k a n b e r d a s a r -k a n f u n g s i n y a d i b a g i d a l a m d u a k a t e g o r i y a i t u b e r s i f a t n u t r i t i f d a n n o n -n u t r i t i f . P e m a -n i s -n u t r i t i f a d a l a h p e m a n i s y a n g d a p a t m e n g h a s i l k a n k a l o r i a t a u e -n e r g i , s e d a -n g k a -n p e m a n i s n o n n u t r i t i f a d a l a h p e m a n i s y a n g d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n i n g k a t k a n k e n i k m a t a n c i -t a r a s a p r o d u k - p r o d u k t e r t e n -t u , -t e -t a p i h a n y a m e n g h a s i l k a n s e d i k i t e n e r g i a t a u s a m a s e k a l i t i d a k a d a .
A p a i t u g u l a ?
G u l a a d a l a h s u a t u k a r b o -h i d r a t s e d e r -h a n a y a n g m e n j a d i s u m b e r e n e r g i d a n k o m o d i -t a s p e r d a g a n g a n u t a m a . G u l a p a l i n g b a n y a k d i p e r d a -g a n -g k a n d a l a m b e n t u k k r i s t a l s u k r o s a p a d a t . G u l a d i g u -n a k a -n u -n t u k m e n g u b a h r a s a
m e n j a d i m a n i s d a n k e a d a a n m a k a n a n a t a u m i n u m a n . G u -l a s e d e r h a n a , s e p e r t i g l u k o s a .
G l u k o s a d i p r o d u k s i d a r i s u k r o s a d e n g a n e n z i m a t a u h i d r o l i s i s a s a m .
G u l a s e b a g a i s u k r o s a d i p e r -o l e h d a r i n i r a t e b u , b i t g u l a ,
a t a u a r e n . M e s k i p u n d e m i k i a n , t e r d a p a t s u m b e r -s u m b e r g u l a m i n o r l a i n n y a , s e p e r t i k e l a p a . S u m b e r s u m -h e r p e m a n i s l a i n , s e p e r t i u m b i d a h l i a , a n g g i r , a t a u j a g u n g , j u
-g a m e n -g h a s i l k a n s e m a c a m p e m a n i s , t e t a p i b u k a n t e r -s u -s u n d a r i -s u k r o -s a , P r o -s e -s u n t u k m e n g h a s i l k a n g u l a m e n c a k u p t a h a p e k s t r a s i d i -i k u t -i d e n g a n p e m u r n -i a n m e l a l u i d i s t i l a s i .
P e n g e k s p o r g u l a t e r b e s a r a d a l a h U n i E r o p a . P e r a t u r a n p e r t a n i a n d i E U m e n e t a p k a n k u o t a m a k s i m u m p r o d u k s i d a r i s e t i a p a n g g o t a s e s u a i d e n g a n p e r m i n t a a n , p e -n a w a r a -n , d a -n h a r g a . S e b a g i a -n d a r i g u l a i n i a d a l a h g u l a " k u o -t a " d a r i i n d u s -t r y l e v i e s , s i s a n y a a d a l a h g u l a " k u o t a c " y a n g d i j u a l p a d a h a r g a p a s a r t a n p a s u b s i d i . S u b s i d i - s u b s i d i t e r s e b u t d a n p a j a k i m p o r y a n g t i n g g i m e m b u a t n e g a r a l a i n s u s a h u n t u k m e n g e k s p o r k e n e g a r a - n e g a r a U E , a t a u b e r -s a i n g d i p a s a r d u n i a .
A m e r i k a S e r i k a t m e n e t a p -k a n h a r g a g u l a t i n g g i u n t u -k m e n d u k u n g p e m b u a t n y a , h a l i n i m e m p u n y a i e f e k s a m p i n g , t e t a p i b a n y a k p a r a k o n s u m e n b e r a l i h k e s i r u p j a g u n g ( p e r n -b u a t m i n u m a n ) a t a u p i n d a h
d a r i n e g a r a i t u ( p e m b u a t p e r -m e n ) . P a s a r g u l a j u g a d i s e -r a n g o l e h h a -r g a s i -r u p g l u k o s a y a n g m u r a h . S i r u p t e r s e b u t d i p r o d u k s i d a r i j a g u n g ( m a i z e n a ) , D e n g a n m e n g o m -b i n a s i k a n n y a d e n g a n p e m a n i s
b u a t a n p e m b u a t m i n u m a n d a p a t m e m p r o d u k s i b a r a n g d e n g a n h a r g a y a n g s a n g a t m u r a h .
G u l a t e b u
N e g a r a - n e g a r a p e n g h a s i l g u l a t e b u t e r b e s a r a d a l a h n e -g a r a - n e -g a r a d e n g a n i k l i m h a n g a t s e p e r t i A u s t r a l i a ,
B r a s i l , d a n T h a i l a n d . I n d o n e -s i a p e m a h m e n j a d i p r o d u s e n g u l a n o m o r s a t u s e d u n i a , t e t a p i k e m u d i a n t e r s a i n g i o l e h i n d u s t r i g u l a b a r u y a n g l e b i h e f i s i e n . P a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 1
h i n g g a 2 0 0 2 g u l a y a n g d i p r o -d u k s i -d i n e g a r a b e r k e m b a n g d u a k a l i l i p a t l e b i h b a n y a k d i b a n d i n g k a n g u l a y a n g d i p r o d u k s i n e g a r a m a j u .
P r o s e s p e m b u a t a n g u l a t e b u , p e r t a m a - t a m a b a h a n m e n t a h d i h a n c u r k a n d a n d i p e r a s , s a r i n y a d i k u m p u l k a n d a n d i s a r i n g , c a i r a n y a n g t e r -b e n t u k k e m u d i a n d i t a m -b a h k a n b a h a n t a m b a h a n ( b i -a s -a n y -a d i g u n -a k -a n k a l s i u m o k -s i d a ) u n t u k m e n g h i l a n g k a n k e t i d a k m u r n i a n , c a m p u r a n t e r s e b u t k e m u d i a n
d i m u r n i k a n d e n g a n b e l e r a n g d i o k s i d a . C a m p u r a n y a n g t e r -b e n t u k k e m u d i a n d i d i d i h k a n , e n d a p a n d a n s a m p a h y a n g m e n g a m b a n g k e m u d i a n d a -p a t d i -p i s a h k a n .
S e t e l a h c u k u p m u r n i , c a i r a n d i d i n g i n k a n d a n d i k r i s t a l k a n
( b i a s a n y a s a m b i l d i a d u k ) u n -t u k m e m p r o d u k s i g u l a y a n g d a p a t d i t u a n g k e c e t a k a n . S e -b u a h m e s i n s e n t r i f u g a l j u g a d a p a t d i g u n a k a n p a d a p r o s e s k r i s t a l i s a s i . D i I n d o n e s i a , m u s i m g i l i n g t e b u b i a s a n y a m u l a i p a d a b u l a n M e i d a n b e r -a k h i r b u l a n D e s e m b e r
Gula bit
\ G u l a b i t d i p r o d u k s i d i t e m -p a t d e n g a n i k l i m y a n g l e b i h s e j u k , E r o p a B a r a t L a u t d a n T i m u r , J e p a n g u t a r a , d a n b e -b e r a p a d a e r a h d i A m e r i k a S e r i k a t , m u s i m p e n u m b u h a n b i t b e r a k h i r p a d a p e m a n e n a n -n y a p a d a S e p t e m b e r . P e m a n e -n a -n d a -n p e m r o s e s a -n b e r l a n j u t s a m p a i M a r e t d i b e b e r a p a k a -s u -s . L a m a n y a p e m a n e n d a n p e m r o s e s a n d i p e n g a r u h i d a r i k e t e r s e d i a a n t u m b u h a n , d a n c u a c a . B i t y a n g t e l a h d i p a n e n d a p a t d i s i m p a n u n t u k d i p r o -s e -s l e b i h l a n j u t , t e t a p i b i t y a n g m e m b e k u t i d a k b i s a l a g i d i p r o s e s .
S e t e l a h d i c u c i , b i t k e m u d i -a n d i p o t o n g - p o t o n g d a n g u
-l a n y a k e m u d i a n d i e k s t r a k s i d e n g a n a i r p a n a s p a d a s e b u a h d i f u s e . P e m u m i a n k e m u d i a n d i t a n g a n i d e n g a n m e n a m -b a h k a n l a r u t a n k a l s i u m o k s i -d a -d a n k a r b o n d i o k s i d a . S e t e -l a h p e n y a r i n g a n c a m p u r a n y a n g t e r b e n t u k l a l u d i -d i -d i h k a n h i n g g a k a n d u n g a n a i r y a n g t e r s i s a h a n y a t i n g g a l t i g a p u l u h p e r s e n . G u l a k e m u -d i a n -d i e k s t r a k s i d e n g a n k r i s t a l i s a s i t e r k o n t r o l . K r i s t a l g u l a p e r t a m a - t a m a d i p i - . s a h k a n d e n g a n m e s i n s e n t r i f u g a l d a n c a i r a n y a n g t e r -s i -s a d i g u n a k a n u n t u k t a m b a -h a n p a d a p r o s e s k r i s t a l i s a s i s e l a n j u t n y a . A m p a s y a n g t e r -s i -s a ( k e t i k a -s u d a h t i d a k b i -s a l a g i d i a m b i l g u l a d a r i n y a ) d i -g u n a k a n u n t u k m a k a n a n t e r -n a k d a -n d e -n g a -n i t u t e r b e n t u k -l a h g u -l a p u t i h y a n g k e m u d i a n d i s a r i n g k e d a l a m t i n g k a t k u a l i t a s t e r t e n t u u n t u k k e m u -d i a n -d i j u a l .
***
Dadang Gusyana,
alum-nus Bioloqi Unpad.
