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BAE V I I SARAN-OARAN

^ e r d a s a r k r n h a s i l p e r c o b u * . » n y a n g t o l - L t ' i l >kul::;n t t i i f ^ r a n k a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

1 • r e r l u d i l o k u k a n p e n e l i t i a n l e b i h I n n j u t n K . n g c n . . i b c r a p a k o n s e n t r a s i m i n i m a l d a r i a u u i o k n i d a n

I T a t r i u m m e t a b i c u l f i t d a l a r a r a c m p e r t a h a v i l c a n s t a b i l i t a s l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a .

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KINGKASAN

T e l a h d i l a k u k a n p e n e l i t i a n t e n t a n g p e n g a r u h a n t i o k s i d a n i i a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t d a n V i t a m i n C b e n t u k t u n g g a l m a u p u n c a m p u r a n d a l a m m e m p e r t a h a n k a n s t a b i l i t a s l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a , y a n g b e r t u j u a n u n t u k m e n g e t a h u i s a n . p a i s e j a u h m a n a p e n g a r u h a n t i o k s i d a n t e r s e b u t d a l a m m e m p e r t a h a n k a n s t a b i l i t a s l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a *

P e l a k s a n a a n p e n e l i t i a n i n i m e n g g u n a k a n 3 F o r m u l a E p i - n e f r i n a d e n g a n a n t i o k s i d a n y a n g b e r b e d a - b e d a . F o r m u l a 1 m e n g g u n a k a n N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t 0 , 1 % , F o r m u l a I I m e n g g u n a - k a n V i t a m i n C 0 , 1 % , d a n F o r m u l a I I I m e n g g u n a k a n c a m p u r a n N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t 0 , 0 5 % d a n V i t a m i n G 0 , 0 5 / 6 * K e t i g a F o r m u l a t e r s e b u t d i s i m p a n s e l a m a 6 m i n g g u p a d a s u h u 4 0 ° C . D a n d i l a k u k a n p e n g a m a t a n s t a b i l i t a s n y a s e c a r i ^ p o t e n s i o m e t r i c e - t i a p 1 m i n g g u d e n g a n m e m b a n d i n g k a n t e r h a d a p l a r u t a n E p i n e - f r i n a p e m b a n d i n g b e s e r t a l a r u t a n a n t i o k s i d a n n y a *

D a r i h a s i l y a n g d i d a p a t k a n s e l a m a p e r c o b a a n , d i d a p a t k a n h a r g a F h i t u n g y a n g l e b i h k e c i l d a r i F t a b e l , p a d a t a -

r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5% d a n H a l i n i b e r a r t i t i d a k a d a p e r - D e d a a n p e n g a r u h d a r i p e m a k a i a n a n t i o k s i d a n N a t r i u m m e t a b i - s u l f i t d a n V i t a m i n C b e n t u k t u n g g a l m a u p u n c a m p u r a n p a d a k o n s e n t r a s i 0 , 1 % d a l a m m e m p e r t a h a n k a n s t a b i l i t a s l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a

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BAL I X KEPUSTAKAAK

1 . P r o c e e d i n g K o n g g r e s I l m i a h F a r m a s i I I I , 1 9 0 0 ,

M e n i a g k a t k a n S t a b i l i t a s O b a t , B P P I S P I , Y o g y a k a r t n ,

h al . 2 7 - 3 9 .

2 . L i n t n e r , C . J # , 1 9 8 0 , S t a b i l i t y o f P n a r m a c o u t . i c r - 1 J r : * — d u c t , i n R e m i n g t o n ' s P h a r m a c e u t i c a l S c i c n c e s , 1 6 ^ e d i t i o n , M a c k P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y , E a r ,b o n , A s n s y l v a - n i a , h a l . 1 ' : 2 3 , 1 4 - 3 3 .

3 * H;!ivt i n d a l e ( E d i t o r ) , 1 9 8 2 , T h e E x t r a ^ h ; : r i m - c o p o o i - u 2 8 t h e d i t i o n , h a l . 1 6 , 3 3 7 , 3 8 ; . , > ° . 4 # 1 2 . ° 1 , I 6 f 3 -1 G 5 & .

4 . D e p a r t o m e n l C o s e h a t a n R e p u b l i k I n d o n e s i a , 1 9 7 9 , F a r - r a a k o p o I n c l o n e s i a , E d i s i I I I , h a l . 4 7 , 3 3 ' ' , 4 1 r .

3 . K l i n e , O . L . ? n d B o c h n e , J . W , f 1 9 7 5 , V i t a m i n ;-nd O t h e r T T u t r i b u e n t s , i n R e m i n g t o n 1s P h a r m a c e u t i c a l S c i e n c e s ,

t h

1 5 e d i t i o n , M a c k P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y , E a s t o n , Penn s y l v a n i a , h a l . 4 5 7 , 8 1 1 , 8 1 2 , 94-7 - 9 3 7 .

6 . M a r t i n , E . V J . * 1 9 6 6 , H u s a * s P h a r m a c e u t i c a l D i s p e n s i n g * t h

6 e d i t i o n , M a c k P u b l i s i n g C o m p a n y , E a s t o n , P e n s y l v a n i a , h a l . 4 3 8 , 4 3 9 , 5 1 7 *

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* * 1 9 7 8 , C h e m i c a l S t a b i l i t y o f P h a r m a c c u - t i c a l , J o h n W i l l y & S o n s , Nev/ Y o r k , C h o c h c t c r B r i e - b o n e T o r o n t o , h a l , 8 5 - 8 7 .

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1 0 . B r i t i s h P h a r m a c e u t i c a l C o d e x . 1 9 7 3 , T h e P h a r m a c e u t i c a l P r e s s , 1 7 B l o m m s b u r y S q u a r e V/CI.i 2 HIT, h o i . 6 0 5 , 6 9 6 .

1 1 # O s t h e n d o r f , J . P . , 1 9 6 5 , a R e v i e v ; o f O x i d a t i o n Mc-cha - n i s m a n d A u t o x i d a n t s i n C o s m e t i c a n d P h a r m a c e u t i c a l , J o u r n a l S o c i a l C o s m e t i c s a n d C h e m e s t r y , 1 2 , h a l . 2 0 3 . 1 2 . L a c h m a n , L ; 1 9 6 8 , A R e v i e w o f T h e U s e *.md R a t i o n a l e

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T e s t i n g o f T a b l e t D o s a g e F o r m s , J P h - r m S c i « 5 ‘S a r i l . 1 5 1 9 - 1 5 2 6 .

W . S t o c k e r , P . G . ( E d i t o r ) , 1 9 S 8 , T h e Moi-elc I n d e x . 8 t h e d i t i o n , P u b l i s h e d b y M e r c k & C o , I n c . I i a h v / a y , ITev; Y o r k , h a l . 1 0 5 , 4 1 1 , 1 4 0 6 .

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1 9 . S u t r i s n o K ? . d i , 1 9 ^ 3 , S t a t i s t i c I I I , G e t - t o n 2 , Y a y a s a n P o n o r b i t a n F a k u l t a s P s i k o l o c i UGM Y o ^ y . - . - i k a r t . i , h a l . 3 6 ? - 3 9 7 .

2 0 . L a c h m a n , L . a n d L i e b e r m a n , I I . * i , ICr-.nic, J . L , 1 9 7 6 ,

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LAMPIRAN I

PERHITUNGAN KADAR EPINEFRINA

S e t e l a h d i d a p a t k a n v o l u m e e k i v a l e n ( u n t u k m e n g o k s i d a - s i E p i n e f r i n a ) d e n g a n r u m u s :

V e k = V a - Vb

d i m a n a , Va = V o l u m e y a n g d i b a t u h k a n / . u n t u k m e n g o k s i d a s i E p i n e f r i n a d a n a n t i o k s i d a n n y a , Vb = v o l u m e u n t u k m e n g o k s i d a s i a n t i o k s i d a n , m a k a d i m a s u k a n r u m u s x = V2 x

u n t u k m e n d a p a t k a n n o r m a l i t a s E p i n e f r i n a , k e m u d i a n d i u b a h m e n j a d i p r o s e n d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n r u m u s :

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4 0 W a w a l

d i m a n a , W = b e r a t E p i n e f r i n a , BM = B o b o t m o l e k u l E p i n e f r i n a ( 1 8 3 , 2 ) , N = N o r m a l i t a s E p i n e f r i n a .

S e b a g a i c o n t o h :

K a d a r E p i n e f r i n a F o r m u l a I p a d a m i n g g u l . r e p l i k a s i I Va = 3 , 9 1 m l ; Vb = 0 , 3 1 » m a k a V e k = 3 > 6 0 m l . d i m a s u k k a n d a l a m r u m u s V I . N 1 = V 2 . N 2 ( n o r m a l i t a s KMnO^ = 0 , 1 2 5 3 , Tal:ie l 2 ) , d i d a p a t k a n n o r m a l i t a s E p i n e f r i n a 0 , 2 2 5 ( v o l u m e E p i n e f r i n a 2 , 0 m l ) .

D i m a s u k k a n d a l a m r u m u s m a k a a k a n d i d a p a t k a n %

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LAMPIRAN I I I

PERHITUNGAN S T A T I S T I K

1 * J u m l a h K u a d r a t T o t a l DK t o t = ^ X2 - ( 4 . X ) 2

N

= ( 9 8 , 1 4 ) 2 + . . . . + ( 9 8 , 1 8 ) 2 - ( 8 2 4 4 , 9 9 ) 2 8 4 = 8 0 9 2 8 5 , 1 7 7 9 - 8 0 9 2 8 4 , 0 4 8 8

= 1 , 1 2 9 1

2* J u m l a h K u a d r a t D a l a m P e r l a k u a n

= 8 0 9 2 8 5 , 1 7 7 9 - ( 3 9 2 ,

66) 2

+ . . . ( 3 9 2 > 6 5 ) 2 4

= 8 0 9 2 8 5 , 1 7 7 9 - 3 2 3 7 1 3 6 , 2 3 1 0 =

1, 1202

= 8 0 9 2 8 4 , 0 5 7 7 - 8 0 9 2 8 4 , 0 4 8 8 = 0 , 0 0 8 9

4 . M e a n K u a d r a t A n t a r P e r l a k u a n MK a n t = DK a n t

k - 1

= 0 , 0 0 8 9 ' -

= 0 , 0 0 4 4

3 . J u m l a h K u a d r a t A n t a r P e r l a k u a n DK a n t = ^ ( X I ) 2

-i = 1 n i N

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LAMPIRAN I I I ( l a n j u t a n )

M e a n K u a d r a t D a l a m P e r l a k u a n MK d a l = DK d a l

N - k = 1 , 1 2 0 2

6 1

=

0, 0138

F h i t u n g

F h i t = MK a n t MK d a l = 0 , 0 0 4 4

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LAIIPIRAN V a

i/AHHA LARUlViil K P I I C T R I N A DAN LARUTAN ANTIOI&IDAII PADA MINGGU KE 0

K c t c r a n g a n : a - L a r u t a n E n i n ? f r i n a P e m b a n d i n g B = L a r u t a n F o r m u l a I

C ss L a r u t a n F o r m u l a I I D -- L a i ' u t a n F o r m u l a I I I E - L a r u t a n N a o S n 0 f.

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LAMPIRAN Vb

WARNA L

a

RUTAIT EPINEFRINA DAN LARUTAN ‘J!TI0IC3ID;JT

PADA MINGGU ICE 2

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K c t c r a n g a n : a * L a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a P e m b a n d i n g B « L a r u t a n F o r m u l a I

C « L a r u t a n F o r m u l a I I D = L a r u t a n F o r m u l a I I I E = L a r u t a n N a 2 S 2 0 ^ F ® L a r u t a n V i t a m i n C

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LAi IPIRAN Vc

l/.U U LAKU EAiJ AN'i'IOICSIDAIJ DAll LARUTAII I-PIll' .V R Ii;..

PADA MINGGU KE 3

J C e t c L T i i ^ m : - L a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a P e m b a n d i n g B s L a r u t a n F o r m u l a I

C *s L a r u fcan F o r m u l a I I

D = L a r u t a n F o r m u l a I I I E « L a r u t a n tJno S o 0 r

P. ' y

I*‘ = L a r u t a n V i t a m i n C

G e L a r u t a n C a m p u r v . n 11a«So 0 r V i t a m i n C

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LAHPIRAN Vd

V/ARNA LARUX.U7 JP IIfclFR IN A DAN L ,J?U 'iV If AIIl'ICK^IDAi! PA D,, MINGGU KE

5

K a t o r a n s a n A a L a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a Pembc-.iulints 3 s L a r u t a n F o r m u l a I

C = L a r u t a n F o r m u l a I I

D = L a r u t a n F o r m u l a I I I r >

. j - L a r u t a n I T a ^ ^ O j - u u ✓ M4 x= L a r u t a n V i t a m i n C

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BAB I PENDAHULUAN

D e n g a n s e m a k i n b e r k e m b a n g n y a t e k n o l o g i m o d e r n , m a k a s e m a k i n d i t u n t u t p u l a t u g a s s e o r a n g s a r j a n a f a r m a s i u n t u k m e n g h a s i l k a n s e d i a a n f a r m a s i y a n g t e r j a m i n m u t u n y a .

P a r a m e t e r p e n t i n g y a n g h a r u s d i p e r h a t i k a n u n t u k m e n - j a m i n m u t u s e d i a a n t e r s e b u t a d a l a h m e m p e r t a h a n k a n s t a b i l - i t a s n y a s a m p a i b a t a s a k h i r p e n g g u n a a n n y a . S t a b i l i t a o b a t d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h b e r b a g a i p e r l a k u k a n s e l a m a p e m b u a t a n , b a h a n - b a h a n y a n g d i g u n a k a n d a l a m f o r m u l a s i , k e m a s a n d a n k o n d i s i p e n y i m p a n a n . ( 1 . 2 )

S t a b i l i t a s z a t b e r k h a s i a t m e r u p a k a n f a k t o r p e n t i n g u n t u k d i p e r h a t i k a n , k a r e n a k e s t a b i l a n t e r s e b u t a k a n mem - p e n g a r u h i s e d i a a n s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n . S e t i a p f a k t o r y a n g d a p a t m e n g g a n g g u e f e k t i f i t a s a t a u m u n g k i n a k a n m e n i m b u l - k a n b a h a y a p a d a p e m a k a i o b a t h a r u s d i p e r h i t u n g k a n s e b a i k -

b a i k n y a p a d a w a k t u m e n y u s u n f o r m u l a d a n p r o s e s p r o d u k s i

(

1

) .

O l e h k a r e n a n y a , s e b e l u m b a h a n o b a t d i f o r m u l a s i , t e r l e - b i h d a h u l u h a r u s d i p e l a j a r i s i f a t f i s i k a d a n k i m i a b a h a n o b a t s e r t a d i p e l a j a r i k e m u n g k i n a n t e r j a d i n y a i n t e r a k s i a n t a r a o b a t d e n g a n b a h a n p e n o l o n g y a n ^ d i g u n a k a n d a n p e - m i l i h a n k e m a s a n .

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d i p e r g u n a k a n s e b a g a i o b a t t e t e s m a t a p a d a p e n d e r i t a g l a u - k o m a , m e m p u n y a i s i f a t y a n g s e n s i t i f d e n g a n o k s i g e n , s e -

h i n g g a m u d a h t e r o k s i d a s i m e n j a d i s e n y a v / u y a n g b t - r v / u r n a j i e r a h r n u d a h i n g g a k e c o k l a t a n y a n g i n e r t ( 3 , / + ) *

P e n s t a b i l a n o b a t y a n g s e n s i t i f t e r h a d a p o k s i g e n , s e - p e r t i E p i n e f r i n a p e r l u s e k a l i u n t u k d i k e m b a n g k a n g u n a p e r - b a i k a n m u t u d a r i s e d i a a n E p i n e f r i n a t e r s e b u t * P e n s t a b i l a n

t e r s e b u t h a r u s m e n g g u n a k a n p r o s e d u r b e b a s o k s i g e n , p e m a - k a i a n b a h a n - b a h a n d e n g a n k e m u r n i a n t i n g g i , w&dah r e s i s t e n t e r h a d a p c a h a y a d a n p e n a m b a h a n a n t i o k s i d a n k e d a l air* f o r - m u l a s i ( 5 , 6 ) ,

A n t i o k s i d a n m e r u p a k a n z a t k i m i a y a n g s e c a r a b e r t a h a p a k a n t e r o k s i d a s i d e n g a n a d a n y a k a t a l i s s e p e r t i : c a h a y a , p a n a s , u d a r a , l o g a m d a n p e r o k s i d a a t a u s e c a r a l a n g s u n g

b e r e a k s i d e n g a n m o l e k u l 0 ^ ( 6 , 8 ) . B a h a n o b a t t i d a k b o l e h i k u t d a l a m p r o s e s o k s i d a s i s a m p a i a n t i o k s i d a n n y a

t e r o k s i d a s i s e m p u r n a * S e h i n g g a p e r l u d i p e r h a t i k a n p e m i l i h - a n a n t i o k s i d a n s e r t a b a t a s p e n g g u n a a n n y a d a n b a g a i m a n a e -

f e k t i f i t a s s i s t e m . a n t i o k s i d a n d a l a m m e l i n d u n g i o b a t y a n g s e n s i t i f t e r h a d a p o k s i g e n s e p a n j a n g p e r i o d e w a k t u p e n y i m - p a n a n *

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s e b a g a i u s a h a p r e f o r m u l a s i g u n a p e r b a i k a n m u t u s e d i a a n l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a .

N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t d a n V i t a m i n C m e r u p a k a n b a h a n t a m b a h a n y a n g s e r i n g d i g u n a k a n d a l a m s e d i a a n f a r m a s i . K e - d u a a n t i o k s i d a n t e r s e b u t m e m p u n y a i k e s a m & a n m e k a n i s m e d i - d a l a m m e m p e r t a h a n k a n s t a b i l i t a s l a r u t a n o b a t y a n g m u d a h

t e r o k s i d a s i , y a k n i s e b a g i a n t i o k s i g e n m a u p u n s e b a g a i r e - d u k t o r . P e m i l i h a n f t a t r i u m . m e t a b i s u l f i t d a n V i t a m i n C b e r - d a s a r k a n p e r t i m b a n g a n ( 3 > 7 ) : s e r i n g d i p e r g u n a k a n d a l a m s e d i a a n f a r m a s i , d a p a t b e k e r j a d a l a m w a k t u y a n g r e - l a t i f l a m a , e f e k t i f d a n m e m p u n y a i e f e k s u m p i n g y a n g r e l a -

t i f k e c i l s e r t a r e l a t i f m u r a h .

H a r a p a n d a r i p e r c o b a a n i n i i a l a h i n g i n d i k e t a h u i

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BAB I I

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

1 * S t a b i l i t a s O b a t ( i )

S e c a r a umum o b a t a t a u s e d i a a n f a r m a s i d i a n g g a p s t a - b i l a p a b i l a s e l a m a p e r i o d e p e n y i m p a n a n m a u p u n p a d a s a a t p e n g g u n a a n n y a , k a d a r z a t a k t i f n y a k o n s ^ a n a t a u m a s i h b e - r a d a d a l a m b a t a s y a n g d a p a t d i t e r i m a d a n m a s i h m e n u n j u k - k a n s i f a t - s i f a t d a n k a r a k t e r i s t i k y a n g s a m a s e p e r t i s a a t p e m b u a t a n n y a . ( 1 )

O b a t a t a u s e d i a a n f a r m a s i , b e r d a s a r k a n s t a b i l i t a s - n y a d i b a g i m e n j a d i 3 , y a i t u :

1 . S e d i a a n d a r i o b a t - o b a t a n y a n g m u d a h m e n g u r a i .

2 . S e d i a a n o b a t y a n g l a a b a t p e r u r a i a n n y a , d a l a m h a l i n i p e r l u d i s e r t a k a n l a b e l t a n g g a l k a d a l u v / a r s a v e x p i r a t i o n d a t e ) , p e r s y a r a t a n p o n y i m p a n a n d a n 1 a i n - l a i n .

3* .’i u d i a a n o b a t y a n g w a k t u p e r u r a i a n n y a l a m a s e k a l i d a n t i d a l c b i s a t c r a m a t i d e n g a n j e l a s *

K e t i d a k s t a b i l a n o b a t a a p a t t e r j a d i k a r e n a p e n g a r u h f a k t o r - f a k t o r l a i n , y a i t u : p o n g a r u h s u h u , c a h a y a , o k s i g e n y a n g m e r u p a k a n f a k t o r f i s i k a . ( 1 , 2 0 )

a . P e n g a r u h S u h u ( 2 0 )

K e c e p a t a n r e a k s i s u a t u z a t d a p a t m e n i n g k a t 2 - 3 k a l i d e n g a n k e n a i k a n s u h u 1 0 ° C . h u b u n g a n F u n g s i o n i l

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E 1 l o g k = l o g A - ---- x

---2 , 3 0 3 ^ T

k = k o n s t a n t a k e c e p a t a n r e a k s i A = f a k t o r f r e k u e n s i

E = E n e r g i a k t i f a s i R = k o n s t a n t a g a s T = t e m p e r a t u r

A p a b i l a p e r s a m a a n d i a t a s d i g a m b a r k a n ^ r a f i k l o g k t e r h a d a p 1 / T , m a k a a k a n d i d a p a t k a r i g a r i s l u r u s d e -n g a -n s l o u e = - E

2 , 3 0 3 R

G b . a . K u r v a l o g k t e r h a d a p 1 / T d a r i p e r s a m a a n A r c h e n i u s

D a r i p e r s a m a a n d i a t a s d a p a t d i l i h a t , b a h w a m a k i n b e s a r e n c r g i E , m a k a m a k i n l a m b a t k e c e p a t a n r e a k s i n y a . K a r e n a h a r g a T m e r u p a k a n h a r g a p a n g k a t d e n g a n h a r g a ' n e g a t i f - d a n b . e r b a n d i n g t e r b a l i k t e r h a d a p k , m a k a m a k i n o e s a r h a r g a T , k e c e p a t a n r e a k s i s e m a k i n

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b. P e n g a r u h C a h a y a ( 1 , 2 0 )

C a h a y a y a n g d i a b s o r b s i o l e h s u a t u m o l e k u l d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n e a e r g i y a n g d i c a i l i k i o l e h m o l e k u l t e r s e b u t h i n g g a m e n j a d l l e b i u u k t i f .

b a h a n o b a t y a n g p e k a t e r h a d a p c a h a y a d a p a t d i l i n - d u n g i d e n g a n m e n y i m u a n j i a l a m w a d a h y a n g k e d a p t e r h a d a p c a h a y a , a g a r s t a b i l i t a s n y a d a p a t u i p e r t a h a n - k a i i s a m p a i v / a k t u t e r t e n t u .

c . P e n g a r u h Ok s i g e n ( 1 , 2 0 )

A d a n y a o k s i g e n d a l a m r u a n g k o s o n g d a r i w a d a h y a n g d i p a k a i m a u p u n y a n g l a r u t d a l an: p e l a r u t n y a d a p a t m c m p e r c e p a t p r o s e s o k s i d a s i t e r h a d a p z a t b e r «• k h a s i a t n y a . U n t u k m e n g u r a n g i j u m l a h o k s i g e n t e r l a - r u t , d a p a t d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n m e n g a l i r i k e d a l a m l a - r u t a n t e r s e b u t g a s CO^ a t a u

P e n g u r a n g a n k o n s e n t r a s i o k s i g e n t i d a k c u k u p u n t u k - m e n g e l e m i n l r p r o s e s d e g r a d a s i y a n g t e r j a d i . S e h i n g g a u n t u k d a p a t m e m b e r i k a n p e r l i n d u n g a n y a n g s e m p u r n a , m u t l a k d i t a m b a h k a n o k s i g e n b a g i z a t y a n g s e n s i t i f t e r h a d a p o k s i g e n .

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h i l a n g n y a k h a s i a t o b a t , o b a t d a p a t b e r u b a h m e n j a d i t o k s i s , t e r j a d i n y a p e r u b a h a n w a r n a , b a u d a n r a s a s e r t a k o n s i s t e n s i y a n g d a p a t m e n i m b u l k a n p e n g a r u h p s i k o l o g i s t e r h a d a p p e m a - k a i o b a t *

2 . EPINEKRlI'J/i

2 * 1 . T i n j a u a n t e n t a n g s t a b i l i t a s l a r u t a n e p i n e f r i n a (3 > 8 ) E p i n e f r i n a m e r u p a k a n s e n y a v / a y a n g s a n g a t s e n s i t i f t e r h a d a p a d a n y a o k s i g e n * L a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a d i b a w a h p e n g a r u h c a h a y a d a n u d a r a , a k a n t e r o k s i d a s i m e n j a d i s e n y a w a y a n g b e r w a r n a r o s a , k e m u d i a n c o k l a t y a n g i n e r t . P e r u b a h a n i n i d i p e r c e p a t d e n g a n a d a n y a o k s i d a t o r , a n t a r a l a i n : l o d i n , KMnO^, H y d r o g e n p e r o k s i d a .

T a h a p p e r t a m a d a r i o k s i d a s i E p i n e f r i n a i a l a h t e r - b e n t u k n y a h u b u n g a n 0 - Q u i n o n , d i m a n a a k a n d i i k u t i d e n g a n p e r u b a h a n m e n j a d i t u r u n a n i n a o l d a n c a m p u r a n l a i n . KO - C - CH

2 i iH - CH

3

HO - C - CH2 WH - CH₃

OH

OK

E p i n e f r i n a D e h i d r o E n i n e f r i n a

C CH - OH

P i g m e n m e l a n i n

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O k s i d a s i E p i n e f r i n a t e r s e b u t d a p a t d i h a m b a t d e n g a n r e d u k t o r a n o r g a n i k , d i a n t a r a n y a a d a l a h N a t r i u m m e t a b i - s u l f i t 0 , 1 % d a n a s a r a - a s a r n m i n e r a l , ( 6 )

E f e k E p i n e f r i n a d a p a t d i h i l a n g k a n d e n g a n ( . ^ u i n i n , d i m a n a E p i n e f r i n a d a n Q u i n i n m e r u p a k a n s e n y a w a a n t a g o n i s E p i n e f r i n a d a p a t r a e m p e r c e p a t k e r j a j a n t u n g d a n mempu - n y a i e f e k h i p e r t e n s i p p a d a p e t n b u l u h d a r a h a r t e r i , s e

d a n g k a n Q u i n i n H i e m p e r l a i i i b a t k e r j a j a n t u n g d a n m e m p u n y a i e f e k h i p o t e n s i p p a d a p e m b u l u h d a r a h a r t e r i .

K h a s i a t E p i n e f r i n a p a d a m a t a i a l a h d a p a t m e n u r u n k a n t e k a n a n i n t r a o k u l e r p a d a p e n d e r i t a g l a u k o m a . T i m b u l n y a e f e k i n i d i k a r e n a k a n b e r k u r a n g n y a p e m b e n t u k a n c a i r a n , m a t a a k i b a t v a s o k o n s t r u k s i d a n b e r t a m b a h n y a a l i r a n k e - l u a r .

2 . 2 . P e m e r i a n ( 3j

^)

HO - C - CH2 - NH - CH^

OH

E p i n e f r i n a , A d r e n a l i n u m , ( - ) - l - ( 3 > if - d i h y d r o k s i f e n i l ) - 2 - m e t i l a m i n o e t a n o l . M e n g a n d u n g t i d a k k u r a n g d a r i

9 8 , 0 0 % d a n t i d a k l e b i h d a r i 1 0 1 , 0 0 ^ C ^ H ^ N O ^ .

i 3 e r a t m o l e k u l : 1 8 3 , 2 1 . B e r b e n t u k k r i s t a l p u t i h a g a k k r e r a d e n g a n r a s a m e n g g i g i t , t i t i k l o b u r 2 1 2 ° C d i s e r -

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M e r u p a k a n s e n y a w a y a n g l a r u t d a l a ; : l a r u t a n NaOH daaa KOiij s e d i k i t l a r u t d a l a a i r , t e t a p i a p a b i l a d i t a m b a h - k a n a s a m m i n e r a l d a n a s a m b o r a t h i n g g a t e r b e n t u k g a ■ - r a m y a n g s a n g a t l a r u t d a l a m a i r . P r a k t i s t i d a k l a - r u t d a l a a l k o h o l , e t e r , k l o r o f o r m , d a n a l k a l i , k a r b o n a t .

A k t i f i t a s E p i n e f r i n a m u d a h d i r u s a k o l e h Cu d a n Z n . S e h i n g g a u n t u k m e m f o r m u l a s i p e r l u s e k a l i u n t u k d i t a m b a h k a n z a t y a n g d a p a t m e n g h i l a n g k a n e f e k k a t a - l i t i k l o g a m b e r a t t e r s e b u t . Z a t y a n g d i p a k a i u n t u k ^ t u j u a n t e r s e b u t i a l a h d i n a t r i u m , e t i l e n d i a m i n t e t r a a s e t a t (EDTA) s e b a n y a k 0 , 1 % . K f i n e f r i n a t i d a k d a p a t

d i c a m p u r k a n d e n g a n a d a n y a a l k a l i , C u , F e , A g , d a n t a n i n . (

3

,

6

)*

P e n y i m p a n a n s e d i a a n E p i n e f r i n a h a r u s d i d a l a m k e m a s a n y a n g b e b a s O

2

, y a i t u d e n g a n j a l a n m e n g a l i r i k e m a s a n t e r s e b u t d e n g a n g a s i n e r t CO^ a t a u s e r t a

d i l i n d u n g i d a r i p e n g a r u h c a h a y a .

3

. A n t i o k s i d a n (

3

j

6

)

B e b e r a p a p r e p a r a t f a r m a s i a k a n m . e n g a l a m i k e r u s a k a n k a r e n a a d a n y a o k s i d a s i d a r i z a t t a m b a h a n d a n b a h a n a k t i f y a n g l a i n d a l a m k e a d a a n t i d a k t e r l i n d u a g i d a r i c a h a y a .

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s e b a g a i r e a k s i o t o k s i d a s i . P a d a r a n t a i r e a k s i i n i s e r i n g d i a w a l i d e n g a n r a d i a s i u l t r a v i o l e t d a l a m s u a s a n a a d a u y a o k s i g e n , d i m a n a m e l i b a t k a n b e n t u k r a d i k a l b e b a s y a n g m e m p u n y a i d a y a r e a k s i a m a t t i n g g i * B e a k s i o k s i d a s i s e - r i n g j u g a d i k a t a l i s a o l e h a d a n y a i o n - i o n l o g a m b e r a t . K a n t a i r e a k s i i n i d a p a t d i h a m b a t d e n g a n p o n a m b a h a n s e - j u m l a h s e d i k i t z a t y a n g d i s e b u t a n t i o k s i d a n *

A n t i o k s i d a n d a p a t d i b e d a k a n m e n j a d i 3 k e l o m p o k , y a i t u : ( 3 )

1 . A n t i o k s i d a n / a n t i o k s i g e n

S e n y a w a i n i m e n g h a m b a t o k s i d a s i d e n g a n c a r a b e - r e a k s i d e n g a n r a d i k a l b e b a 's * d a n k e m u d i a n m e n g h e n t i - k a n r a n t a i e a k s i , s e n y a w a i n i e f e k t i f t e r h a d a p o t o k -

s i d a s i t e t a p i k u r a n g d a l a m r e a k s i r e d o k s *

. C o n t o h . - : N a 2 S 2 0 ^ , V i t a m i n C, a l k y l g a l a t , t o c o f e r o l , d a n b u t y l a t e d H y d r o x y ' t o l u e n e .

2 . R e d u k t o r

S e n y a w a i n i m e m p u n y a i p o t e h s i a l y a n g l e b i h k e c i l d a r i b a h a n a k t i f a t a u b a h a n o b a t , s e n i n g g a * a k a n b e - r e a k s i l e b i h c e p a t d a r i b a h a n o b a t . S e n y a w a . i n i j u g a d a p a t b e r e a k s i d e n g a n r a d i k a l b e b a s , j u g a e f e k t i f t e r h a d a p o k s i d a t o r • C o n t o h : V i t a m i n C , a s a m i s o a s - k o r b a t , N a t r i u m f o r m a l d e h i d s u l f o x y l a t ,

3 # A n t i o k s i d a n s i n e r g i s

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-l a n b e r e a k s i d e n g a n i o n -l o g a m b e r a t y a n g m e n g k a t a -l i - s a o k s i d a s i . C o n t o h : A s a n S i t r a t , Asam e d e t a t d a n g a r a m n y a , a s a m t a r t r a t , l e c h i t i n .

P e m i l i h a n a n t i o k s i d a n t e r s e b u t , u n t u k p r e p a r a t p a d a u m u m n y a b e r g a n t u n g p a d a : r u t e , d o s i s , s i f a t f i s l k a d a n k i m i a , a d a n y a z a t t a m b a h a n , w a d a h s e r t a t u t u p .

3 . T i n j a u a n t e n t a n g N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t ( 3 , if)

N a t r i u m , m e t a b i s u l f i t m e r u p a k a n r o d u k t o r k u a t , s e - r i n g d i g u n a k a n s e b a g a i a n t i o k s i d a n d a l a m s e d i a a n f a r m a s i , t e r u t a m a y a n g m e n g a n d u n g b a h a n o b a t y a n g m u d a h t e r o k s i d a s i . K o n s e n t r a s i y a n g s e r i n g d i g u n a k a n s e b a g a i a n t i o k s i d a n i a l a h 0 , 1 %. P e n g g u n a a n N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t s e r i n g p u l a d i s e r t a i d e n g a n EDTA s e b a g a i z a t t a m b a h a n y a n g d a p a t m.e- n g u r a n g i k a t a l i s a l o g a m b e r a t t e r h a d a p o k s i d a s i b a h a n o - b a t , d e n g a n k o n s e n t r a s i l a z i r n i ^ l a h 0 , 1 # . ( 6 )

N a 2 S 2 0 ^ d i s a m p i n g m e m p u n y a i k e t t n t u n g a n s e b a g a i a n t i o k s i d a n j u g a m e m p u n y a i k e r u g i a n y a n g m e r u p a k a n k e j e - l e k a n d a r i N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t , i a l a h : m e n g a l a m i d e k o m - p o s i s i o l e h u d a r a , t e r u t a m a p a n a s , h i l a n g n y a s e j u m l a h t e r t e n t u k a d a r p a d a s a a t p e n t e r i l a n s e b e l u m m e n u n j u k k a n a k t i f i t a s n y a s e b a g a i a n t i o k s i d a n , m e n g a l a m i d e k o m p o s i s i l a r u t a n d e n g a n d i s e r t a i j a t u h n y a p H . ( 3 )

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P e m e r i a n : N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t ( N a ^ S ^ O ^ ) d i s e b u t j u g a N a t r i i p y r o s u l f i s , D i s o d i u m p y r o s u l p h i t e , S o d i u m p y r o s u l p h i t e . B e r b e n t u k k r i s t a l p r i s n i a t i k y a n g t i d a k b e r w a r n a , a t a u a g a k k e k u n i n g a n y a n g b e r a s a a s i n d a n b e ; r b a u s u l f u r . D e n g a n a d a n y a u d a r a a k a n t e r o k s i d a s i men -j a d i s u l f a t d e n g a n p e m e c a h a n k r i s t a l . i'ial i n i t e r -j a d i d e n g a n a d a n y a a i r , d e n g a n r e a k s i :

1 J a ~ S o0 r + 4 0 - + H~0 ■— N a . , S 0 . + SO-, + H„G

2 2 ^ 2 2 ^ ^ 2 2

K e l a r u t a n : l a r u t a d a l a m 2 b a g i a n a i r , s a n g a t l a r u t d a l a m a l k o h o l d a n g l i s e r o l . L a r u t a n d a l a m a i r b e r s i f a t a s a m t e r h a d a p p h e n o l r a e r a h * N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t m e r u - p a k a n s e n y a w a y a n g t i d a k t e r c a m p u r k a n d e n g a n o k s i d a t o r , l o g a m - l o g a m b e r a t d a n t a n i n . ( 9 , 1 2 )

U n t u k m e n i n g k a t a n s t a b i l i t a s n y a , m a k a p e r l u p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a s u h u y a n g l e b i h k e c i l 1+0° C , d a l a m k e - i n a s a n y a n g b e b a s o k s i g e n d a n t e r l i n d u n g d a r i p e n g a r u h c a h a y a .

3 . 2 . T i n j a u a n t e n t a n g V i t a m i n C

V i t a m i n C s t a b i l d a l a m u d a r a k e r i n g , p a d a s e d i a a n c a m p u r a n d a n b e b e r a p a p r o d u k a l a m i a h , v i t a m i n C

t e r o k s i d a s i d e n g a n a d a n y a u d a r a d a n c a h a y a # V i t a m i n G m e r u p a k a n r e d u k t o r k u a t d a n d a p a t m e n g u r a n g i w a r n a

d a r i b e b e r a p a z a t w a r n a . L a r u t a n v i t a m i n C c e p a t m e n g - a l a i n i p r o s e s i n a k t i f a s i o l e h o k s i d a s i a t m o s f e r , t e r u

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d e n g a n a d a n y a c a h a y a * a l k a l i , o k s i d a t o r , b e b e r ^ p a l o gam b e r a t t e r u t a m a F e d a n Cu* P e r u r a i a n i n i a k a n d i - h a m b a t o l e h a d a n y a a s a m - a s a m , r e a u k t o r , m i s a l n y a K I . V i t a m i n C d e n g a n t i d a k a d a n y a o k s i g e n a k a n d a p a t s t a - b i l d a l a m p e m a n a s a n . L a r u t a n p e k a t l e b i h s t a b i l d a r i l a r u t a n e n c e r * T a h a p p e r t a m a d a r i o k s i d a s i V i t a m i n C i a l a h t e r b e n t u k n y a d e h i d r o a s a m a s k o r b a t , t e t a p i h a l i n i b e r s i f a t r e v e r s i b e l , d e n g a n r e a k s i : ( 6 , 1 2 )

0 *

V i t a m i n C D e h i d r o a s a m a s k o r b a t

W e r n e r i a n : V i t a m i n C d i s e b u t j u g a A c i d u m a s c o r b i c u m , a s a m a s k o r b a t , 3 - o k s o - L - g u l o f u r a n o l a k t o n . Humus m o l e - k u l d e n g a n b e r a t m o l e k u l : 1 7 6 , 1 . K r i s t a l t a k

b e r w a r n a a t a u b e r w a r n a p u t i h , k u n i n g p u c a t t a k b e r b a u d a n b e r a s a a s a m . N e m p u m y a i t i t i k l e b u r 1 9 0 ° C d i s e r t a -i d e n g a n d e k o m p o s -i s -i . L a r u t d a l a m . 3 - 3 > 5 b a g -i a n a -i r , l a r u t d a l a m l O b a g i a n m e t a n o l d a n a s e t o n , p r a k t i s t i - d a k l a r u t d a l a m e t e r d a n p e t r o l e u m e t e r .

V i t a m i n C m e m p u n y a i s i f a t - s i f a t : t i d a k t e r c a m - p u r k a n d e n g a n o k s i d a t o r , l o g a m b e r a t t e r u t a m a C u . K o n - s o n t r a s i a n t i o k s i d a n y a n g s e r i n g d i g u n a k a n i a l a h 0 , 1 -

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b i k a r b o n a t d a n t r i e t a n o l a m i n d a p a t d:i. t a m b a h k a n u r : - t u k m e m p e r t a h a . i k a n pH l a r u t a n s o n i n g g a d a p a t mo - n a m b a h k o s t a b ! I a n l a r u t a n V i t a m i n C. P r o p i l e n g i i . ~ k o l d a p a t p u l a d i t a m b a h k a n u n t u k l u e n s t a o l l k & u e i ' o k N a t r i u m b i k a r t c n a t d a n T r i e t a n o l a m i n . ( 5 )

P e n g g u n a a n V i t a m i n C d e n g a n d o s i c t u r a p i t i k y a n g r u t i n d a p a t m o m p e r b a i k i p e n g l i h a t a n w a r n a , V i t a m i n C s e l a i n m e m p u n y a i k e g u n a a n s e b a g a i a n t i o k s i d a n j u g a s e r i n g d i g u n a k a n d a l a m t e r a p i p e n y a k i t s k o r b u t * S e l a i n i t u v i t a m i n C m e r u p a k a n s e n y a w a y a n g e s e n - s i a l u n t u k p e m b u a t a n k o l a g e n d a n b a i i a n - b a h a n i n t e r s e l u l e r . P e n y i m p a n a n : d a l a m k e m a s a n y a n g b u k a n l o gam d a n b e b a s o k s i g e n s e r t a t e r l i n d u n g i d a r i c a u a y a . • T i t y - a a i P o t e n s i o m e t r i k (1 6, 1 7 )

D i d a l a m t i t r & t t i p o t e n s i o m e t r i c i t i k a k h i r t i t i v . s i d i t e r a u k a n d e n g a n m e n e n t u k a n v o l u m e y a n g m e n y e b a b k a n p e r u b a h a n p o t e n t i a l y a n g r e l a t i f b e c a r .

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-h a d a p v o l u m e t i t r a n ( g b . c )

( a ) ( b )

( c )

P e n e n t u a n t i t i k a k h i r t i t r a s i d a p a t p u l a d i k e r j a k a n t a n p a m e n g g u n a k a u b a n t u a n g r a f i k , y a i t u d e n g a n b e r d a s a r p a d a d a t a y a n g a d a . h a n y a p e n g a m a t a n p a d a p o t e n t i a l d e k a t t i t i k e k i v a l e n p e r l u d i r e k a u i .

K i s a l k a n : p a d a d a f t a r 1 . m a k a v o l u m e a i t i v u l e n a d a - l a h :

V = 2 5 , 0 0 + 0 , 1 0 1 2 0 ml

1 2 0 +

224

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Ua £ t a r . 1 . P e n ^ a m a t a n P o t e n s i a l d e k a t 0.1 t i k L k i v a - l e n

T i t r a n , m l E , mV A E / ^ V / 0 , 1 m l

A 2

e

/ A

v 2

2 * ^ 7 0

2 1 0

2 4 , 8 0 1 2

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2 ^ , 9 0 1 8

240

+ 1 0 2

2 ^ , 0 0 1 2 0

3 6 0 + 1 2 0

2 5 , 1 0 2 4 0

6 0 0 + 2 2 4

2 5 , 2 0 1 6

6 1 6 - 7

2 5 , 3 0 9

6 2 5

P o t o n s i o M e t r i d i p i l i h u t n u k p o u o r i k c a u n k a d a r ^ p i -n e f r i -n a , k a r e n a a d a b e b e r a p a a l a s a n , y a i t u : k e i . i u -d a h a n -d a n k e c e p a t a n p e l a k s a n a a n k e r j a , c u k u p e f i - s i e n , h a s i l n y a c u k u p b a i l s , i n u r a h d a n m u d a h u n t u k d i l a k u k a n .

5 . HYPOTESA

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BAB - I I I

BAHAN, ALAT, DAK METODE

1 . B a h a n

- E p i n e f r i n a d e n g a n k u a l i t a s p * a * ( M e r c k )

- N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t d e n g a n k u a l i t a s p * a . ( M e r c k ) - V i t a m i n C d e n g a n k u a l i t a s p . a . ( M e r c k )

- EDTA d e n g a n k u a l i t a s p * a . ( M e r c k ) - D a p a r S i t r a t - F o s f a t

- A sam B o r a t

2 . A l a t

- P o t e n s i o m e t e r F i s h e r A c c u m e t M o d e l 2 3 0 A - O v e n M e rm m e t*

- B u r e t

3* K e t o d e

3 . 1 * P e m e r i k s a a n B a h a n B a k u ( ^ )

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3 . 2 * P e m i l i h a n F o r m u l a E p i n e f r i n a ( 3 )

F o r m u l a l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a d i b u a t s e s u a i k o m p o - s i s i s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

F o r m u l a ! I ! I I ! I l l ! P e m b a n d i n g

E p i n o f r i n a » ₁ _! ₁ _! ₁ _: ₁

l^a m e t a b i s u l f i t ! 0 , 1 ! - ! 0 , 0 5 !

V i t a m i n C ! - ! 0 , 1 ! 0 , u p !

D T A ! 0 , 1 ! 0 , 1 ! 0 , 1 ! 0 , 1

/.Sam - . o r a t ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1

D a n a r S i t r a t F o s f a t ! _{pH 5 , 5} ! pH 5 , 5 ! pH 5 , 5 ■ pH 5 , 5 i\ q u a ! 1 0 0 ! 1 0 0 ! 1 0 0 ! 1 0 0

P a d a p e m b u a t a n l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a t e r s e b u t s e - l a l u d i a l i r i g a s i n e r t *

3 * 2 « 1 « C a r a P e m b u a t a n a . F o r m u l a I

D i t i m b a n g d e n g a n s e k s a m a E p i n e f r i n a s e b t r a t 1 , 0 g r a m , d i l a r u t k a n k e d a l a m l a r u t a n a s a m b o r a t

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a q u a a d 1 0 0 m l * b . F o r m u l a I I

D i t i m b a n g d e n g a n s e k s a m a E p i n e f r i n a s e b e r a t 1 . 0 g r a m , d i l a r u t k a n k e d a l a m l a r u t a n a s a m b o r a t

( s e s u a i f o r m u l a ) y a n g t e l a h d i d a p a r d e n g a n d a p a r s i t r a t f o s f a t . D i t i m b a n g d e n g a n s e k s a m a V i t a m i n C 0 , 1 g r a m , d i l a r u t k a n k e d a l a m l a r u t a n E p i n e - f r i n a . D i t a m b a h k a n EDTA ( s e s u a i f o r m u l a ) . pH l a r u t a n d i p e r i k s a . D i t a m b a h k a n a q u a a d 1 0 0 m l . c . F o r m u l a I I I

D i t i m b a n g d e n g a n s e k s a m a E p i n e f r i n a 1 , 0 g r a m d i l a r u t k a n k e d a l a m l a r u t a n a s a m b o r a t ( s e s u a i f o r m u l a ) y a n g t e l a h d i d a p a r d e n g a n d a p a r s i t r a t f o s f a t . D i t i m b a n g d e n g a n s e k s a m a w a t r i u m . m e t a b i - s u l f i t d a n V i t a m i n C , m a s i n g - m a s i n g 0 , 0 5 g r a m , d i l a r u t k a n k e d a l a m l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a . D i t a m b a h k a n EDTA ( s e s u a i f o r m u l a ) . pH l a r u t a n d i p e r i k s a , k e m u d i a n d i t a m b a h k a n a q u a a d 1 0 0 m l .

d . L a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a P e m b a n d i n g

D i t i m b a n g d e n g a n s e k s a m a E p i n e f r i n a s e b e r a t 1 . 0 g r a m , d i l a r u t k a n k e d a l a m l a r u t a n a s a m b o r a t

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3 * 3 * P e m e r i k s a a n S t a b i l i t a s

P e m e r i k s a a n i n i d i l a k u k a n s e c a r a P o t e n s i o m e t r i , s e l a m a 6 m i n g g u d e n g a n i n t e r v a l p e n g a m a t a n 1 m i n g g u .

P e n y i m p a n a n u n t u k m a s i n g - m a s i n g f o r m u l a b e s e r t a l a - r u t a n k o n t r o l n y a ( E p i n e f r i n a p e m b a n d i n g d a n l a r u t a n a n t i o k s i d a n ) d a l a m b o t o l y a n g k e d a p c a h a y a d a n t e r -

t u t u p r a p a t p a d a s u h u 4 0 ° C . H a l i n i d i l a k u k a n u n t u k s e t i a p i n t e r v a l p e n g a m a t a n .

3 * 3 * 1 * P e r a b a k u a n KMnO^ (

17

)

D i t i m b a n g a s a m O k s a l a t 0 , 2 3 - 0 , 2 8 g r a m , d i - p a n a s k a n h i n g g a 1 0 3 - 1 1 0 ° C . D i d i n g i n k a n , k e m u d i a n

d i t a m b a h k a n 6 0 m l a q u a d a n d i t a m b a h k a n p u l a l a r u t a n H2 S 0 ^ 1 N s e b a n y a k 1 5 m l * D i p a n a s k a n h i n g g a m e n c a - p a i s u h u 8 0 - 9 0 ° C . D i t i t r a s i p e r l a h a n - l a h a n

d e n g a n KMnO^, h i n g g a t e r j a d i t i t i k a k h i r t i t r a s i y a n g d i t a n d a i d e n g a n w a r n a r o s a y a n g s t a b i l , -Suhu a k h i r t i t r a s i h a r u s l e b i h b e s a r d a r i 6 0 ° C .

3 . 3 . 2 . P e m e r i k s a a n L a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a P e m b a n d i n g

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3 * 3 « 3 * P e m e r i k s a a n E p i n e f r i n a d a l a m f o r m u l a l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a

P e m e r i k s a a n i n i d i r a a k s u d k a n u n t u k m e n g e t a h u i k a d a r E p i n e f r i n a d a l a m f o r m u l a l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a

t e r s e b u t . P e m e r i k s a a n i n i d i l a k u k a n p a d a f o r m u l a 1 , I I , d a n I I I s e c a r a p o t e n s i o m e t r i .

3 * 3 * 4 * P e m e r i k s a a n L a r u t a n . A n t i o k s i d a n

P e m e r i k s a a n i n i d i g u n a k a n s e b a g a i k o n t r o l a d a n y a p e r u b a h a n y a n g t e r j a d i d a l a m l a r u t a n a n t i o k s i - r d a n s e l a m a p e r i o d e p e n g a m a t a n . L a r u t a n i n i j u g a d i - p e r g u n a k a n s e b a g a i b l a n k o d a l a i r . m e n e n t u k a n v o l u m e e k i v a l e n p e m e r i k s a a n k a d a r E p i n e f r i n a d a l a m f o r m u l a l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a .

a . L a r u t a n J i a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t 0 , 1 %

D i t i m b a n g d e n g a n s e k a s a m a N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t 0 , 1 g r a m , d i l a r u t k a n d a l a m l a r u t a n a s a m b o r a t ( s e s u a i f o r m u l a X) y a n g t e l a h d i d a p a r d e n g a n d a p a r s i t r a t f o s f a t . D i t a m b a h k a n KDT/i 0 , 1 g r a m , d i p e r i k s a pH l a r u t a n ( 5 > 5 ) * D i t a m b a h a q u a a d 1 0 0 m l . D i p e r i k s a k a d a r n y a s e c a r a p o t e n -

s i o m e t r i .

b . L a r u t a n V i t a m i n C 0 , 1 %

D i t i m b a n g d e n g a n s e k s a m a V i t a m i n C s e b e r a t 0 , 1 g r a m , d i l a r u t k a n k e d a l a m l a r u t a n a s a m b o r a t

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r u t a n d i p e r i k s a ( 5 > 5 ) « D i t a m b a h k a n a q u a a d 1 0 0 . D i p e r i k s a k a d a r n y a s e c a r a p o t e n s i o m e t r i .

c» L a r u t a n K a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t 0 , 0 5 % d a n V i t a m i n C 0 , 0 5 %

D i t i m b a n g d e n g a n s e k s a m a N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l - f i t 0 , 0 5 g r a m d a n V i t a m i n C 0 , 0 5 g r a m , k e d u a n y a d i l a r u t k a n d a l a m a s a m b o r a t ( f o r m u l a I I I ) y a n g t e l a h d i d a p a r d e n g a n d a p a r s i t r a t f o s f a t . D i t a m b a h k a n EDTA 0 , 1 g r a m . pH l a r u t a n d i p e r i k a ( 5 , 5 ) d i t a m b a h k a n a q u a a d 1 0 0 m l . K a d a r d i p e r i k s a s e c a r a p o t e n s i o m e t r i .

3 * 3 « 5 * P e n e n t u a n k a d a r s e c a r a P o t e n s i o m e t r i (

17

)

M a s i n g - m a s i n g b a h a n y a n g a k a n d i t e n t u k a n k a - d a r n y a d i p i p e t 5 > 0 n i l . K e m u d i a n d i p i n d a h k a n k e d a l a m b e k e r g e l a s 1 0 0 m l . D i t a m b a h k a n U ^ S O ^ 1 H s e b a - n y a k 2 , 0 m l . D i e n c e r k a n d e n g a n a q u a a d 4 0 m l . D i a - d u k h i n g g a h o m o g e n , d i t i t r a s i d e n g a n KMnO^ 0 , 1 K f s e c a r a p e r l a h a n - l a h a n . T i t i k a k h i r t i t r a s i d i t a n - d a i d e n g a n t e r j a d i n y a l o n c a t a n a t a u p e r u b a h a n p o - t e n s i a l y a n g m e n y o l o k . D i t e n t u k a n v o l u m e e k i v a l e n - n y a d a n d i t e n t u k a n p u l a k a d a r d a r i b a h a n y a n g d i a - n a l i s a

3 » 3 « 6 . P e r h i t u n g a n K a d a r E p i n e f r i n a

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Vx x N1 = v 2 X N

d i m a n a , = V o l u m e e k i v a l e n yang - d i b u t u h k a n = N o r m a l ! t a s t i t r a n

V^ = V o l u m e E p i n e f r i n a N2 = H o r m a l i t a s E p i n e f r i n a

V o l u m e e k i v a l e n t i t r a n y a n ^ ; d i b u t u h k a n , d i d a p a t k a n d e n g a n r u m u s :

Ve k = Va “ Vb

d i m a n a , V ^ = V o l u m e e k i v a l e n t i t r a n y a n g d i b u t u h k a n u n t u k m e n g u k s i d a s i E p i n e f r i n a VQ = V o l u m e y a n g d i b u t u h k a n u n t u k m e n g o k -

s i d a s i E p i n e f r i n a d a n a n t i o k s i d a n n y a

*>

Vfe = V o l u m e t i t r a n b l a n k o ( u n t u k m e n & o k s i - d a s i a n t i o k s i d a n )

3 « 3 * 7 * A n a l i s a d a t a ( 1 9 )

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HASIL PERCOBAAN

1 . P e m e r i k s a a n B a h a n (

4

)

D a r i h a s i l r e a k s i p e m e r i k s a a n s e c a r a k u a l i t a t i f , d i d a p a t -k a n d a t a s e b a g a i b e r i -k u t :

TABEL I

HASIL REAKSI I D E N T I F I K A S I

BAB IV

P e r l a k u a n P u s t a k a (

4

) H a s i l P e n g a m a t a n

a . EPINEFRINA.

P a d a l a r u t a n n e t r a l T e r j a d i p e r u - M e m e n u h i a t a u s e d i k i t a s a m d i - _{b a h a n w a r n a}

t a m b a h F e C l 7 P , k e m u - d a r i h i j a u m e n d i a n d i t a m b a h NaHCO^ j a d i b i r u k e m u -p e r l a h a n - l a h a n • d i a n m e r a h * b . NATRIUM M ETABISULFIT .

- L a r u t a n N a 2 S 2 0 ^ d i _{W a r n a l a r u t a n} _{M e t a e n u h i} t a m b a h l a r u t a n _{I o d i u m h i l a n g .}

I o d i u m P .

- L a r u t a n N a ~ S ^ O c d i -

2 d y T e r j a d i e n d a p - i:em e n u h i t a m b a h l a r u t a n a n p u t i h y a n g

B a C l ^ P» t i d a k l a r u t

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HASIL REAKSI I D E N T I F 1 K A S I ( l a n j u t a n )

P e r l a k u a n P u s t a k a ( 4 ) H a s i l P e n g a m a t a n

- b a s a h i k a w a t p l a t i n a T e r j a d i n y a l a _{M e m e n u h i} y a n g t e l a h d i b i l a s a p i k u n i n g

d e n g a n HC1 p e k a t . i n t e n s i f •

c . VITAMIN C •

- L a r u t a n V i t a m i n C W a r n a l a r u t a n _{M e m e n u h i} d i t a m b a h if t e t e s h i l a n g *

l a r u t a n b i r u m e t i l e n d i h a n g g a t k a n h i n g g a

LiO° C . .

- L a r u t a n V i t a m i n C T e r j a d i _{M e m e i i u h i}

d i t a m b a h l a r u t a n c e r m i n p e r a k . p e r a k n i t r a t .

- L a r u t a n V i t a m i n C W a r n a l a r u t a n _{H e m e n u h i} d i t a m b a h l a r u t a n h i l a n g *

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^jnUBAHAN WARNA LARUTAN S P I E E F R I i u DAN L ‘jtU'I1 '1 \ Ai'T'i’IOKSIDAN SELAMA PER IOD E KITYIMPAHAI!

'I? ABEL I I

PADA SUIIU 4 0 ° 0

M i n g g u

• 0 . 1 . 2 . ₃ _• /i. • 5 . 6 .

F o r m u l a

L a r . E p i n e f r i n a — + + + + + +

F o r m u l a I - - -

-F o r m u l a I I - - + + ++ ++ ++ ++

F o r m u l a I I I - - - ++ ++ ++ ++

L a r * ITa M e t a

-b i c u l f i t - - -

-L a r . V i t a m i n C - - ++ ++ ++ + + ■I- +

L;..r* Camp V i t C

-ITa U e t a b i s u l f i t - - — ++ ++ ++ + +

(42)

PR O f^IIT A S E KADAR E P I N E F R I N A P-HBAl'PJIITG GELAl-iA P E R I G E E PENYIMPANAN PADA SUHU 4 0 ° C

H i n g g u

I i e p l i k a s i

1 2 _. ₃ 4

0 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 m o . o n

1 _{6 9 . 8 9} _{6 9 . 9 1} _{6 9 . 9 0} 6 9 . 1 4

2 4 - 9 . 0 1 4 8 . 9 4 4 9 * 0 4 HO 1 J V.

5 3 4 . 2 ^ 5 3 4 . 3 1 3 4 . 9 6 3 4 . 2 1

L

l _{2 3 . 9 7} _{2 3 . 9 6} _{2 3 . 9 7} _{2 4 . 0 2}

5 1 6 . 7 8 1 6 . 7 ? 1 6 . 0 0 1 6 . 8 1

6 1 1 . 7 5 1 1 . 7 3 1 1 . 8 9 1 1 . 8 4

Kc b o r a . n g a n ; H i n g g u 0 » h a r i k e 0 , 1 = l i a r i k e 7 ) 2 = h:il* Ice 1 4 , 3 - h a r i k e 2 1 , 4 6= h a r i l:e 2 1 , 5 = h a r i k e 3 5 * 6 = h a r i k e 4 2

(43)

PROSENTASE KADAR EPINEFR IN A TERllADAP

KADAR iUVAL EPINEFR IN A FORMULA I

SiSLAMA PEKIODE PEMYIMPANAN PADA -JU11U 1& 0 C

TABEL IV

j ^ c p l i k a s i

Mi n g g u ^ * ^ ^

i I I I I I I V

0 9 8 , 1 4 9 8 , ^ 2 9 8 , 2 2 9 8 , 0 8

1 9 8 , 1 4 9 8 , 2 3 9 8 , 2 2 9 8 , 0 6

2 9 3 , 1 4 9 8 , 2 2 9 8 , 2 3 9 8 , 0 6

3 9 . 8 , 1 3 9 8 , 2 2 9 8 , 2 2 9 8 , 0 8

k 9 8 , 1 4 9 8 , 2 3 9 8 , 2 3 9 8 , 0 6

5 9 8 ; 1 4 9 8 , 2 2 9 8 , 2 2 9 8 , 0 6

6 !

(44)

'i'ABEL V .

PROSENTASE KADAR EPINEFR IN A I'E.-tMADAP KADAR AWAL EPINEFR IN A FORMULA I I

5KLAMA P E R I ODE PENYIMPANAN PADA SUI1U /(0 ° C

^ R c p l i k a s i

i I I I I I I V

M i n g c u S v s N.

i

! 0 _{9 8 , 1 3} _{9 8 , 1 8} _{9 8 , 1 6} _{9 0 , 1 8}

1 _{9 8 , 1 3} 9 8 , 1 ? 9 8 , 1 6 9 8 , 1 8

2 9 8 , 1 2 9 8 , 1 8 9 8 , 1 6 9 8 , 1 8

3 9 8 , 1 3 9 8 , 1 7 9 8 , 1 6 9 8 , 1 9

k 9 8 , 1 3 9 8 , 1 8 _{9 8 , 1 5} 9 6 , 1 8

5 9 8 , 1 3 9 8 , 1 8 9 8 , 1 6 9 0 , 1 8

6

___________________

(45)

'17* BEL VI

PROSENTASE KADAR E PIN E FR IN A TfclJHAJXrtP

KADAR AWAL EPINEFRINA FORMULA I I I

SKI.AMA PERIODE PENYIMPANAN PiiDA SUHU .',0° C

:. ? c p l i k a s i

I I I I I I IV

0 _{9 3 , 1 6} _{9 8 , 1 2} _{9 3 , 1 3} _{9 6 , 1 5}

1 9 8 , 1 6 9 8 , 1 2 9 8 , 1 4 9 3 , 1 6

2 9 3 , 1 6 9 8 , 1 2 9 8 , 1 5 9 8 , 1 5

3 9 6 , 1 5 9 8 , 1 2 9 8 , 1 3 9 6 , 1 5

V 9 8 , 1 6 9 8 , 1 2 9 8 , 1 4 9 8 , 1 5

5 9 3 , 1 5 9 8 , 1 1 9 8 , 1 3 9 8 , 1 5

(46)

PROSENTASE KADAR N a 2 S 0 , TERHADAP

KADAR AWAL N a oS ~ 0 c LARUTAN N a . , S o0 c Pii-.h^N DlKti

2 2 5 2 2 5 n

SELAMA PERIODE PENYIMPANAN PADA SUHU

40

C

TABEL V II

r ... [ R e p l i k a e i

M i n g g u

I I I I I I I V

0 9 8 , 3 0 9 6 , 9 5

90,00

9 '-i- , 0 6

1 9 2 , 1 0 _{9 ^ , 0 9} 8 1 , 0 1 8 8 , 2 2

2 6 6 , 1 0 6 7 , 7 1 7 4 , 9 5 7 9 , kO

3 7 7 , 2 0 8 2 , 0 0 6 5 , 9 6 7 3 , ht>

k 7 1 , 3 0 7 3 , 5 2 6 0 , 0 0 6 7 , 7 6

5 6 5 , 3 0 6 7 , 9 0 5 1 , 0 1 6 1 , 7 8

(47)

TABEL V I I I

P

ROSENTASE KADAR VITAMIN C TERHADAP

KADA

t

R AWAL VITAMIN C LARUTAN VITAMIN C PEMB

a

NDIHG

SELAMA PERIODE PUWYIMPANAN PADA SUHU if0 ° C

R e p l i k a s i

M i n g g u

I I I I I I

r "

-I V

0

_{9 5 , 2 2} _{9 7 , 9 4} _{9 5 , 8 2}

₉

_7,0

₅

1

9 0 , 4 . 2 9 0 , 1 7 8 7 , 5 6 8 9 , 0 2

2 _{8 2 , 6 . 3} 8 2 , 4 0 7 9 , 4 0 7 8 , 2 4

3

7 2 , 3 0 7 4 , 7 2 _{7 1 , 1 4} _{6 7 , 4 5}

4

64

j 60 6 9 , 9 5 6 0 , 2 0 5 9 , 3 1

5 5 6 , 8 1 5 9 , 2 7 5 2 , 0 4 5 1 , 2 7

6

_{4 9 , 1 1} 5 1 , 5 0 4 3 , 7 8 _{4 3 , 1 3}

4* S n a i l s a D a t a

(48)

(49)

TABEL, X

ANALYSE DATA (Til BEL I X )

SECARA .AK.'iLYSA V.iBIAMS K L A S I F I K A 3 I TlhlGGAL

o u i a b e r V a r i a s i

d b DK MK Fo F t

A n t a r K e l o m p o k

2 0 , 0 0 8 9 o

,

o o h

0 , 3 1 8 8

t s . 5 % ' 3 , H .

.Dalam K e l o r a p o k

e i 1 , 1 2 0 2 0 , 0 1 3 8

t s . i t 4 , 8 8

T o t a l 8 3 1 , 1 2 9 1 - -

-K e t e r a n g a n : d b = D e r a j a t k e b e b a s a n , D-K - J u r n l a h -K u a d r a t , MK = M e a n K u a d r a t , Fo = F e m p i r i c ( l i i t u n g ) , F t = F t c o r i s t i s ( t a b e l ) , t s = t a r a f s i g n i - f i k a n c i ( d e r a j a t k c p e r c a y a a n ) •

(50)

BAB V PEMBAHASAN

*

D a r i h a s i l p e r c o b a a n y a n g t e l a h d i l a k u k a n , m a k a t e r d a - p a t b e b e r a p a h a l y a n g p e r l u m e n d a p a t k a n p c r h a t i a n , y a i t u :

P a d a p e r c o b a a n s t a b i l i t a s l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a ( g a m b a r 2 - if, t a b e l I I I ) m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a p e r u b a h a n w a r n a d a n p e n u - r u n a n b e r a t E p i n e f r i n a t e r j a d i d a l a m w a k t u 1 m i n g g u . H a l i n i m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a y a n g t i d a k d i s t a -

b i l k a n d e n g a n a n t i o k s i d a n c e p a t m e n g a l a m i p e r u r a i a n k a r e n a o k s i d a s i . l i e r d a s a r k a n h a l t e r s e b u t d i a t a s , m a k a p e m a k a i a n a n t i o k s i d a n s e b a g a i z a t p e n s t a b i l l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a m u t l a k d i l a k u k a n .

P a d a p e r c o b a a n F o r m u l a I ( g a m b a r 2 - i f , t a b e l I V ) m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a F o r m u l a I t i d a k m e n g a l a m i p e r u b a h a n w a r n a d a a p e n u r u n a n k a d a r E p i n e f r i n a . W a r n a l a r u t a n t e t a p j e r n i h t i - d a k b e r w a r n a s e p e r t i p a d a s a a t p e m b u a t a n n y a ( g a m b a r 1 ) .

H a l i n i m e m b u k t i k a n b a h w a s a m p a i p a d a b a t a s w a k t u y a n g t e - l a h d i t e t a p k a n N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t m a s i h b e r f u n g s i s e b a g a i a n t i o k s i d a n d a l a m m e m p e r t a h a n k a n s t a b i l i t a s l a r u t a n E p i n e -

f r i n a .

(51)

de n g a n t i d a k a d a n y a p e n u r u n a n k a d a r E p i n e f r i n a s e l a m a p e r i - o d e p e n y i m p a n a n ( t a b e l V ) .

P a d a F o r m u l a I I I ( g a m b a r 2 - ^ . ) m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a p e r u - b a h a n w a r n a m u l a i t a m p a k p a d a p e n y i m p a n a n m i n g g u I I I * i '/ a r - n a l a r u t a n m e n j a d i k e k u n i n g a n . P e r u b a h a n w a r n a t e r s e b u t h a - n y a d i a k i b a t k a n o l e h t e r u r a i n y a V i t a m i n C , d a n a n t i o k s i d a n

F o r m u l a I I I ( c a m p u r a n N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t d a n V i t a m i n C) m a s i h b e r f u n g s i s e b a g a i a n t i o k s i d a n . H a l i n i d a p a t d i l i h a t d a r i t a b e l V I , y a n g m e n u n j u k k a n t i d a k a d a n y a p e n u r u n a n k a d a r E p i n e f r i n a d a r i l a r u t a n t e r s e b u t d a n t i d a k t e r j a d i n y a p e r - u b a h a n w a r n a E p i n e f r i n a m e n j a d i k e c o k l a t a n ( s e p e r t i p e r u b a h a n w a r n a l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a p e m b a n d i n g ) .

J a d i j e l a s l a h b a h w a p e r u b a h a n w a r n a l a r u t a n y a n g t e r j a - d i p a d a F o r m u l a I I d a n I I I a d a l a h p e r u b a h a n w a r n a y a n g h a n y a d i a k i b a t k a n o l e h p e r u r a i a n V i t a m i n C s a j a . H a l i n i d a p a t d i - b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n p e r u b a h a n w a r n a l a r u t a n a n t i o k s i d a n pem - b a n d i n g ( g a m b a r 2 - i f , t a b e l V I I I ) , m a k a p e r u b a h a n w a r n a l a r u t a n y a n g t e r j a d i p a d a F o r m u l a I I d a n I I I a d a l a h s a m a d e n g a n p e r u b a h a n w a r n a l a r u t a n y a n g t e r j a d i p a d a l a r u t a n a n t i o k s i - d a n p e m b a n d i n g , y a i t u m e n j a d i k e k u n i n g a n .

P a d a p e r h i t u n g a n s t a t i s t i k d a r i d a t a y a n g d i p e r o l e h s e l a m a p e r c o b a a n , m a k a d i d a p a t k a n h a r g a F h i t u n g y a n g l e b i h k e c i l d a r i F t a b e l ( t a b e l X) p a d a t a r a f s i g n i f i k a n s i 5 % d a n 1 h a l i n i m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a k a d a r E p i n e f r i n a d a l a m l a r u t a n p a d a p e r i o d e p e n y i m p a n a n t i d a k m e n g a l a m i p e n u r u n a n ( s e s u a i

(52)

De n g a n a d a n y a F h i t u n g y a n g l e b i h k e c i l d a r i F t a b e l , m a k a d a p a t d i k a t a k a n b a h w a p e m a k a i a n a n t i o k s i d a n N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t d a n V i t a m i n C b e n t u k t u n g g a l m a u p u n c a m p u r a n d e n g a n k o n s e n t r a s i a n t i o k s i d a n 0 , 1 % t i d a k m e n u n j u k k a n p e r - b e d a a n y a n g b e r a r t i d a l a m m e m p e r t a h a n k a n s t a b i l i t a s l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a . H a l i n i b e r a r t i b a h w a a n t i o k s i d a n N a t r i u m m e t a - b i s t i l f i t d a n V i t a m i n C s e s u a i p e r c o b a a n d a p a t r a e m p e r t a h a n - k a n s t a b i l i t a s l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a d e n g a n b a i k .

B e r d a s a r k a n h a l t e r s e b u t d i a t a s , m a k a h y p o t e s a s e b e - l u m m e l a k u k a n p e n e l i t i a n i n i , y a i t u a d a p e r b e d a a n p a n g a r u h a n t i o k s i d a n N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t b e n t u k t u n g g a l m a u p u n c a m p u r a n d a l a m m e m p e r t a h a n k a n s t a b i l i t a s l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a d i t o l a k ( H a d i t o l a k ) , s ; e h i n g g a d e n g a n d e m i k i a n t i d a k a d a p e r b e d a a n p e n g a r u h a n t i o k s i d a n N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t d a n V i

t a m i n C b e n t u k t u n g g a l m a u p u n c a m p u r a n d a l a m m e m p e r t a h a n k a n s t a b i l i t a s l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a (Ho d i t e r i m a ) .

U n t u k m e m p e r t a h a n k a n s t a b i l i t a s l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a , t i d a k h a n y a c u k u p m e n a m b a h k a n a n t i o k s i d a n s a j a . T e t a p i h a - r u s d i p e r h a t i k a n f a k t o r y a n g b - e r p e n g a r u h l a i n n y a , y a i t u a n - t a r a l a i n a d a n y a o k s i g e n , p H , k a t a l i s a l o g a m b e r a t d a n p e - m i l i h a n k e m a s a n .

(53)

de n g a n t i d a k a d a n y a p e n u r u n a n k a d a r E p i n e f r i n a s e l a m a p e r i - o d e p e n y i m p a n a n ( t a b e l V ) .

P a d a F o r m u l a I I I ( g a m b a r 2 - 4 ) m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a p e r u - b a h a n w a r n a m u l a i t a m p a k p a d a p e n y i m p a n a n m i n g g u I I I , W a r - n a l a r u t a n m e n j a d i k e k u n i n g a n . P e r u b a h a n w a r n a t c r s e o u t h a - n y a d i a k i b a t k a n o l e h t e r u r a i n y a V i t a m i n C , d a n a n t i o k s i d a n

F o r m u l a I I I ( c a m p u r a n N a t r i u m m e t a b i s u l f i t d a n V i t a m i n C) m a s i h b e r f u n g s i s e b a g a i a n t i o k s i d a n . H a l i n i d a p a t d i l i h a t d a r i t a b e l V I , y a n g m e n u n j u k k a n t i d a k a d a n y a p e n u r u n a n k a d a r E p i n e f r i n a d a r i l a r u t a n t e r s e b u t d a n t i d a k t e r j a d i n y a p e r - u b a h a n w a r n a E p i n e f r i n a m e n j a d i k e c o k l a t a n ( s e p e r t i p e r u b a h a n w a r n a l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a p e m b a n d i n g ) .

J a d i j e l a s l a h b a h w a p e r u b a h a n w a r n a l a r u t a n y a n g t e r j a d i p a d a F o r m u l a I I d a n I I I a d a l a h p e r u b a h a n w a r n a y a n g h a n y a d i a k i b a t k a n o l e h p e r u r a i a n V i t a m i n C s a j a . H a l i n i d a p a t d i - b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n p e r u b a h a n w a r n a l a r u t a n a n t i o k s i d a n pem - b a n d i n g ( g a m b a r 2 - 4 * t a b e l V I I I ) , m a k a p e r u b a h a n w a r n a l a r u t a n y a n g t e r j a d i p a d a F o r m u l a I I d a n I I I a d a l a h s a m a d e n g a n p e r u b a h a n w a r n a l a r u t a n y a n g t e r j a d i p a d a l a r u t a n a n t i o k s i -

d a n p e m b a n d i n g , y a i t u m e n j a d i k e k u n i n g a n .

(54)

(55)

Ii;.B VI

i i . T iu W *

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: ...* ? -i.-.n i i i t i o k n i t l «.n H a t r i u m m e t : ’b i c u l j 7 i ' ! ; «1: u 7 b ; w i n 0 b e n t u k v ' u n g g a l m a u p u n c a m o u r a n ."o.:

-:::.ivi;rL.Gi 0 , 1 °/o d o l a m meinporU'-.h-- r*k* n j t - . b i l i t . - i s l a r u t a n U p i n e f r i n a .

- \ > n $ j u r u * n V i t a m i n 0 u c b . - ' C r d m > n l : a

(56)

BAE V I I SARAN-OARAN

^ e r d a s a r k r n h a s i l p e r c o b u * . » n y a n g t o l - L t ' i l >kul::;n t t i i f ^ r a n k a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

1 • r e r l u d i l o k u k a n p e n e l i t i a n l e b i h I n n j u t n K . n g c n . . i b c r a p a k o n s e n t r a s i m i n i m a l d a r i a u u i o k n i d a n

I T a t r i u m m e t a b i c u l f i t d a l a r a r a c m p e r t a h a v i l c a n s t a b i l i t a s l a r u t a n E p i n e f r i n a .

2 . P c r l u d i l a k u k a n p e n e l i t i a n m o n g o n a i p e n g a r u h