ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE SLIP OF THE TONGUE

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ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL STUDY ON

THE SLIP OF THE TONGUE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

Wawan Surajah

Student Number: 044214075

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL STUDY ON

THE SLIP OF THE TONGUE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

Wawan Surajah

Student Number: 044214075

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2011

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You are now about to witness the strength of street

knowledge.

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Wawan Surajah

Nomor mahasiswa : 044214075

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE SLIP OF THE TONGUE

Bersama perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal: 7 Desember 2011

Yang menyatakan,

(Wawan Surajah)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I have been through a long and winding road before I can stand here. I

have learned and experienced many things in the past and I believe that I cannot

reach my destination without the help of incredible and lovable persons in my life

who always support me and catch me whenever I fall. My endless and greatest

gratitude goes to my parents, Citro Sutaryo (R.I.P) and Kusmiyati, for whom I

dedicate this undergraduate thesis. I owe them my life. I also thank my sisters,

Nunuk Sulistyowati and my brother Rahmad Kartika Yunianto who take care of

me since Dad had passed away. The rest of Parto Soewiryo’s family.

My sincerest gratitude I address to Dr. Francis Borgias Alip, M.Pd., M.A.,

my advisor for giving me advice and suggestion so that my undergraduate thesis

is more organized. I also thank my co-advisor, Linda Valentina, B., S.S., M.

HUM. for the guidance and suggestion so that I can do deeper analysis. Dra.

Bernadine Ria Lestari, M.S. for the unforgettable thesis defense.

I address my sincerest gratitude to my partners in life at the Hans Corp.,

and my lovely partner Andika Fatmawati Putri. All the Slamet Crew, Adit, Galih,

Ronny, Yuga, Ferdi, Bayu, Adi, and Slamet for the best jokes ever. The last

biggest kisses and thanks for all the Behi Crew for the discussions and supports.

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viii

C. Theoretical Framework ... 21

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study ... 23

B. Method of the Study ... 24

C. Research Procedures ... 25

1. Data Collection ... 25

2. Data Analysis ... 27

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A. Description of the Data ... 30

B. Types of Slip of the Tongue ... 33

1. Anticipation Errors ... 34

2. Perseveration Errors ... 35

3. Blends ... 36

4. Exchanges ... 37

5. Substitutions ... 38

6. Errors Involving Haplology ... 39

C. Pattern of Recurrence of Slip of the Tongue ... 40

1. Anticipation Errors ... 40

2. Perseveration Errors ... 42

3. Blends ... 43

4. Exchanges ... 45

5. Substitutions ... 45

6. Errors Involving Haplology ... 48

D. Phonological Rules Found on Slip of the Tongue ... 49

1. Assimilation ... 49

2. Feature Changing Rules ... 51

3. Dissimilation Rules ... 52

4. Feature Addition Rules ... 53

5. Segment –deletion and –insertion Rules ... 54

6. Movement or Methatesis Rules ... 54

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 57

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 60

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ABSTRACT

Wawan Surajah. English Phonological Study on the Slip of the Tongue

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2011.

Like other languages, English has its own complexity and has phenomena that are caused by its complexity. One of those phenomena is the slip of the tongue, well known as spoonerism. Slip of the tongue itself is an accidental error in speech. Accidental error is not like speech disorder or inadequate command of a language. Slips of the tongue may come in different ways but for sure some slip of the tongue could make its speakers feel embarrass when they do it. In its development slip of the tongue is used in different kind of media in order to create joke or criticism. In another word it changes from unintentional into intentional error.

The discussion of slips of the tongue in this thesis is made based on the objectives of this study which are to find out types of slip of the tongue from video in YouTube, to find out pattern of recurrence of slip of the tongue based on its types, and to find out rules of phonology applied on slip of the tongue.

The three objectives were accomplished by doing data gathering and analysis of the data. The object of the study in this thesis was all taken from video tagged on YouTube site. From the videos the researcher could make transcription about errors that were made by speaker within the videos. Then the researcher classified the data based on its type of slip of the tongue. By doing this classification the researcher was able to track the pattern of recurrence of each type of slip of the tongue. The next step is looking for the detail pattern on each type of slip of the tongue. The last step is making analysis of the rules of phonology that were applied on slip of the tongue.

Based on the analysis in this study, the types of slip of the tongue that are found are anticipation errors, perseveration errors, blends, exchanges, substitutions, and errors involving haplology. Based on this classification the researcher is able to study pattern of each error. In anticipation and perseveration errors the intended utterances are masked by salient segments that occur before or after it. Blends error is made by blending two different words that contain similar sounds. Exchanges involve the swapping of two segments in the same position within different words. Substitutions will always change intended utterance with its minimal pairs or words with similar sounds. Haplology always drops one of two similar successive segments or syllables. Some rules of phonology are found in slip of the tongue. They are assimilation rules like nasalization and devoicing, feature changing rules in assimilation rules, dissimilation rules like haplology and cannibalism, feature addition rules like aspiration, segment –deletion and segment –addition rules, and movement or metathesis rules.

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ABSTRAK

Wawan Surajah. English Phonological Study on the Slip of the Tongue

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2011.

Seperti bahasa lainnya di dunia, bahasa Inggris memiliki kerumitan tersendiri dan mempunyai fenomena bahasa yang dikarenakan kerumitan tersebut. Salah satu fenomena yang ada adalah salah ucap. Salah ucap sendiri adalah kesalahan dalam berbicara secara tidak disengaja. Kesalahan ini berbeda dari kelainan dalam berbicara atau kontrol bahasa yang kurang. Salah ucap dapat terjadi dengan banyak cara, satu hal yang jelas tentang salah ucap adalah sang pembicara dapat merasa malu saat mereka melekukan kesalahan tersebut. Dalam perkembangannya salah ucap menjadi kesalahan yang memang disengaja oleh pemakai unutik menciptakan lelucon atau kritikan.

Pembahasan salah ucap dalam tugas akhir ini dibuat berdasarkan atas sasaran dari pembelajaran ini, yaitu untuk menemukan jenis salah ucap dari video di YouTube, untuk menemukan pola dari salah ucap berdasarkan jenisnya, dan untuk menemukan hukum fonologi di dalam salah ucap.

Tiga sasaran tersebut dapat diselesaikan dengan mengumpulkan data dan menganalisanya. Data dalam tugas akhir ini diambil dari video-video yang diunggah di situs YouTube. Dari data tersebut peneliti dapat membuat salinan tentang kesalahan ucap yang dibuat oleh pembicara dalam video. Kemudian peneliti mengklasifikasikan data tersebut berdasarkan jenisnya. Dengan menganalisa jenisnya peneliti dapat melacak pola dari tiap jenis salah ucap. Selanjutnya peneliti mencari detail lengkap dari pola tersebut. Hal terakhir yang dilakukan peneliti di sini adalah menganalisa hukum fonolgi yang diterapkan dalam kesalahan ucap.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the introduction of this thesis. There are five parts

that are going to be discussed, namely background of the study, problem

limitation, problem formulation, objective of the study, and definition of terms.

A.Background of the study

Most people use language and most of them know what language is. From

ancient time until nowadays people use language to communicate, no matter how

and what kind of language they use. As said by Fromkin, Rodmans, and Hyams in

An Introduction to Language, “Where else people do when they come together – whether they play, make love, or automobiles – they talk. We live in a world of

language” (2003: 3). Whatever people do and wherever they are, they use

language to communicate to others or to talk to no one, just like when we talk,

when we sleep or when we are all alone, but still, we need and use a language.

Talking about the need of language, we will talk about the speech that we

use in our conversation. When we talk about conversation or a good conversation

in general, naturally, we will not have and no one will have a perfect conversation.

As human, we will make mistake, and it will also happen in our conversation. One

of the phenomena that occur in speech errors is that slip of the tongue. As said by

Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams in their book, “We all make speech errors, and

they tell us interesting things about language and it uses” (2003: 316). Therefore,

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it is true that the phenomenon of slip of the tongue happens in our world of

conversation and it is interesting thing since the study of the linguistics is about

our mistake. Something that we probably do not count as something predicted but

the fact we could do research on this matter. And as stated by Peter Matthews that

slip of the tongue describes as any accidental error in speech (1997: 343). He

explains that slip of the tongue is different to any speech disorder or inadequate

command of a language. By understanding the definition of slip of the tongue it is

understandable that slip of the tongue is an unintentionally respond of someone in

his or her speech.

Some of these mistakes are used in some media to be printed or written or

spoken as a humorous idea. Like in movie or live joke some actresses use slip of

the tongue as an entertaining object. In some media people use slip of the tongue

to criticize something or someone. While in this thesis the data that is used by the

writer are videos that have been up loaded at the Internet. Within these videos the

writer could find recorded live TV programs or News that contain the slip of the

tongues. Most of them are used in a live public speech as jokes and criticisms.

These videos show that in the slip of the tongue development they are used

intentionally by the speaker in speech for specific purposes. For more specific

information, it was from YouTube where the writer gained all the videos.

YouTube, as it have already mentioned before, provides recorded videos that contain the slip of the tongue from different TV channels and programs. And most

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YouTube section are (* first word in Italic shows the actual utterance while the next Italic word shows the intended utterance):

1. And I am proud to be his partner and we’ve had trials, we make some

mistakes, we have some *sexbat… setbacks….

2. …. after the news we will be talking to Jeremy *Cunt... Hunt the culture….

3. Can you imagine shifting a substantial number to Afghanistan, for the man

who’s been giving strength and *Obama… Osama bin Laden….

According to Boomer and Laver a slip of the tongue is an involuntary

deviation in performance from the speaker’s current phonological, grammatical or

lexical intention (1973: 217). Furthermore they explain that these involuntary or

unintentional errors may result in utterances that provoke the hearer to laugh. In

some point people intentionally use this for some purposes like jokes or criticism.

But here on this paper the writer does not use such conscious creation. As said by

Fromkin that intentional errors will not be considered although some find that

these intentional errors usually follow the same ‘rules’ and do non-intentional

errors (1973: 217).

Slip of the tongue is an interesting object to be discussed because the

blunder that people made in speech will be a funny thing for listener, but in some

cases, like what the writer found on the data collection, it will make the speaker

feel a real embarrassment. Since the blunder can be analyzed using the

phonological rules, as stated by Fromkin, “Slip of the tongue, or speech errors, it

can be defined as the way in which we deviate in some way from the intended

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utterance, show phonological rules in action” (2003: 316), the writer will try to

find out what aspects of phonology that make people tend to do it. It was also said

by Fromkin in his book in phonological rules section that there is tendency when

people speak to increase the ease of articulation in order to articulate afficiently

(2003: 301). From this statement the writer is interested to study slip of the tongue

in order to find out any aspect of phonetics that make people tend to do it.

Through phonology and phonetics the author can find the pattern of recurrence

that will describe what kinds of processes actually happen in slips of the tongue.

Considering those idea, the focus of the paper will be about phonological

processes in the slip of the tongue.

The researcher decides to present number of samples of slip of the tongue

which are taken from YouTube as the sources. The aim of doing this is to find out the phonological processes in the interaction of shaping the mistake in slip of the

tongue.

B.Problem Limitation

In doing the research the writer is limited by time, experience, and source

of the data. Because of those limitation the problem to be discussed on this

research is limited to phonological rules and phonological processes that are found

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C.Problem Formulation

According to the reason of this research above, the researcher formulates

three problems as the basic questions for this research. They are:

1. What types of the slip of the tongue are found in YouTube? 2. What patterns of the recurrence are found in slip of the tongue?

3. What phonological rules are found in the slip of the tongue?

D.Research objective

Three objectives of the study become the target for the researcher in this

study is:

1. To find the types of the slip of the tongues that found in the YouTube. 2. To find the patterns that are found in slip of the tongue, seen from the

change of its phonetics features.

3. To find out and describe the phonological processes found in the slip of

the tongue.

E.Research Benefits

This discussion will be beneficial for the following people: First, it is for

students who study language as their major. This research results in informational

input about knowledge in linguistics, especially in phonological rules and

processes. This study will enrich their knowledge of language. Moreover, it will

bring enlightment to the application of phonological rules and phonological

processes in language. Therefore, they will pay more attention to the rules of

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language that is applied to the language that they study. Second, this research will

be beneficial for language teachers. It will bring into awareness about the

importance of the application of such rules in language in their teaching.

Third, it is for the observers who are interested in phonological study. The

procedures and result of this analysis will promote them to start other analysis

with the same theme. Therefore, more studies, which can include more variables

related to the topic can be developed in different setting.

F.Definition of Terms

There are two terms that will be presented by the writer on this section.

1. Phonology

It is “an aspect of language organization involving the use of sounds and

the relationships among them” (Wolfram and Johnson, 1982: 1). It is based on the

theory of what every speaker of a language unconsciously knows about the sound

patterns of the language.

The goal of phonology is to study the properties of the sound systems,

which speaker must learn or internalize in order to use their language for the

purpose of communication (Sahutala, 1988: 50).

2. Slip of the Tongue

Peter Matthews describes slip of the tongue in his dictionary as any

accidental error in speech (1997: 343). This error is distinguished as accidental

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language. This way one could differentiate between slip of the tongue, speech

disorder, and lack of knowledge.

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8 CHAPTER II TEORETICAL REVIEW

This chapter covers three parts: review on related studies, review on

related theories, and theoretical framework. The first part of the discussion is

review on related studies that includes other studies that discuss the similar topic

as the analysis. The second part contains some theories that will be used to help

the writer undergo the analysis. The theories that will be used are theories about

application of phonetic and phonemic transcription, articulatory phonetics, and

phonological rules.

A.Review on Related Studies

In this part the writer will discuss the review on related studies that

analyzes the slip of the tongue and pen or error in written in Chinese. The work

itself has several similarity with what the writer will be going to analyze in this

thesis. The paper entitled Slips of the Tongue and Pen in Chinese is the work of

David Moser from the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilization in

1991.

The study of slip of the tongue that had been done by David is about the

classification of slip of the tongue and pen in Chinese that he found in his research

for several years. His basic idea of doing the research was that there were only a

few linguistic studies that discusses speech and writing errors in the East. Unlike

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Fromkin, Anne Cuttler, Donald MacKay, and many others who had discussed

errors in speech and writing. It is necesery to discuss slip of the tongue according

to David Moser, because some time this phenomenon could provide enlightment

into mechanism on language. In his study David classified errors into several

classes like blends, word blends, phrase blends, exchanges, substitutions for

speech errors and substitution errors, semantic substitutions, homophone

substitutions, or capture errors for written error. Moreover, his study shows the

benefits of studying speech errors where speech errors could be used to explore

the nature of the mental lexicon, useful for constructions of performance models,

provide clues in to the mechanism of reading and talking and plan process

involved in reading, and reveal much about how people form concepts and

categories, how people make analogies and judgments, and how the mind

interprets and makes sense of the world.

The difference of the analysis from the writer lies on the object of the

study. David’s paper tries to examine the slip of the tongue and pen that appears

in both English and Chinese to be contrasted and grouped it into several classes of

types. In different way, here on this research, the writer tries to find out the pattern

of recurrences and phonological processes of the slip of the tongue.

B.Review on Related Theories 1. The Types of Slips of the Tongue a. Anticipation errors

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According to Moser, an anticipation error happens when a particular salient

segment about to be uttered masks (interferes with or replaces) the segment in the

process of being uttered (1991: 4). For example:

(1)Tomorrow we can expect partly *skoudy skies… cloudy skies….

(2)The *concleesions… conclusions reached by the committee….

Intended utterances cloudy and conclusions are masked by the following

words, skies and committee. These masking segments mask intended utterances to

actual utterances skoudy and concleesions.

b. Perseveration errors

This kind of error is the opposite of an anticipation error where salient

segment or syllable just uttered influences or replaces the sound in the process of

being uttered (1991: 9). For example:

(3)That was our English *leshon… lesson for today.

(4)I had to leave my car at the Detroit Metro *airpoit… airport.

The intended utterances, lesson and airport, on above sentences are masked

by preceding segments on words English and Detroit. These masking processes

change the intended utterances lesson and airport into actual utterances of leshon

and airpoit.

c. Blends

A speaker has lots of phrases stocks, linguistic chunks, metaphors, idioms,

clichés, proverbs, and colorful images from which to draw. Some of those share

similar syntactic structure; others exploit a common pool of cultural myths and

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antonymy, or any number of other types of associations, can link them to a host of

other such phrases (Moser, 1991: 12). All of those things create a complexity in

human experience of speech. Where two phrases or words can bubble up in mind

and connected to others in many ways, as in the following example:

(5)This computer is completely *kapunct.

(6)That was pretty *upsettling.

Both examples in above sentences are gained as the result of words blending.

The first kapunct derives from the words kaput and defunct. In second upsettling,

the words that were blended are upsetting and unsettling.

d. Exchanges

This type of slip of the tongue involves the swapping of two phonemes or

words, usually but not always within the same phonemic clause (Moser, 1991:

18). For example:

(7)Imagine owning a *bet pat. (pet bat)

(8)Did you remember to *bike your lock? (lock your bike)

e. Substitutions

Substitution is a type of slip of the tongue that appears when the intruding

segment or words does not come from the sentence itself (Moser, 1991: 19-20).

For example:

(9)Cutting beards requires special *pliers. (meaning “special scissors”)

(10) You’ll have to talk to the guy who waters the gardener. (The

intended utterances could be “guy who waters the flowers” or “guy

who waters the garden.”)

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f. Errors involving haplology

This kind of phenomenon of haplology involves the collapsing of two words

or phrases into one (Moser, 1991: 20-21). For example:

(11) Here’s Mozart symphony number *twine… twenty nine.

(12) Look! An *MIT-shirt!... MIT T-shirt!

Both actual utterances in above sentences are result of error involving

haplology. In the first example it is found that there is collapsing of two

successive syllables both in twenty and nine that results in twine. In the second

example the successive segments appears successively in two different words and

then one of them is “eaten” by the other one. According to Hofstadter and Moser

in his paper this kind of phenomenon is a special case of haplology that is called

“cannibalism” (1991: 21).

2. Phonemic and Phonetic Transcription

One of the most useful application of phonetics is to provide transcription

to indicate pronunciation, because pronunciation is part of phonetics. At first sight

phonemic transcription may look less complex than phonetic transcription, where

it works to show the phoneme contrast only. For example it describes ‘t’ as /t/.

While phonetic transcription will provide writer with details of the articulation of

any particular sound with different symbols, models the pronunciation of word

into a string of symbols that represent phones and segments (Jurafsky and Martin,

2009: 216), which become an important thing for the writer to do analysis. This

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particular context (Collins, 2003: 14). Moreover, phonetic transcription also gives

refine or precise transcript of sound in human language. However both phonemic

and phonetic transcription are needed in order to provide complete transcription of

the data. IPA or International Phonetic Alphabet is not only a set of alphabet but

also a set of transcription principles. English consonant symbols in IPA are [p],

[t], [k], [b], [d], [g], [m], [n], [ŋ], [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [∫], [З], [t∫], [dЗ], [l],

[w], [r], [j], and [h] and English vowel sysmbols are [i], [І], [e І], [ε], [æ], [đ], [с],

[Ų], [oŲ], [u], [Λ], [З], [aІ], [aŲ], and [oІ] (Jurafsky and Martin, 2009: 216-218).

There are also less commonly used phones and allophones like [ζ], [ſ], [ſ], and [ļ]

and reduced and uncommon phones like [ə], [ę], [ł], and [Ū]. The phonetic

transcription is significant in this research in order to provide the writer of

accurate interpreted written text and spoken language of slip of the tongue into

visual phonetic data. For example:

(13) ….after the news we will be talking to Jeremy *Cunt... Hunt the culture….

/kΛnt/ /hΛnt/

[khΛ̃nt] [hΛ̃nt]

3. Phonological Terms a. Articulatory phonetics

Every speech sound belongs to one or other of the two main classes known

as Vowels and Consonants as stated by Jones (1978: 23).

1) Vowels

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A vowel (in normal speech) is defined as a voiced sound in forming which the

air issues in a continuous stream through the pharynx and mouth, there being no

obstruction and no narrowing such as would cause audible friction (Jones, 1978:

23). For the examples of the vowels could be seen in the table number.

2) Consonants

All other sounds beside vowels (in normal speech) are called consonants.

Consonants therefore include all sounds which are not voiced (p, s, f), all sounds

production in which the air has an impeded passage through the mouth (b, l, rolled

r), and all sounds in which the productions of which the air does not pass through

mouth (m), all sounds in which there is audible friction (f,v,s,z,h). Basically

consonants are classed into such different places of articulation and manners of

articulation. Different consonantal sounds result according to the place of

articulation, which is where in the vocal tract the airflow restriction occurs.

Movement of the tongue and the lips, called the articulators, causes the restriction

reshaping the oral cavity in various ways to produce the various consonants

(Fromkin, 2003: 242).

In this section the writer will discuss the major consonantal place and manner

features. As people pronounce consonant those people may know which

articulators are moving, to where and how.

a) Place of Articulation

According to Fromkin, Rodman and Hyams (2003: 242-243), generally

there are eight features in place of articulation which are: bilabials: [p], [b], and

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[s], [z], [l], and [r], palatals: [[∫], [З], [t∫], and [dЗ], velars: [k], [g], and [ŋ],

uvulars: [R], [q], and [G], and glottal: [ζ] and [h].

b) Manners of articulation

Speech sounds are classified in the way the air stream is affected as it flows

from the lungs up and out of the mouth and nose. It may be blocked; the vocal

cord may vibrate or not vibrate (2003: 244-248). The table 1.0 will show the

classes of consonants in a matter of manners of articulation.

3) Diphthongs

Diphthongs are [ei], [ai], [oi], [ou], [au], [iə], and [u] (Sahutala, 1988: 47). The

illustration could be seen in ape [eip] for [ei], time [taim] for [ai], oil [oil] for [oi],

oak [ouk]for [ou], or house [haus] for [au].

Slip of the tongue may occur in different kind of ways. It could be consonants,

vowels, or diphthongs that changing, phonemes or syllables that switching,

segments that were inserted or deleted, phonemes that have been nasalized,

phonemes that been aspirated, and soon. But for sure, all of those patterns of

recurrence could be seen and chategorized in a way phonetic and phonemic

features are used. Patterns of slip of the tongue could be seen when the sound

producing processes are described. For example:

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Table 1.0 Consonants and vowels in English C O N S O N A N T S

Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glotal

Stop (Oral) Voiceless Voiced P b t d k g

Nasal (Stop) m n ŋ

Fricative Voiceless Voiced f v θ ð s z ∫ З h Affricate Voiceless Voiced t∫ dЗ Glide Voiceless

Voiced w w

h

Liquid lr

V O W E L S

Front Central Back

High i

І e ε е u υ o с a Mid Low Λ æ

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(14) The Deputy Police Chief said, “Six officers were killed, including

the District’s top *cock… cop after the vehicle they were riding in….

/tс:p kс:k/ /tс:p kс:p/

[tс:p kс:k] [tс:p kс:p]

The uttered k of final District’s influences the final p of top.

4) Syllable

Definition of syllable is “a unit intermediate between the segment and word”

(Richard, 1985: 282). Syllable can be implemented into two ways which are as

phonetic unit and phonological unit. If it is implemented as phonological unit

syllable refers to:

“A number of different sequences of consonants and vowels, together with other features such as length and stress, or to single consonant or vowel, which in the language concerned are as a unitary group of further analysis (Robins, 1989: 129).”

With the phonological way of implementing syllable, it can be said that

making-up syllables is quite complex. Word like cap /kæp/ is made of a vowel

between consonants. Single vowel like a /ə/ can also make up syllable. A single

consonant can also make up a syllable, called syllabic, like in the word little /litl/

where the /l/ called to be syllabic.

Connected to the larger unit syllable is linked with word. Robins in his book

said that syllables can be used to classify words (1989: 130). Syllables can be

classified into monosyllabic, disyllabic, trisyllabic, and polysyllabic. This classification is based on the number of syllables in each word. For example the

word cap /kæp/ is a monosyllabic word, little /litl/ is a disyllabic word, policeman

/pəlismən/ is a trisyllabic word, and activation /æktəvei ən/ is a polysyllabic.

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4. Phonological Rules

There are five rules that are used to analyze the object and see the

phonological processes; they are assimilation, feature addition, dissimilation, and

segment deletion and insertion, and movement or metathesis rules.

a. Assimilation

It is process that result the changing of features due to influence of nearby

segments (O’Grady, 1989: 77). According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams

(2003: 301), assimilation rule is a rule that makes neighboring segments more

similar by copying or spreading a phonetic property from on segment to the other.

For the most part, assimilation rules stem from articulatory or physiological

processes. There is a tendency when we speak to increase the ease of articulation,

that is, to articulate efficiently (Fromkin, 2003: 301-303). For example, we have

note that it is easier to lower the velum while a vowel is being pronounced before

the nasal stop closure than to wait for the actual moment of closure and force the

velum to move suddenly. Assimilation rules in all languages reflect coarticulation

– the spreading of phonetic features either in the anticipation of the preservation

of articulatory processes. For example is the nasalization of the vowel stands

before nasal consonant. This kind of rule could be seen in the Fromkin, Rodman,

and Hyams’ example of (2003: 316):

Intended utterance Actual utterance

(15) gone to seed god to seen

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19

In above example it is found that the nasal vowel sound change from the

last word to the first word after on the actual utterance.

b. Feature changing rules

Feature changing rules involved the English vowel nasalization and

devoicing rules. According to Fromkin all of those rules change feature

specifications (2003: 305). Assimilation rules change the value of phonemic

features this rule included as feature-changing or feature-spreading rules. Here is

an example of feature changing rule (2003: 316):

Intended utterance Actual utterance

(16) gone to seed god to seen

[gãn tə sid] [gad tə sĩn]

On this example the nasalization changes the feature of non-nasal vowel

after it appears before nasal consonant.

c. Dissimilation rules

Almost in all languages in the world we will find assimilation. It is

because it permits greater ease of articulation. But we also find dissimilation rules

in languages, rules in which segment becomes less similar to another segment

rather than more similar. The natural explanation is that in the point of view of the

hearer, in listening to speech, if sounds are too similar, we may miss the contras

(Fromkin, 2003: 302). Dissimilation rules are quite rare, but they do occur in

languages. Like the example from Moser bellow (1991: 20):

(17) If you’re willing to go through some *momenterror… momentary terror….

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This kind of phenomenon called to be a special case of haplology (1991:

20-21). And haplology is a special case for dissimilation rules. On the above

example the haplology rule eliminates similar sounds that appear successively. In

this case the similar environment is dissimilated by the collapsing of segments.

d. Feature addition rules

It is a process in which a phonological rule can add a new feature that is not

present in the phonemic matrices rules (Fromkin and Rodman, 1975: 41-42), for

example of this rules is on the application of the rule adds the [-voiced] feature

value on the example bellow (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, : 2003: 317).

Intended utterance Actual utterance

(18) stick in the mud smuck in the tid

[stik ĩn ðə mΛd] [smΛk ĩn ðə thid]

The example of aspiration rule provides the feature addition rule in action.

On this example, the aspirated feature of [th] is added to the actual utterance

words.

e. Segment –deletion and –insertion rules

It is a process in which phonological rules can delete entire phonemic

segment (Fromkin and Rodman, 1975: 103). The illustration of this rule can be

seen in the deletion of the unstressed vowels, such as mystry instead of mystery,

genral instead of general and so on.

For the segment addition, phonological rules may also insert consonants or

vowels, which are called epenthesis (Fromkin and Rodman, 2003: 311). In an

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f. Movement or metathesis rules

In phonology we may also moves phonemes from one place in the string

to another. Such rules are called metathesis rules (Fromkin and Rodman, 1975:

105). We can see in the word ask /sk/ is pronounced [ks], but the word asking is

pronounced [skiŋ]. In the case, in a certain context metathesis change the /s/ and

/k/. While another example of this rule application could be seen from the

example from Fromkin bellow (2003: 311):

Intended utterance Actual utterance

(19) spaghetti pusketti

[spəgεti] [phəskεti]

C.Theoretical Framework

Slip of the tongue is a phenomenon that occurs spontaneously in spoken

language. But it is an interesting fact that the phenomenon could be analyzed

using phonologycal rules. Even Fromkin said that slip of the tongue is where

phonological processes take action (2003: 316). It is getting more interesting

when Moser in his paper said that reveal slip of the tongue is like reveal magic

trick where the secret trick is hidden and it will be revealed when the magic tric

goes wrong (1991: 3). Slip of the tongue is linked to the speech production that

relates to spoken language and closely related to pronunciation. Dealing with

pronunciation means dealing with phonology.

Here is where the phonological terms and theories are used to analyze

problems. Phonemic and phonetic transcription provide the basic information for

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the study in the form of visual transcription of phonemic and phonetic sysmbols.

This transcription encodes the data that had been gathered. In order to gain a deep

knowledge about slips of tongue, the basic and details information about the

phone or segment must be recognized first. That is where phonemic and phonetic

transcription takes role. In addition, theories on phonological term is needed. This

theories are used to identify the feature values on the transcribed utterrences. The

theories also provides tools to analyze the patterns of recurrence in slips of the

tongue, in which the results are needed to do the next analysis.

According to Fromkin (2003: 301), there are some phonological rules,

such as assimilation, dissimilation, features addition, segment –deletion and –

addition, and metathesis. These theories are used by the writer to see clearly what

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23

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methode used in this study, including any

information on the research procedures. The object of the study, method of the

study, and research procedures are three parts that will be discussed in this

chapter. In this chapter data gathering and data analysis of the research will be

discussed thoroughly. This discussion concerned with the methodological process

from the beginning to the end of the research to answer problems stated on the

chapter one.

A.Object of the Study

The object of the study on this research paper is the phonological process

of slip of the tongue found in the YouTube. Phonological process here meant to understand various kinds of phonological process that occur in the speech error.

The videos taken from YouTube are used as the source of the object of the study while the populations are the slip of the tongue that caught on tape in those

videos. YouTube is chosen as the main and the only source of this study because

YouTube is considered as a famous online site that uses slip of the tongue as one of its contents.

There are limited slip of the tongue found in this site. Slip of the tongue

found in the video come in many different forms or types. Different types mean

that the patterns of utterance of slip of the tongue will appear in different kind of

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ways. Those various kind of patterns of utterance will be used to trace the

phonological processes that occur on the errors, for example: segment –addition

rule that appear on the actual uttered sentence or segment –deletion rule that

appear on the error uttered sentence.

Sprinthall, in his book, states that ‘population’ refers to the entire group of

persons, things, or events that share at least one common trait while ‘samples’ are

described as apart of the population that used as the representative of the

population’s characteristics (1991: 27-28).

Based on the second chapter in this research paper, phonological process

of slip of the tongue could be classified into several groups depends on the

phonological rules that appear in the slip of the tongues. Based on what was found

in the slip of the tongue, phonological rules can be divided into five groups. Those

five groups are assimilation rules, feature addition rules, feature addition rules,

segment –deletion and –insertion group, and metathesis or movement group.

The classification of those slip of the tongue which based on the

phonological rules that appear on its error are used to find the most frequently

applied rules. The most frequent rules that are found in the slip of the tongue can

be used to determine the tendency of people in making error in speech.

B.Method of the Study

This slip of the tongue study uses library research and field research. It is

because the primary data used by the writer are found from source outside the

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25

in many books. In the process of analyzing and making this study, the writer uses

many data and references from library and books. The source in which the writer

used in the research is available in the YouTube site, which becomes the basic data for the writer. Other books that the writer found very applicable are Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition by Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin that applicable to be used to make a good phonemic and phonetic

transcription as the basic data. An Introduction to Language by Victoris Fromkin, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams that used by writer to reveal the features and

pattern of slip of the tongue. Daniel Sahulata’s book entitled An Introduction to Sounds and Sounds System of English found to be very helpful by writer to analyze the error characteristics that found in diphthongs. Beside An Introduction to Language , book entitled Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction by William O’Grady and Michael Dobrovolsky is also applicable to be used to

determine the classification of phonological process of each slips of the tongue.

Another data found to be helpful for the writer to support the analysis are taken

from the online reference. Internet data sources are needed in order to obtain data

that is unavailable in the library.

C.Research Procedures 1. Data Collection

The data that are used in this research were taken from videos that were

posted in the YouTube. YouTube does not use any specific title for each of videos;

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this fact makes the writer quite hard to find enough data for the research. The data

were collected by examining all the videos. The writer played the video several

times to find out which part of the speech contains slip of the tongue. When the

error had already been examined, the writer played the video again and again to

get the clearer transcription of the error.

As the research is a linguistic research that analyzes the phonological

process, the writer began to write down all the data found from the video. All this

data were still in English alphabet transcription, here, the writer translated those

data into phonemic and phonetic transcriptions that will be used as primary data

for the researcher later on. Moreover, the data found were all still in a form of slip

of the tongue, which meant that the writer should find the correct speech or the

intended utterance of the speaker in the video. This transcription of data is very

crusial for the writer, as a linguistic description in some case is used to measure

stands or falls of the foundation (1967: 178). After all data already been

transcribed, written down, and gathered in raw data, they were all examined again.

This examination was done in order to find the patterns of recurrence of slip of the

tongue. At this level the writer already had complete data to go on the analysis of

phonological processes. By doing all the steps of data collections above, the writer

will has enough data to answer all the problems through deeper analysis. This

analysis resulted in allowing the writer to draw conclusion about the phonological

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2. Data Analysis

The writer used systematic steps to analyze the data. Mainly there were

five steps used to do the analysis. The first step was examining all the sentences to

find the errors within speech in the videos. The goal of this examination was to

find the spoken error which was made by the speaker. The identification was done

through examining the presence of error within the speech. By doing the

examination the writer was provided with information of which words or phrases

included into the errors or actual accurances of the speaker in the sentences. The

second step was finding the correct or intended utterances from the errors or

actual utterances which were made by the speaker.

The third step was classifying the actual utterances and intended utterances

into table. In this step the writer classified each error based on its type or errors.

After the writer written down the intended and actual utterances into the table, the

writer did the next step which was making the phonemic and phonetic

transcription of these utterances. By analyzing the type of both actual and

intended utterances the writer could visualize the intended and actual utterances

into a transcription. This way the writer was able to see the phonological mistakes

or errors in form of transcription. The fourth steps was done after all the samples

were written down in transcription, the writer examined those transcriptions to

find the pattern of recurrences of slip of the tongue. The patterns of recurrence

from one type will be different with the other types. Later on, the patterns which

were found by the writer were collected to guide the writer to draw a conclusion

of the patterns of recurrences found in slip of the tongue. All of these recurrences

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will be used by the writer to do the next analysis which was analyzing the

phonological processes. The fifth step was examining the phonological rules that

were found in the errors. By examining all the recurrences using phonological

rules the writer would be able to see the most rules applied on the slip of the

tongue. This way the writer was able to determine which process phonologically

used on the slip of the tongue and found the phonological reason based on the

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29 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter covers the phonological analysis on the slip of the tongue

found in the site YouTube. The analysis contains four major parts based on the

problems stated on the chapter one of this paper. They are data description, types

of slip of the tongue, pattern of recurrences found in the slip of the tongue, and the

phonological processes found on the slip of the tongue.

In order to create a clear description the writer chooses to present the data

and its description in earlier part of this chapter. The limited number of data will

be presented first to provide clear basic understanding for further reading.

Slip of the tongue that already been examined from the video will be

explained in this part. The slip of the tongue will be classified into classes of

types. Slip of the tongue can be divided into six types of forms. They are

anticipation errors, perseveration errors, blends, exchanges, substitutions, and

errors involving haplology. Slip of the tongue could also be differentiated from

errors that involving consonants and vowels.

The second part explains the pattern of recurrences found on the slip of the

tongue. Where each types of slip of the tongue has patterns. Types of the slip of

the tongue here could be divided into types of forms like the above explanation

and types of errors involving consonants and vowels. Both types can be analyzed

to draw a clear result on each type of slip of the tongue. The pattern of recurrences

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can be formed from the same consonants classes, different vowels levels, and

different numbers of syllables.

The last part explains on the phonological rules found on the slip of the

tongue. These phonological rules will explain the phonological processes of slip

of the tongue.

A. Description of the Data

Here in this additional part that the writer did not mention in problem

formulation the writer presents the data that had been collected and analyzed. The

writer found 22 numbers of data which were categorized as unintentional errors

made by the speakers. One of them is counted as two different data because it

contains two different errors; this data is the sentence number 18. Almost all of

the data were taken from recorded live Television programs (news program, quiz,

and talk show), recorded preaching, recorded public speeches, and recorded radio

broadcasting that were posted in YouTube. Here are the data (* word in Italic is

the Actual Utterances and the next word in Italic is the Intended Utterances):

1. …. after the news we will be talking to Jeremy *Cunt... Hunt the culture…. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1G6osCnsbA)

/kΛnt/ /hΛnt/

2. The Deputy Police Chief said, “Six officers were killed, including the

District’s top *cock… cop after the vehicle they were riding in….

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31

/tс:p kс:k/ /tс:p kс:p/

[thс:p khс:k] [thс:p khс:p]

3. She lost her *titel... title tanks to….

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEIslG2McpA)

/titəl/ /taitəl/

[thəithəl] [thaithəl]

4. ….and suffered their first lost 6 to 4 last night, *Penis… Pete Harnisch…. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEIslG2McpA)

/pi:nis/ /pit hс:ni∫/

[phĩ:nis] [phit hс:̃ni∫]

5. And I am proud to be his partner and we’ve had trials, we make some

mistakes, we have some *sexbat… setbacks….

/seksbæt/ /setbæks/

[seksbæt] [setbæks]

6. Look offer here on the road way, just in the last half hour are so good. It has

begun to stick a little bit on the *ass hole… ice pole.

/æs houl/ /ais poul/

[æs houl] [ais phoul]

7. Little John, don’t you have pretty *nipples… dimples

/nipəlz/ /dimpəlz/

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[nipəlz] [dĩmpəlz]

8. And now another look at to weekend forecast, Lonny *Queer… Queen

/loni kwir/ /loni kwi:n/

[lõni kwir] [lõni kwĩ:n]

9. Can you imagine shifting a substantial number to Afghanistan, for the man

who’s been giving strength and *Obama… Osama bin Laden is still at large. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6BZS5QU8u4)

/obama bin lædən/ /osama bin lædən/

[obãma bĩn lædə̃n] [osãma bĩn lædə̃n]

10.A college student in the United State has made a life-sized *virgin… version

of Barbie to help spread the word on body image.

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sRZq64fHFk)

/vε:rdЗən/ /vε:rЗən/

[vε:rdЗə̃n] [vε:rЗə̃n]

11.Talk about personality cult, doesn’t it occur to you that your success as a back

fencer has made you something about parliamentary *cunt… cult….

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLcp6RQmh50)

/kΛn/ /kΛlt/

[khΛ̃nt] [khΛlt]

12.He claims they contain an *orgasm… organism.

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33

[ə̃n o:rgæzə̃m] [ə̃n o:rgə̃nizə̃m]

13.….after a toxic *orgasm… organism killed million of fish.

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJi8AJCVcOo)

/o:rgæzəm/ /o:rgənizəm/

[o:rgæzə̃m] [o:rgə̃nizə̃m]

14.The doctor says it may be *nessary… necessary for me to have an operation.

(http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/Haplology.htm)

/nesəri/ /nesisəri/

[nesəri] [nesisəri]

B. Types of Slip of the Tongue

In this part the types of slip of the tongue that are found on the YouTube

site is going to be discussed. Based on the results and analysis that were done by

the writer, the total numbers of slip of the tongues found are 14. From the total

numbers of slip of the tongue found, there are 12 numbers of consonants involved

in the errors and 4 numbers of vowels involved in the errors. There is 1 number of

anticipations error found from the data, 1 number of perseveration error, 2

numbers of blends, 1 number of exchange, 8 numbers of substitutions, and 1

numbers of errors involving haplology.

Table 1.0 Number of Slip of the Tongue Types 1

Types of Slip of the Tongue Total Percentage

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Involving Consonants 12 75.00 %

Involving Vowels 4 25.00 %

Table 1.1 Number of Slip of the Tongue Types 2

Types of Slip of the Tongue Total Percentage

Anticipation Errors 1 7.14 %

Perseveration Errors 1 7.14 %

Blends 2 14.29 %

Exchanges 1 7.14 %

Substitutions 8 57.14 %

Errors Involving Haplology 1 7.14 %

Each type of slip of the tongue which is categorized from the involvement

of consonants and vowels will be explained separately at second part of the

analysis.

1. Anticipation Errors

Based on the result there is 1 or 7.14 % of anticipation errors found in the

video from YouTube. According to Moser an anticipation error is identified when

a particular salient segment about to be uttered masks (interferes or replaces) the

segment in the process of being uttered (1991: 4). For example (taken from:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1G6osCnsbA):

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35

Intended utterance Actual utterance

Hunt Cunt

[hΛ̃nt] [khΛ̃nt]

It can be seen from the sentence that the /h/ of the /hΛnt/ is masked by the

/k/ of the /kΛlt∫ər/ which is in the process of being uttered. The beginning segment

of /kΛlt∫ər/ tends to mask another beginning segment (Moser, 1991: 4), just like

Garret stated.

2. Perseveration Errors

There is 1 number of perseveration errors or 7.14 % found on the videos.

These errors are the opposite of anticipation errors. According to Moser this error

can be seen from the existence of some salient segment or syllable that already

uttered influences a sound in the process of being uttered (1991: 9). For example

(taken from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEIslG2McpA):

(2)The Deputy Police Chief said, “Six officers were killed, including the

District’s top cock… cop after the vehicle they were riding in….

Intended utterance Actual utterance

cop cock

[khс:p] [khс:k]

From the example above it can be said that perseveration errors have a

different masking processes with anticipation errors, where in perseveration errors

the influencing segment may come from the same syllable within different

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position. In this example the masking segment is the final segment /k/ of District’s

while the masked segment is the final segment /p/ of cop (shown by the arrow).

Another example of perseveration error shows that in this error different segment

within different position can mask different position segment.

.

3. Blends

2 numbers of blends or 14.29 % are found in the videos. All of the errors

found here are showing that the type of the error constructed from two different

words that contains same sound in a same position. According to Well, that a

blend of words will contain the same sound in the same position of two original

words in that position (Moser, 1991: 12-14). This kind of phenomenon called as

words blend. For example:

(3)She lost her titel... title tanks to…. (taken from:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEIslG2McpA)

Intended utterance Actual utterance

title titel

[titəl] [taitəl]

In this first example, titel gained from words title and nipple which both words share same structure where vowels occur after initials in the first syllable

and the second syllable and also both words have /əl/ sound. The change that

occurs after the words were blended is the sound of it first vowel, from /ai/ to /i/.

For the second example the blended word Penis holds the original Pe- and –nis

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The first word pronounced differently from the original words after the

speaker watching images. This images influence the speaker to pronounce

different words that have similar sounds to the original words. In example number

(3) title is the original word but after watching image of woman with swimming

suit the speaker mispronounces the first vowel in the first syllable with another

vowel from different word that has similar sounds to it.

4. Exchanges

There is only an exchange found in the video. For example:

(4)And I am proud to be his partner and we’ve had trials, we make some

mistakes, we have some *sexbat… setbacks…. (taken from:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEIslG2McpA)

Intended utterance Actual utterance

setbacks sexbat

[setbæks] [seksbæt]

As stated by Moser that in exchange the swapping segments are usually

within the same position (1991: 18). The swapping segments on the example are

both stand in final position on each syllable. Moreover in error involving

exchanges the words are almost always of the same word classes like noun with

noun words (1991: 18). Like in above example where both words are noun words

and the exchanged segments come from its final positions.

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5. Substitutions

Substitutions are the most frequently errors found in the video. There are 8

numbers of substitutions or 57.14 % from 14. Substitutions are involving segment

or word that does not come from the sentence itself (Moser, 1991: 19). For

example:

(5)Look offer here on the road way, just in the last half hour are so good. It has

began to stick a little bit on the *ass hole… ice pole. (taken from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEIslG2McpA)

Intended utterance Actual utterance

ice pole ass hole

[ais phoul] [æs houl]

(6)Little John, don’t you have pretty *nipples… dimples…. (taken from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEIslG2McpA)

(7)And now another look at to weekend forecast, Lonny *Queer… Queen…. (taken from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEIslG2McpA)

(8)Can you imagine shifting a substantial number to Afghanistan, for the man

who’s been giving strength and Obama… Osama bin Laden is still at large.

(taken from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6BZS5QU8u4)

(9)A college student in the United State has made a life-sized virgin… version

of Barbie to help spread the word on body image. (taken from:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sRZq64fHFk)

(10) He claims they contain an *orgasm… organism.

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39

(11) ….after a toxic *orgasm… organism killed million of fish.

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJi8AJCVcOo)

All of the examples show that the uttered errors are coming from words

from the outside but have similar sounds to the original words. Ass hole, nipples,

Queer, Obama, and virgin are all do not appear in the sentence but suddenly show up and replace ice pole, dimples, Queen, Osama, and version. These errors are close to wrong word choice, but this it is predictable that the wrong word that is

chose by the speaker is similar to the origin but different only in one sound or

sounds. The examples above show that the outside words chosen by the speaker

are the minimal pair words of the original words. Like ice and ass only different

in its initial vowels, and so with hole and pole, Queen and Queer, Osama and Obama, and virgin and version are all different only in one sound.

6. Errors Involving Haplology

There is only a number or 7.14 % of error that involving haplology found

on the video. This last type of errors involve the collapsing of two successive

words or phrases into one (Moser, 1991: 20), Moser statement is close to Peter

Matthews statement that haplology is a sporadic change in which successive

syllables which are similar in form are reduced to one (1997: 157). The successive

words usually occur at the point where they share a common phoneme. For

example:

15.The doctor says it may be *nessary… necessary for me to have an operation.

(http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/Haplology.htm)

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Intended utterance Actual utterance

/nesəri/ /nesisəri/

[nesəri] [nesisəri]

From this example successive segments are the /-sisə-/ of necessary. The

speaker slipped when he pronounced it as /nesəri/ instead of /nesisəri/. The

mispronunciation erases one of the two similar sounds and creates a new sound

that different from the original word.

C. Pattern of Recurrence of Slips of the Tongue

As it has been explained on the preceding part there are six types of slips

of the tongue can be found from the videos. In this sub-chapter the discussion is

focused on the pattern of recurrence that owned by each type of slip of the

tongues. Moreover, in this sub-chapter the types seen from its involvement of

consonants and vowel will also be discussed in the end of this part.

There are six types of slip of the tongue. And the explanation in its pattern

of recurrences will be given bellow.

1. Anticipation Errors

As it already explained that these types of errors are constructed from the

segment or syllable in the process being uttered masks the segment or syllable to

be uttered (Moser, 1991: 4). They all can be seen in the examples bellow:

(12) ….after the news we will be talking to Jeremy Cunt... Hunt the culture….

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41

Hunt Cunt

Above example is influenced by the segments from the words in the

process being uttered. In example number (12) /h/ of /hΛnt/ is replaced by the /k/

in /kΛnt/. The salient segment that influences the /h/ comes from the /k/ of

/kΛlt∫ər/ (see the arrow). According to Abd-El and Abu-Salim utterance that is

still in the programming stage is more salient than what has already been uttered

(Moser, 1991: 10). When the masked segment is placed on the initial of a word

the masking segment comes from the same place as the target and also share the

same common sound. This pattern can be written in rule as:

Segment or syllable is anticipated when they occur before salient segment or

syllable (in different word in the same position).

- Specific class of sounds:

Segment or syllable

- Change will occur by applying:

Change segment or syllable to be the same as the salient segment or syllable. - Phonological environment:

Before salient segment or syllable in different word in the same position.

This rule is added with the reality in which the salient phoneme or syllable

that masking the masked phoneme or syllable is able to drag the masked phoneme

or syllable into a new word that contains both masking and masked sounds. For

example the wrong word cunt is a new word that occurs after the process of

anticipation and they share similar sounds from both masking and masked

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phonemes and syllables. In another hand, error processes will result in different

meaningful words that share similar sound with original words and influencing

words.

2. Perseveration Errors

Perseveration errors are the opposite of the anticipation errors. There are

three persevera

ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE SLIP OF THE TONGUE

ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL STUDY ON

THE SLIP OF THE TONGUE

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ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE SLIP OF THE TONGUE

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 57

ABSTRACT

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A.Background of the study

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B.Problem Limitation

D.Research objective

E.Research Benefits

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F.Definition of Terms

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8 CHAPTER II TEORETICAL REVIEW

A.Review on Related Studies

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2. Phonemic and Phonetic Transcription

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4. Phonological Rules

Intended utterance Actual utterance

Intended utterance Actual utterance

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Intended utterance Actual utterance

Intended utterance Actual utterance

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A.Object of the Study

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B.Method of the Study

C.Research Procedures 1. Data Collection

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2. Data Analysis

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29 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

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A. Description of the Data

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B. Types of Slip of the Tongue

Table 1.0 Number of Slip of the Tongue Types 1

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Table 1.1 Number of Slip of the Tongue Types 2

1. Anticipation Errors

Intended utterance Actual utterance

Intended utterance Actual utterance

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3. Blends

Intended utterance Actual utterance

4. Exchanges

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5. Substitutions

Intended utterance Actual utterance

6. Errors Involving Haplology

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Intended utterance Actual utterance

C. Pattern of Recurrence of Slips of the Tongue

1. Anticipation Errors

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2. Perseveration Errors