Discussion
Frequency and categorization of code-mixing types
Based on the data collected from three episodes of “Ini Talk Show”
(October 16, 2015; October 30, 2015, and November 4, 2015), code-mixing was
evidently found in some of the utterances said by the hosts and the guests of the
show. To make sure that the data found in the video are valid to be analyzed,
inter-rater reliability is employed for this analysis. For the inter-rater reliability,
three raters who achieved A score in Sociolinguistics class have given their
ratings on the data collected on this study. The inter-rater reliability test on the
types of code-mixing is 89.91%, which is 214 out of 238 occurrences.
The data shows that among Muysken (2000)’s categorization of
code-mixing (insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization), the most prominent
type of code-mixing used in the three episodes overall is insertion.
The first episode to be discussed, the October 16, 2015 episode, featured
one special guest, Agnes Monica, and two surprise guests, Indra Bekti and
previous career as a child singer, actress, and host. The following table shows the
result of code-mixing that occurred in this episode.
Table 1.
Frequency of code-mixing occurrence in “Ini Talk Show” episode aired on
October 16, 2015
Type of code-mixing Frequency Percentage
Insertion 117 82.39%
Alternation 5 3.52%
Congruent lexicalization 20 14.09%
Total 142 100%
Table 1 shows the frequency of types of code-mixing that occurred with
insertion being the most used type of code-mixing at 82.39%, followed by
congruent lexicalization (14.09%) and alternation (3.52%). A few examples of the
code-mixing occurrences in this episode are:
(1) Waktu itu lagi shooting apa lagi ngapain?
‘Is that when in the middle of shooting or what?’
Example 1 is an example of insertion that occurred in the episode, with the
word ‘shooting’ inserted in the middle of the utterance, which otherwise uses
(2)It is tomorrow,ya kan, besok.
‘It is tomorrow, right, tomorrow.’
Example 2 shows the occurrence of alternation in this episode. The
sentence starts with English, ‘It is tomorrow’, and then it alternates into
Indonesian, but still in the same utterance.
(3) Itu juga salah satunya adalah application yang bisa di-download di
cellular phone, handphone ya.
‘One of them is an application that can be downloaded on cellular
phone, handphone.’
Example 3 is an example of congruent lexicalization. In this example, the
insertion of the English words in this utterance, which otherwise uses Indonesian
as the main language, is more random, like ‘application’ is inserted as a noun and
‘download’ is inserted as a verb.
Abdur Arsyad’s idol, Isyana Sarasvati, and Chika Jessica’s hit short movie,
“Triangle”, which has been gaining attention among Indonesian viewers in
Youtube.
In Table 2, the frequency of code-mixing types in “Ini Talk Show” episode
aired on October 30, 2015, if compared to the October 16, 2015 episode, is
significantly lower at only 34 occurrences. Also, insertion is the only code-mixing
type identified in this episode as well, with 100% in percentage.
Table 2.
Frequency of code-mixing occurrence in “Ini Talk Show” episode aired on
October 30, 2015
Type of code-mixing Frequency Percentage
Insertion 33 100%
Alternation 0 0%
Congruent lexicalization 0 0%
Total 33 100%
There was no occurrence of alternation and congruent lexicalization at all
throughout the episode. Some of the examples of insertion from this episode are:
(4) Oke, Chika, kamu kan nggak ada background bela diri.
(5) Oke, saatnya kita bermain game.
‘Okay, it’s time to play a game.’
In example 4, the insertion occurred with the word ‘background’, and in
example 5, it occurred with the word ‘game’. Both words were uttered in English
while the full utterances mostly use Indonesian as the main language.
The last episode analyzed for this study is the episode aired on November
4, 2015, which starred Ony Syahrial, Annisa Rawles, and Anjani Dina as the
special guests, and Kelsea Dressler as the surprise guest for Annisa Rawles. In
this episode, Sule and Andre asked the guests about their career as actors as well.
With Ony Syahrial, they particularly talked about his past career as an actor in a
sinetron called “Tuyul dan Mbak Yul”, and also his ongoing career as the voice
actor in an animation called “Crayon Shinchan”. With Anjani Dina and Annisa
Rawles, they talked about the recent work that they did, and Kelsea Dressler was
present as a surprise for Annisa Rawles, in which they revealed their close
friendship on the show. Table 3 provides the frequency of the code-mixing
Table 3.
Frequency of code-mixing occurrence in “Ini Talk Show” episode aired on
November 4, 2015
Type of code-mixing Frequency Percentage
Insertion 36 92.31%
Alternation 0 0%
Congruent lexicalization 3 7.69%
Total 39 100%
In the episode aired on November 4, 2015, the number of code-mixing
occurrences is slightly higher than the October 30, 2015 episode at 39 occurrences,
which is also significantly lower than the October 16, 2015 episode. Insertion is
also the most used code-mixing type in this episode at 92.31%. Like October 30,
2015 episode, there was no use of alternation identified in this episode as well.
However, congruent lexicalization was found at 7.69%. A few examples of
code-mixing occurrences in this episode are:
(6) Mbak Nunung nggak usah sedih, karena sebetulnya di “Ini Talk
Show” selalu ada surprisebuat Mbak Nunung.
‘Don’t be sad, Mbak Nunung, because actually in Ini Talk Show,
we always have surprise for you.’
(7) Jadi kita, pas we first met itu deket banget, habis itu we were
‘So we, when we first met we were very close, after that we were
enemies, and then we got really close again.’
Example 6 is an insertion, indicated with the insertion of the word
‘surprise’ in the middle of an utterance dominantly spoken in Indonesian, while
example 7 is congruent lexicalization. The three occurrences of congruent
lexicalization all happened in one utterance in example 7, with phrases like ‘we
first met’, ‘we were enemies’, and conjunction ‘and then’. These three
occurrences were inserted into the sentence randomly, however the translation in
English also shows similar structure with the mixed utterance.
As seen in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3, each episode’s code-mixing
occurrences are mostly in the form of insertion, while according to Table 1,
alternation is the least used type of code-mixing. In Table 2, there was no use of
alternation and congruent lexicalization identified, while in Table 3, only
alternation is the only type of code-mixing that is not present. Table 4 sums up the
Table 4.
Overall frequency of code-mixing occurrences in three “Ini Talk Show” episodes
Type of code-mixing Frequency Percentage
Insertion 186 86.91%
Alternation 5 2.34%
Congruent lexicalization 23 10.75%
Total 214 100%
Table 4 above shows that insertion is the type of code-mixing that is most
frequently used by the hosts and guests of “Ini Talk Show” in the three episodes
aired on October 16, October 30, and November 4, 2015, with a total of 186 out of
214 occurrences, which is approximately 86.91%. The second most used type of
code-mixing goes to congruent lexicalization (10.75%) and then alternation takes
the last place (2.34%), making it the least used code-mixing type in the three
episodes overall.
Grammar on mixed utterances
Due to “Ini Talk Show” being a talk show aired on Indonesian television
and also having mostly Indonesian audience, the code-mixing occurrences found
in the three episodes aired on October 16, October 30, and November 4, 2015 are
heavily oriented around Indonesian grammar structures. Among a total of 185
by Poplack (1980), which consists of free morpheme constraint and equivalence
constraint.
Among the constraints, there are 40 occurrences of code-mixing with free
morpheme constraints, with majority of them are insertions. Some of the
examples are:
(8) Nes, tapi ngomong-ngomong, Sule nih kayaknya harus di-invite.
‘Nes, by the way, I think Sule must be invited.’
(9)Style-nya.
‘The style.’
Example 8 has the word ‘di-invite’, which is a mix between the bound
morpheme prefix in Indonesian ‘di-‘ and the free morpheme in English, ‘invite’.
The use of ‘di-‘ in this word is to make a verb become a passive verb, therefore in
English, it means ‘be invited’. Meanwhile, example 2 has the word ‘style-nya’.
Just like Example 8, ‘-nya’ is a bound morpheme but it functions as a suffix
instead of a prefix, and signifies possessive noun. In English, there is no exact
equivalence constraint to certain degrees, and each type of code-mixing model by
Muysken (2000) which consists of insertion, alternation, and congruent
lexicalization all have examples of equivalence constraint appliance in mixed
utterances. Firstly, here is one of the examples of insertion that follows the
equivalence constraint.
(10) Oke, langsung saja kita sambut hostkita, Sule!
‘Ok, let’s just invite our host, Sule!’
Example 10 above, if broken down in structures based on Poplack
(1980)’s equivalence constraint, is described in Figure 5.
CM Oke, langsung saja kita sambut hostkita, Sule!
Ind Oke, langsung saja kita sambut pembawa acarakita, Sule!
Eng Ok, let’s just (us) invite our host, Sule!
Note: CM = mixed utterance (code-mixing occurrence); Ind = Indonesian; Eng = English
Figure 5.Equivalence constraint appliance in a case of insertion.
Looking at Figure 5, both Indonesian and English are equivalent in its
structure, and the code-mixing occurrence in the word ‘host’ is a noun followed
by ‘kita’ which works as the possessor of the noun, which means ‘host kita’ is a
Other than insertion, alternation and congruent lexicalization have also
shown to be following equivalence constraint. Here is an example of alternation.
(11) The past is the prologue,yang artinya masa lalu itu sebenernya
adalah prolog kehidupan kita.
‘The past is the prologue, which means the past is actually the
prologue of our lives.’
To check whether it is following equivalent constraints, Figure 6 shows
how the structure of Example 11 is in English, Indonesian, and the original mixed
utterance.
CM The past is the prologue, yang artinya masa lalu itu
Ind Masa lalu adalah prolog, yang artinya masa lalu itu
Eng The past is the prologue, which means the past
CM sebenernya adalah prolog kehidupan kita.
Ind sebenernya adalah prolog kehidupan kita.
Eng is actually the prologue of our lives.
Figure 6, just like Figure 5 shows that Indonesian and English structure in
Example 11 are equivalent, even in the code-mixing utterance, ‘the past is the
prologue’, which is a clause even when translated into Indonesian.
The next example is a case of congruent lexicalization.
(12) Jadi kita, pas we first metitu deket banget, habis itu we were
enemies, and thenkita deket banget lagi.
‘So we, when we first met we were very close, after that we were
enemies, and then we got really close again.’
Just like the previous examples on insertion and alternation, Example 12’s
structures in English, Indonesian, and the original mixed utterance are broken
down in Figure 7 to check whether equivalent constraint is applied in the mixed
utterance.
CM Jadi kita, pas we first metitu deket banget,
Ind Jadi kita, pas kita pertama ketemuitu deket banget,
Eng So we, when we first met (we were) very close,
CM habis itu we were enemies, and then kita deket banget lagi.
Ind habis itu kita musuhan, dan kemudian kita deket banget lagi.
Eng after that we were enemies, and then we got really close again.
Note: CM = mixed utterance (code-mixing occurrence); Ind = Indonesian; Eng = English
Figure 7 also shows similar structures between Indonesian and English,
and therefore, with little changes in both structures of the languages, the structures
are deemed equivalent. Also, the code-mixing occurrence in this example involves
clauses and conjunctions. ‘We first met’ and ‘kita pertama ketemu’ are part of a
clause, ‘when we first met’. ‘We were enemies’ and ‘kita musuhan’ are clauses,
meanwhile ‘and then’ and ‘dan kemudian’ are conjunctions. With both clauses
and conjunctions being two different elements in creating a sentence, the words
and phrases in the utterance are inserted in a random order to be considered a case
of congruent lexicalization (Muysken, 2000).
Other than occurrences with linguistic constraints model by Poplack
(1980), there are also mixed utterances that have some errors in their code-mixing
occurrences. Some of the examples are:
(13) (Sule) Tapi Agnes surprisega?
(Agnes) Surprise lah. Surprisedgitu. Kenapa, karena orang-orang yang
dari kecil aku kenal, gitu ya.
‘(Sule) But are you surprised, Agnes?
conversation, Sule was asking whether Agnes was surprised after Indra Bekti, one
of the surprise guests for Agnes in the episode, came to the studio, and she said
yes. In the example there is a word in its code-mixing utterance that is being
repeated, ‘surprise’. According to Hornby (2000), ‘surprise’ can function as noun
and verb, but in the context of this conversation, ‘surprise’ is used as an adjective,
hence in English, it is translated into ‘surprised’. The code-mixing occurrence in
example 13 shows an error in what should have been an adjective, but instead in
its place is a word that can function as either a noun or a verb. If the code-mixing
were to be right, it should be for example: “Tapi Agnes surprised ga?”. The
speakers of this conversation, Sule and Agnes Monica, did not say the ‘d’ sound
in the word ‘surprised’, therefore the word that they said is ‘surprise’. However,
Agnes Monica did correct herself after saying ‘Surprise lah.’, and then followed it
with ‘Surprised gitu’ to follow the correct grammar that better expressed her
surprised feelings, which means she was most probably aware that she made a
mistake with the code-mixing the first time before correcting herself.
(14) Kayaknya harus di-starterlagi, jeng.
I think (the audience) have to be started again, jeng.
The use of prefix ‘di-’ in example 14 is meant to turn a verb into passive
voice (Muslich, 2010); therefore, what follows ‘di-‘ should be a verb. Yet in
word ‘start’ to change a verb into a noun, it will be more accurate if ‘di-starter’ is
changed into ‘di-start’.
(15) Ini dalam menentukan jokes-jokesdalam film, apa namanya?
‘While determining the jokes in the movie, what do you call it?’
Example 15 is an example of literal translation. ‘Jokes-jokes’ if translated
into Indonesian becomes ‘lelucon-lelucon’, which is an acceptable form of word
in Indonesian called reduplication. (Chaer, 2008). Reduplication is not an
uncommon case in Indonesian, which is why when translated into Indonesian, the
word ‘nice-nice’ can fit into the context of the utterance, however in English,
reduplication of words does not exist in its grammar. This causes an error when
trying to fit English word into the rule of reduplication in Indonesian. A case like
in example 15 can happen, as the speaker of the utterance, Andre Taulany, is more
familiar with Indonesian than English. Andre, the speaker, repeated the word
‘jokes’. In Indonesian, this reduplication case happened due to Andre’s intention
to state the noun as a plural word. This is in line with Muslich (2010)’s statement
that the value of nominal in a noun can be changed by using reduplication, and in
(16) Karena aku juga nge-fans.
Because I am also a fan.
Example 16 has a word that is often used among Indonesian, ‘nge-fans’,
which is an act of liking someone as a supporter. In English, ‘fan’ works as a noun
and not a verb, while ‘nge-fans’ is a verb, because according to Sneddon (2006),
‘nge-’ is followed by a verb to create an active voice. Also to be noted, prefix
‘nge-’ is a transformation of the prefix ‘me-’, and only used in informal
conversation (Sneddon, 2006). ‘Fans’ is a noun, and theoretically it should not be
paired with ‘nge-‘, but this word ‘nge-fans’ has been used by Indonesian people
widely, and can also be considered a slang.
The samples of mixed utterances in three episodes of “Ini Talk Show”
