THESIS
Submitted to the Board of Examination In Partial Fulfillment of Requirement For Literary Degree
at English Literature Department
By
Noviyana Rusnanila NIM : AI. 140254
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI
2019
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اًبوُعُش ْمُكاَنْلَعَج َو ٰىَثْنُأ َو ٍرَكَذ ْنِم ْمُكاَنْقَلَخ اَّنِإ ُساَّنلا اَهُّيَأ اَي ٌميِلَع َ َّاللَّ َّنِإ ۚ ْمُكاَقْتَأ ِ َّاللَّ َدْنِع ْمُكَم َرْكَأ َّنِإ ۚ اوُف َراَعَتِل َلِئاَبَق َو ٌريِبَخ
The Meaning : O mankind, indeed we have created you from male and female and made you people and tribes that you may know one another.
Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah knowing and Acquainted.1 (QS.
Al-Hujurat 49: Ayat 13)
Terjemahan : "Wahai manusia! Sungguh, Kami telah menciptakan kamu dari seorang laki-laki dan seorang perempuan, kemudian Kami jadikan kamu berbangsa-bangsa dan bersuku-suku agar kamu saling mengenal. Sungguh, yang paling mulia di antara kamu di sisi Allah ialah orang yang paling bertakwa. Sungguh, Allah Maha Mengetahui, Maha Teliti."
1Al Kalam Digital Versi 1.0, 2009, Bandung: Penerbit Diponegoro, Surat Al-Hujarat ayat 13
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مي ِح هرلا ِنَمْح هرلا ِ هاللَّ ِمْسِب
Firstly I want to say thank you for Allah subhanahu wata’ala who has given me favor and blessing to finish this thesis. Also sholawat and salam I will send to my Prophet Muhammad shallallahu alaihi wa sallam who has brought us for
the darkness to the lightness.
I dedicate this thesis to my lovely family, especially to my beloved parents. For my father (Jamalludin) and my mother (Cikning). I cannot say one by one thing which you have done for me during I arranged this thesis. I just want to say thank you for your praying and everything that I need. Once more I want to say
thank you very much, with your love I was born into this world, and without you, I am nobody in this world. You always be there for me. Thank you so much.
For my beloved sister Ns.Nurjani, S.Kep, my aunt Husnialawiyah, S.Pd, Sarah Hasan, S.Pt, Syarifah Oktavia, and the last one for my brother Abd Hamid Rahman,S.Sos. I want to say thank you for your support and always given me
great motivation and given me more cheerful life and makes my mood booster during I arranged this thesis. And also thank you for uwak Sauyah (Alm) who
always support me and give me both material and non-material during my studies. They are the one and only who never stop loving, praying and supporting me in the rest of my life. They are the lights in the dark, the smile in
the tears, and the warm hugs in feeling down.
I also dedicate this thesis for my special one who always given me motivate, support and be a place to share my problem when I arranged this thesis, who always give me support and help me when I support and encouragement when I
began to give up with this thesis and made me always excited to finish this thesis as soon as possible. I just want to say thank you very much for everything
to everyone who has helped me when I arranged this thesis.
َج َو ا ًرْيِثَك ا ًرْيَخ ُالله ُمُكا َزَج جْلا َنَسْحَا ُالله ُمُكا َز
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Supervisor I : Minsakutra,SS, M.Hum
Supervisor II :Ana Wahyuni Arib, M.Pd
Basically, the humans were created with physical characteristics which differ as a result of genetic factor so that they can respect each other and live in the same harmony. But, in the film the differences in physical characteristics is actually used as an excuse by some people to discriminate. This case experienced by Aibileen who is known as black people who work as housemaid in the white’s house and she received discrimination from white people caused by racial discrimination. This study divided into three parts. Firstly aims to describe the Social Background of Aibileen’s life as seen in The Help film. Secondly to known kinds of racial discrimination that happened to Aibileen’s life as seen in The Help film. Thirdly to describe the cause and impact of racial discrimination that occurs on the black housemaid as seen in The Help film. In this research, the writer used Racial Discrimination as the main theory by Fred L Pincus (1996), Rebecca M.
Blank (2004), and sociological approaches by Suwardi and Nyoman Kutha Ratna.
This research is classified as a descriptive qualitative method, because the data are that consist of dialogues and pictures that taken from The Help film, which are not statistically analyzed and do not deal with number at all. In this research, the writer used technique of documents to collect the data and the writer applies content analysis to analyzed the data. Firstly the result of this study shows the social background of Aibileen’s life as seen in The Help film divided in two parts that Aibileen’s parents and Aibileen’s self. Secondly kinds of racial discrimination that happened on The Help film includes Personal Discrimination, Institutional discrimination, Verbal Antagonism, and Segregation. Thirdly, racial discrimination cause two factors there are racial factor and economic factor. The impact of racial discrimination toward Aibileen’s life the writer includes two type that’s personal life and social life that includes of depression, paranoid, helpless, frustrated, sadness, fearful, and violent.
Keywords: Racial Discrimination, Social Background, The Help Film.
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Negeri Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Supervisor I : Minsakutra,SS, M.Hum
Supervisor II :Ana Wahyuni Arib, M.Pd
Pada dasarnya manusia diciptakan dengan ciri-ciri fisik yang berbeda sebagai akibat dari faktor genetik sehingga mereka dapat saling menghormati dan hidup dalam harmoni yang sama. Tetapi, di dalam film ini perbedaan karakteristik fisik terkadang justru di jadikan sebagai alasan oleh sebagian orang untuk melakukan diskriminasi. Kasus ini dialami oleh Aibileen yang dikenal sebagai orang kulit hitam yang bekerja sebagai pembantu rumah tangga di rumah putih dan dia menerima diskriminasi dari orang kulit putih yang disebabkan oleh diskriminasi ras. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi tiga bagian. Pertama bertujuan untuk menggambarkan Latar Belakang kehidupan sosial dari Aibileen seperti yang terlihat dalam film The Help. Kedua untuk mengetahui apa saja jenis diskriminasi rasial yang terjadi pada kehidupan Aibileen seperti yang terlihat dalam film The Help. Dan ketiga untuk menggambarkan apa saja dampak diskriminasi rasial yang terjadi pada Aibileen dan pembantu kulit hitam lainnya yang terlihat dalam film The Help. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan diskriminasi sebagai teori utama oleh Fred L Pincus (1996), Rebecca M. Blank (2004), dan pendekatan sosiologis oleh Suwardi dan Nyoman Kutha Ratna.
Penelitian ini diklasifikasikan sebagai metode deskriptif kualitatif karena data penelitian ini berupa ucapan dan kata-kata yang tidak dianalisis secara statistik dan tidak berurusan dengan angka sama sekali, dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan teknik dokumen untuk mengumpulkan data, dan Penulis menerapkan analisis konteks untuk menganalisis data. Hasil dari penelitian ini pertama, menunjukkan latar belakang kehidupan sosial Aibileen seperti yang terlihat dalam film terbagi dalam dua bagian yaitu orang tua Aibileen dan Aibileen sendiri seperti ras yang dia miliki, tentang kelahirannya, pekerjaan dan pendidikannya, serta cita-cita dan mimpi Aibileen. Kedua, jenis-jenis diskriminasi rasial yang terjadi pada film The Help meliputi Diskriminasi Pribadi (personal discrimination), Diskriminasi Institusional, verbal Antagonisme, dan Segregasi.
Ketiga dampak diskriminasi rasial terhadap kehidupan Aibileen, penulis membagi menjadi dua jenis yaitu kehidupan pribadi dan kehidupan sosial yang meliputi depresi, paranoid, kecemasan, tak berdaya, frustrasi, sedih, takut, dan kejam.
Kata kunci: Diskriminasi Ras. Latar belakang kehidupan sosial, film The Help
x
STATEMENT OF THE AUTHENTICITY ... iii
MOTTO ... iv
DEDICATION ... v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... vi
ABSTRACT ... viii
ABSTRAK ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENT ... x
LIST OF APPENDIX ... xiii
ABBREVIATION ... xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Problem ... 1
1.2 Formulation of the Problem... 5
1.3 Limitation of the Problem ... 5
1.4 Purpose of the Research ... 5
1.5 Significance of the Research ... 6
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Sociological Approach ... 7
2.2 Racial Discrimination... 8
2.2.1 Kinds Of Racial Discrimination ... 9
2.2.1.1 Personal Discrimination ... 10
2.4.1.2 Institutional Discrimination ... 11
2.4.1.3 Structural Discrimination ... 12
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2.2.2.3 Segregation ... 13
2.2.2.4 Physical Attack ... 13
2.2.2.5 Extermination ... 13
2.2.3 Cause and Impact of Racial Discrimination ... 13
2.3 Social Background ... 15
2.4 The History of Racial Label ... 16
2.5 Film ... 18
2.6 Review of Related Research ... 19
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEACRH 3.1 Design of Research ... 21
3.2 Source of Data ... 22
3.3 Technique of Data Collection ... 23
3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ... 24
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Findings ... 27
4.2 Analysis ... 27
4.2.1 Social Background of Aibileen’s Life as seen on The Help film by Tate Taylor ... 27
4.2.1.1 Aibileen’s Parents ... 28
4.2.1.2 Aibileen’s Life ... 28
4.2.2 Kind’s of Racial Discrimination toward Aibileen’s life as seen on The Help film by Tate Taylor ... 37
4.2.2.1 Kinds Of Racial Discrimination ... 37
4.2.2.1.1 personal Discrimination ... 37
4.2.2.1.2 Institutional Discrimination ... 45
4.2.2.2 Levels Of Racial Discrimination ... 47
xii
4.2.3.1.1 Racial Factor ... 50
4.2.3.1.2 Economic Factor ... 52
4.2.3.2 The Impact of Racial Discrimination ... 53
4.2.3.2.1 The Impact to Personal Life ... 53
4.2.3.2.2 The Impact to Social Life ... 56
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 60
5.2 Suggestion ... 61
REFERENCES ... 62
APPENDICES ... 65
xiii
Appendix 1 List of Script Dialogues
Appendix 2 List of Scenes
Appendix 3 Synopsi of Film
xiv White : white skin people in America Black : Black Skin in America
1 1.1 Background of the Problem
In the globalization era, discrimination is a sensitive issue to be discussed.
Discrimination always increases in every year and also happens in every country in this world. Discrimination is treatment worse/better than another in an unfair way.2 Discrimination appears because of differences between race, ethnicity, or religion between each other. So these differences resulted in unfair treatment.
According to Theodorson discrimination is the unequal treatment of individuals or groups on the basis of some, usually categorical, attribute, such as race, ethnicity, gender, religion, sexual orientation, age, or social class membership.3 It means that discrimination is a negative attitude which an individual or group gets unfair treatment from other individuals or groups. Discrimination also refers to a service that is not fair to a certain person. Someone usually treated unfairly or differently because of the characteristics of ethnic, inter-group, gender, race, religion and belief, political orientation, physical condition, or other characteristics that an act of discrimination.
Discrimination is social phenomena that occurred since formerly till today because of the tendency of humans to differentiate to each other. Many types of discrimination occurred in this world, that’s age discrimination, racial discrimination, gender discrimination, healthy discrimination, and religious discrimination. Actually, racial discrimination contradicts human rights because it creates tremendous suffering for certain nations and races.
2 Victoria Bull, (2008) Oxford Dictionary (New York: Oxford Dictionary, University Press, p. 127
3 George A, Theodorson,, and Achilles G. Theodorson, (1979) A Modern Dictionary of Sociology, New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, London: Barnes & Noble Books, P. 115-116
Literature is one expression of what human beings have seen in life, which was expressed through language, in the form of oral written.4 According to Wellek and Warren
“Literature is primarily an imitation of life as it is and of social life in particular because literature is no substitute for sociology or politics.” It means that literary works are the picture of human life;
there are many disciplines or opinions which can be called literature.5 Literature is known as communication between writer and reader. The creation of works is a reflection of the author’s point of view to various problems that occur around the environment. Muhri states that “Sastra adalah ekspresi estetis-imajinatif dari seorang individu yang dimaksudkan untuk menyampaikan ide atau tanggapan terhadap lingkungannya”.6 It means that the literature work is always as media to tell or argue an idea or reaction from the author that is imaginative. Thus, the author puts some aspects of their works, for example politic, economic, education, Social, Culture, and so on.
The literary work is delivered with the communicative creation of the author's intention for aesthetic purposes. These works often tell a story, either in the first or third person, with plots and through the use of various literary devices associated with their time. Literary work is divided into two forms: fiction (that’s prose, poetry, drama, and film) and for nonfiction namely biography, autobiography, essays, and literary criticism.7
One of the popular literary works is the film. The film is a visual audio communication medium to convey a message to a group of people who gather in a certain place.8 Mass communication messages on the movie can be anything
4 Terry Eagleton (2005), Literary Theory An Introduction, Australia: Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria, Second Edition, p. 2.
5 Rene Wellek and Austin Warren (1996), A Practical Introduction to Literary Theory and Criticism, United States of America: Linda Moser Book Center, Betty L & Sokol, p. 19.
6Muhri (2014), Sejarah Singkat Kesustraasan Indonesia, Jawa Timur : Yayasan Arraudlah Bangkalan, P.3
7 Mario Klarer, (1999), An Introduction to literary studies, London and New York:
Routledge, Second edition, P. 3-4
8 Onong Uchjana Effendy, (1986), Ilmu komunikasi : teori dan praktek, Bandung: Remaja Karya, P. 134
depending on the mission of the film. However, in general, the film can include a variety of messages, whether it is a message of education, entertainment, and information. Message in the film is the use of the mechanism emblem - a symbol that exists in the human mind in the form of message content, voice, speech, conversation and so on. Films have a few genres that have been developed and applied in many films. Some of them are romance, horror, action, drama, and animation.
In this research, the writers choose the object of research is one of literary work is a film the title is The Help film by Tate Taylor. The writer interest to choose The Help film in this analyzing because the writer knows that this film is one of the literary work that described racial discrimination. This film takes on the setting of the 60s in Jackson, Mississippi that clearly illustrates an issue of race discrimination between whites and blacks. Where black people as the maid and white as the employers. During work at White’s house, black people get unfair treatment. The other reason is that this film adapted from bestselling novel by Kathryn Stockett on 2008. The Help movie was released at August 2011 by DreamWorks Pictures.
There are some problems that occasionally happen related to race discrimination. Where white people doing discrimination to black people. Where there is a woman named Aibleen. Aibleen works at the white house as housemaid.
She spent her life working there, cooking, clean the house, wash, iron, shopping in the market and also raise their children that's what she does in white house. It can be seen in the picture and dialogues below:
Picture 19
Elizabeth : oh, hilly, I wish you'd just go use the bathroom.
Hilly : I'm Fine.
Elizabeth : Just go used mine and Raleigh's.
Hilly : If Aibileen uses the guest bath, I'm sure she uses
yours too.
Elizabeth : She Does Not!
Hilly : Tell Raleigh every penny he spends On a colored's bathroom, he'll get Back in spades when y'all sell.
It's just plain dangerous. They carry different diseases than we do. A disease preventative bill that requires every white home to have a Separate bathroom for the colored Help. It's been endorsed by the White Citizen's Council.
Based on the picture and dialogues above is one an example of personal discrimination. Elizabeth and her friend are gathering at her house. They are playing cards, then Hilly want go to toilet, but she refused to use Elizabeth’s bathroom, because she think Aibleen also use Elizabeth’s bathroom. Aibleen is black people and housemaid in Elizabeth’s house. Hilly has to the assumption that black people have a strange disease that can infect them. Because of that assumption, she has the idea to build a home health sanitation initiative for a disease-preventative bill. With the way to telling the white man to make a separate toilet for black people.
Finally, based on the explanation above, the writer will analyze this research with entitle “Race Discrimination As Seen In The Help Film By Tate Taylor”
9 Taylor, Tate (2011), The Help film, USA: DreamWorks Pictures, Duration:
00:15:00
1.2 Formulation of the Problem
Based on the background of the problems above, the writer makes the formulate of problems are arranged as follows:
1. How are the social backgrounds of Aibleen as seen in The Help film by Tate Taylor?
2. What kinds of racial discrimination are experienced by Aibleen’s life as seen in The Help Film by Tate Taylor?
3. What are the cause and impacts of racial discrimination towards Aibleen’s life as seen in The Help film by Tate Taylor?
1.3 Limitation of the Problem
In this research, the writer limits to analyze and focus on Aibleen’s life as the main character in the film. She is working at Elizabeth’s house as a house slave. In her job place in White’s family’s house, she gets discrimination as is shown in The Help film by Tate Taylor.
1.4 Purpose of the Problem
Based on the problems statements mentioned above, the purpose of this research are:
1. To find out the social background of Aibleen’s life as seen in The Help film by Tate Taylor.
2. To find out kinds of racial discrimination experienced by Aibleen’s life as seen in The Help film by Tate Taylor.
3. To find out the cause and impacts of racial discrimination towards Aibleen’s life as seen in The Help film by Tate Taylor.
1.5 Significance of the Research
In this research, the writer would like to find out racial discrimination as seen in The Help film by Tate Taylor. The writer takes the data from the film that’s The Help film. The writers also used script of the film to help this analyze.
The writer hopes this research will develop the ability and give additional information and knowledge to the writer and the readers. Especially, to the students and lectures in English Literature Department who wants to watch the film even who wants to analyze the same film.
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The approach defined as a way to approach the object of study. The approach is the first step in the effort to realize the objectives of the research conducted. Sociology is the study about the society including social phenomena, social structure, Social change and the network of human relationships or interactions as individual beings and social beings. As the opinion of Soekito in literary Journal Indonesia said that “Sosiologi merupakan studi mengenai masyarakat dalam suatu sistem sosial”10 it can be said that sociology was the study of human relations in groups.
Sociology is the study of relations, and its primary subject matter is the group, not the individual. Sociology is the scientific study of nature and the development of society and social behavior.11 In this thesis, the writer uses the sociological approach because the racial discrimination is a social phenomenon that develops in social life. Suwardi Endraswara stated that “sosiologi adalah sebuah studi yang erat kaitannya dengan hubungan antar masyarakat atau dapat juga dikatakan sebagai studi objektif dan ilmiah tentang manusia-manusia dalam masyarakat, telaah tentang lembaga dan proses sosial”12 . It means that sociology constitutes one of the way to study the social institutes and all of the economic problems, political problems, religion, and social stratify.
According to Hippolyte Taine in Faruk’s book state that literary and sociology has two formulas “...pertama, sastra lahir dari kehidupan sosial dan kedua, sastra adalah ekspresi dari masyarakat...”13 it means that literary work is a
10Anang Perwiratama, Mukh Doyin, And Sumatini (2013), Jurnal Sastra Indonesia:
Bentuk konflik dalam Kumpulan Cerpen Kembang-kembang Genjer karya Fransisca Ria Susanti, Semarang: UNNES, P.2
11William M. Evan, 1980, The Sociology of law, A Social Structural Perspektive, New York: The free press, P. 5
12 Suwardi Endraswara, (2011), Metodelogi Penelitian Sosiologi sastra:, Yogyakarta:
CAPS, P.2
13 Faruk HT (1994), Pengantar Sosiologi Sastra, Dari struktur Genetik sampai Post- Modernisme, P.1
reflection from the society in social life. Literary and social society has a close relationship. Sociology was a scientific study of the life of human society and the relationship between literary works with the environment.14 It means that sociology is a study and the object human itself in the society and also study about the process society in environments. The sociological approach can help in understanding gender, race, religion, social discourse and so on. This sociological approach can be used to analyze human beings as part of the community, the process of understanding from society to the individual. The sociological approach considers literature as community property.
According to Endraswara “sosiologi sastra adalah cabang penelitian sastra yang bersifat reflektif. Asumsi dasar penelitian sosiologi sastra adalah kelahiran sastra tidak dalam kekosongan sosial. Kehidupan sosial akan menjadi picu lahirnya karya sastra. Karya sastra yang berhasil atau sukses yaitu yang mampu merefleksikan zamannya”.15
It means that the author usually, makes the literary work based on the event which happened in the society, and literary work can be interesting to discuss in a branch of knowledge. As the Nyoman Khuta state in his book, the similarities between sociology and literature is shown by two aspects, they are similarities of genetics and similarities of structure.16 Similarities of genetics mean that literature is from society, it described the position of society as main creativity. So the main problems that talked in sociological of literary have the relationship between the author and society. While similarities of structure because both of them have the same structure. It means that the mechanism of the relationship between society and literature is never end.
14Nyoman Kutha Ratna (2011), Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra, Yogyakarta:
Pustaka Pelajar, P. 60
15 Suwardi, Endaswara, 2003, Metodologi Penelitian Sastra, Yogyakarta: Penerbit Pustaka widyatama. P. 77
16 Nyoman Kutha Ratna, 2010, Sastra and Cultural Studies, Representasi Fiksi & Fakta, Yogyakarta, P 290
Literary work is all the human creatures, which it is a value of society and culture. The main subject of sociological literary is the relationship between literature and society, how that relationship can be happen, and how the effects that occur toward literary work and society itself. Literature and society show the relationship of humanity, which literature will make creation and imagination to describe the social problem in reality. The author to made literary work usually describes toward the reality of life, it means that literary is reflection of society.
The author makes their imagination toward the problem that happened in social issues, it why the sociological approach concern toward the society.
In this research, the writer uses the sociological approach to describe of racial discrimination and the effect of racial discrimination. As the title of this research, the writer will analyze Racial Discrimination as seen in The Help Film by Tate Taylor. In the same way that the sociological approach is to know and describe the whole of social phenomena.
2.2 Racial Discrimination
Racial Discrimination occurs when someone is treated less favorably than another person because of their race, color, nationality or ethnic origin.
Racial discrimination is defined by the united nation in the article as:
“’...the term “racial discrimination” shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life”17
The definition was released by the United Nations in its convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination. Racial discrimination occurs when a member of one racial group is treated less favorably than a similarly
17http:www.unesco.org/new//en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international- migration/glossary/discrimination (Access on March15, 2018 at 20.10 pm)
situated member of another racial group and suffers adverse or negative consequence. This definition of discrimination is used in many social science fields (e.g. economics, psychology, sociology) to refer to unequal treatment because of race.18 Racial discrimination can occur at any time and to anyone by another person or corporation.
2.2.1 Kinds of racial discrimination
According to Fred L Pincus kinds of racial discrimination divides in three types that are personal discrimination, institutional discrimination, and structural discrimination.
2.2.1.1 Personal Discrimination
Personal discrimination can be calls interpersonal or individual discrimination or direct discrimination. Personal discrimination is probably a result of the close relationship between discrimination and individual behavior, as the phenomenon to be explained – at least in labor market studies – normally is the very act of differential treatment by members of the majority or dominant group towards members of minority or underprivileged groups.19 It’s mean that personal/individual discrimination as differential assumptions of the abilities and intentions of others based on their race (prejudice) and differential actions towards someone because of their race (discrimination). These assumptions and actions can be used to exclude, stigmatism, treat unfairly, ignore and disrespect someone on the basis of their racial background. So personal discrimination or individual or direct discrimination is the same because this discrimination is doing by the majority to minority, high class to lower class, or superior to inferior because of the differentiates of race.
This type of discrimination refers to “the behavior of individual members of one race/ethnic group that is intended to have a differential and/or harmful
18Rebecca M Blank (2004). Measuring Racial discrimination. United States of America:
the national academies press.P.40
19 Arnfinn H Midtbøen. (2003) Determining Discrimination A Multi-Method Study Of Employment Discrimination Among Descendants Of Immigrants In Norway. Department Of Sociology And Human Geography Faculty Of Social Sciences University Of Oslo
effect on the members of another race group”20. Basically, this type includes any actions and speeches of a person that is done consciously to humiliate other race.
However, this type of discrimination is not only done by majority ethnic group against to the minority group, but also minority group to the majority one. Thus, the first type of racial discrimination points out that individual discrimination means intentional harmful actions done by individual members of majority ethnic group against minority ethnic group and vice versa.
2.2.1.2 Institutional discrimination
Institutional racism refers to differential access to societal goods, services and opportunity on the basis of ethnicity. Institutional racism operates without individual identify able perpetrators but via practice, legal and policy frameworks That governs societal institutions.21 Responses across all groups were linked to institutional racism and the media where participants discussed first- hand experiences in multiple settings. Discursively, participants described the different ways in which institutional racism impacted on their lives.
Institutional discrimination is the policies of majority institutions, and the behavior of individuals who implement these policies and control these institutions, that are intended to have differential and/or harmful effect on minority groups”.22 It can be said that this type is also an intentional discrimination, but done by bigger range of practitioners. It is because institutional discrimination is done by policy maker which is the laws or government and also by individual who implements that. Thus, this type has broader impact to the minority groups. A major goal of institutional discrimination is to keep minority groups in a subordinate position within society.
Institutional racial discrimination can be illustrated by Jim Crow System in the U.S. in 1896, a legal segregation which allows most southern states legally
20Fred L Pincus 1996) Discrimination Comes in Many Forms: Individual, Institutional, and Structural. The American Behavioral Scientist; Nov/Dec 1996; 40, 2; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 186
21Angela M Barnes, Ken Taiapa, and Belinda Borell. (2013) Mai Journal Volume 2, Mäori Experiences And Responses To Racism In Aotearoa New Zealand. Researcher, Shore And Whäriki Research Centre, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand. P. 9-11
22 Ibid, Pincus, Fred L. 1996)
discriminate between blacks and whites in all areas of life—from voting, education, and employment to religion, public accommodations, and restaurants.
2.2.1.3 Structural Discrimination
Structural discrimination is The interplay of policies, practices and programs of differing institutions which leads to adverse outcomes and conditions for communities of color compared to white communities that occurs within the context of racialist historical and cultural conditions. Structural discrimination refers to “the policies of majority institutions, and the behavior of the individuals who implement these policies and control these institutions, that are race-neutral in intent but have a differential and/or harmful effect on minority groups.
Structural discrimination is different with the previous type because this type is race-neutral intent, while institutional discrimination is racism intent.
In this research the writer did not find the data of structural discrimination that described on the The Help film by Tate Taylor. The writer just found two kinds of racial discriination that described on The Help film by Tate Taylor that’s are personal discrimination and institutional discrimination.
2.2.2 Levels Racial Discrimination
Whereas According to Gordon Allport in Rebecca M. Blank’s book divided the racial discrimination into five levels, they are:23
2.2.2.1 Verbal antagonism
Verbal antagonism is racial discrimination is run by way of insulting or through words. This includes casual slurs and disparaging racial comments, either in or out of the target’s presence. For example, gifting word “Niger” to Afro-American peoples as degradation.
2.2.2.2 Avoidance
Avoidance is racial discrimination on the run in way too avoid or get away from a person or a group, or it entails choosing the comfort of one’s own racial group over interaction with another racial group. For example people may choose to associate or not members of
23 Blank, rebecca M.2004. Measuring Racial discrimination. United States of America:
the national academies press.P.56
disadvantaged racial groups may be isolated. In social situation, people may self-segregate along racial lines.
2.2.2.3 Segregation
Segregation is racial discrimination that occurs when people actively exclude members of a disadvantage racial group from the allocation of resources and from access to institutions. The most common examples include denial of equal education, housing, employment, and health care on the basis of race.
2.2.2.4 Physical attack
Physical attack is racial discrimination undertaken by way of harm, hit or attack. For example white people will fight the black people in everywhere because of their conflict.
2.2.2.5 Extermination
Extermination or mass killings based on racial or ethnic animus do occurred. These are complex phenomena, in addition to the sorts of individual hostility and prejudice described above, they typically encompass histories of institutionalized prejudice and discrimination, difficult life conditions, strong and prejudiced leadership, social support for hostile acts, and socializations that accepts explicit discrimination.
In this research the writer just found two type of levels racial discrimination that described on The Help film that’s are verbal antagonism and segregation.
2.2.3 Causes and impact of racial discrimination
Racial discrimination is one of the most revolting things within the vicinity of humanity. It haunts our past, many times degrading the future. The causes of racial discrimination are not known to the majority of humans living on earth, however, a good fraction of them express it. According to William T
Bielby there are several factors that cause of racial discrimination such as: social factors, racial factors, historical factors, environment factor and economic factor.24
a. Social factor is one of the factors that lead to discrimination, where every human have communicated or made a connection with other in social life. It will increase the problem that related with social factors such as social conflict, social norms, and social prejudice.
b. Racial factors it of course can lead the discrimination, which the crucial problem in society that can make discrimination or from genetic factors and differences in physical characteristic.
c. Historical factors is discrimination that influenced by problem of history, such as conflict between state in the past that occur the discrimination the present.
d. Environmental factors are one of cause from discrimination, because we are all made different biologically and genetically. Our physical environment can affect our biology and therefore, in many cases, affect our minds. This does not mean freewill and choice are not options, but that an individual’s potential for racism could possibly be increased through certain environmental factors unknown to man. By default, racism is nonexistent. However, thing such as improper health maintenance, excess chemicals, head injuries, or other factors may help contribute to it. This should not be used as an excuse that racism has to persists, but more of a better chance to cure racism by enhancing biological health and medical technology, rather than thinking it can only be done by other means.
e. Economic factor, this factor related with the economic condition and it become one of causes of discrimination. Those are the main causes of racial discrimination. As previously stated, racial discrimination is one of the most revolting things that paralyzed humanity. To cure racial discrimination permanently, we must first adddress the root problems,
24 Willian T Bielby (2000), Minimizing Workplace Gender and Racial Bias.
Contemporary Sociology, p. 120-125
when we cure and address those things, we will cure racial discrimination as well.
Racism is unfair treatment of people on the basis on race, color, and religion. According to Macionis in Fadlilah Handiyani’s journal racism is “the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another”.25 Basically, people who are in dominant races are expected to be the superior, while the minorities are thought to be inferior. These dominant races will hate and avoid certain groups of people that belong to different races. Racial discrimination has a significant impact both on the people who experience it and the society. As for the human being, racial discrimination may cause someone to become anxious, depression, paranoid, helpless or hopeless, frustrated, low self-esteem, loneliness, sadness, fearful, humiliated, violent, and become object of humiliation.26 Another impact of racial discrimination can causes negative impacts not only to psychological health but also to society. According to Macionis racial discrimination causes genocide or ethnic cleansing, slavery and oppression. It also causes tremendous moral, cultural, and economic suffering to a country. In conclusion, it negatively affects to society.
2.3 Social Background
Social is relating to activities in which you meet and spend time with other people and which happen during the time when you are not working. And the background is story of life about our family and our experience of education, living conditions in our life. Social background means one’s social demographics such as one’s color, creed, race, language, education, lifestyle, religion (sometimes included as social background), and nationality.27
25 Fadlilah S Handayani, f (2016), Racial Discrimination Towards The Hazaras As Reflected In Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, Universitas Diponegoro: Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, P.7
26 Ibid, P 8
27 Tracey E. George (2008), From Judge To Justice: Social Background Theory And The Supreme Court, Jurnal Hein Online -- 86 N.C. L. Rev. 1333 2007-20082, P. 1348
According to George Tracey Social background provides a means of considering how prior experience may influence current behavior. Social background contends that the actions of live can best be understood as a product of their demographic characteristics and personal and professional experiences such that a shared attribute, including prior work as a circuit judge, would affect subsequent behavior in predictable ways.
Social background as regard of political, socio economic, family, and professional background characteristics account for judicial behavior, or at the very least, help to explain the formation of particular attitudes. Social background has made meaningful contributions to our understanding of judicial behavior, highlighting the relationship between an array of characteristics and judicial decisions.
According to Anna Ress and Davide Azzolini Social background also includes background on parents' education and family social class28. Both components have interrelated relationships. If someone comes from a middle and upper social class, surely they also come from parents, who have a high educational background.
2.4 The History of Racial Labels
Along with the development of the time the term to call African descendants have several terms, namely Negro, colored, black, black African and African American. Racial labels are very important for Black Americans. From time to time, the standard term for Black has changed from term “Colored” to
“Negro” to “Black” and to “African American”. These changes can be seen as the attempts by the Blacks to raise the consciousness on removing racial discrimination in the United States and to establish black people’s pride and self- esteem. According to Tom W. Smith in Changing Racial Labels from “Colored”
to “Negro” to “African American”, the term “Colored” is frequently used in the mid-19th century. Smith notes that this term is the dominant term as it is accepted by white people and also black people. Furthermore, this term is considered more
28 Ana Ress & Davide Azzolini (2014). Primary and secondary effects of social background on educational attainment in Italy. Evidence from an administrative data set. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, P. 54-56.
inclusive calling the black people as “colored”.29 According to Bennett as cited in Smith’s essay, in the late nineteenth century, another term, “Negro”, starts to replace the term “colored”. “Negro” is preferred by civil war freedmen while the term “colored” is frequently used by the community of Black emancipation.30 The term “Negro” is considered as a white man’s word to make Black people feel inferior. This word is considered as a very rude word for calling the black people and considered offensive for decades.
In the early 1960s, many people argue that a new term was needed to replace the word “Negro”. This term is criticized as an attempt to force Blacks conducted by Whites. Bennet states that the term “Negro” was used for those who are more identified with the status quo, while the term “Black” is used to define black people who are progressive and radical. Furthermore, the term Black connotes strength and power.31 The word "Black" may include all Negroes, but the term "Negro" does not include all Black persons.
From the early 1970s to the late 1980s, there were no other terms to replace the word “Black”. In December 1988, The President of the National Urban Coalition suggests a new term that is “African American” in order to replace
“Black”.32 “African American” has grown in acceptance although the “Black” is still used by black people. This term is popular among Black youngster. For some people, both terms “African-American” and “Black” can be used interchangeably.
The mass majority of society views "African-American" is the most politically correct way to call a person of color, however, it is known that not every person of color in America is from Africa.
So from the explanation above the term of “Negro” and “colored” it is now more rarely used and is often regarded as insulting, and for the terms “black”
29Tom W Smith. (2011). Changing Racial Labels From “colored” to “Negro” to “Black”
to “African American”, Oxford: Oxfpord University Press, P.497
30 Ibid, P.498
31 Ibid, P.498
32 Ibid, P.499
and “African American” is more widely used today because the word of “Black”
and “African American” more polite from “Negro” and “Colored”. So in this research the writer used the term “Black People” to call the African descendents.
Why the writer choose the term “Black People” because there is two reason, the first the term “Black” more polite and better than “Negro” or “Colored”. And the second reason is the term “Black” was born and began to be used in the 1960s.
And The Help film also took a background of time and place in the 1960s in the city of Jackson Mississippi. And in the 1960s the term “Black” was used at that time before it was replaced with the term African American.
2.5 Film
A film consists of moving pictures that have recorded so that they can be shown at a cinema or on television. Sometime, a film made based on reality. It can be a replica from a situation of social, culture, and tragedy. There is movie which shows that technology only, such as an animation movie or cartoon. But, a movie can be a most important thing. It has a value and a meaning. It is not only about an entertainment for the human. Like a literature film, it is mean that a movie can give an important thing and hidden message for the people who watch it. This is can felt by a person who take it as a knowledge.
Film collectively, sometimes called as cinema. A motion picture is an art, a popular kind of an entertainment and a business. Who played by the actor or actress based on the character that recorded by camera. “Film is a story that is told using sound and moving pictures, shown at a cinema or on television”.33 Its predetermined by literary techniques, conversely, literary practice developed particular features under the impact of film. In Mario Klaler’s book explained,
“Film is idiosyncratic modes of presentation such as camera angle, editing, montage, slow and fast motion often parallel features of literary texts or can be explained within a textual framework”.34 So the most essential elements of film can be subsumed under the dimension of space, time, and sound.
33 Longman Dictionary of contenporary English, (new edition)
34 Mario Klarer (2004). An Introduction To Literary Studies, Routledge Taylor and Francis group London And New York, P56
Sometime, a film made based on the reality. It can be a replica from a situation of social, culture and tragedy. There is film which shows the great technology only, such as an animation film or cartoon. But, a movie can be a most important thing. It has a value and meaning. It is not only about an entertainment for the human. Like a literature film, it is mean that a movie can give an important thing and a hidden message for the people who watch it. This is can felt by a person who take it as knowledge.
Based on the explanation above, the writer can get the correlation between a literary work and film. The story in novel can be more interested in an adaptation to a film. in this case, the writer took a film as object of the research.
2.6 Review of Related Research
There are three review of related research that the writer was found. The first the writer found the researcher with the title “The Racial Discrimination as seen on Novel To Kill Mockingbird by Nelle Harper Lee”.35 This thesis arranged by Lisa Atun Nafsiah who student of English Literature Department, Institute For Islamic Studies Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi, 2013. Her thesis analyze about the kinds of discrimination whatever happens in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, also the factors that lead to discrimination that occurs in blacks in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird and also to illustrate the effects of racial discrimination that occurs in blacks in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird. She analyze the data by used the theory of discrimination by Kenneth J.Arrow and using sociological approaches by Suwardi. The result of her research is to find out the discrimination is happening in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird includes verbal expression, exclusion, segregation, employment discrimination, and educational discrimination. The effects of discrimination in novel To Kill a Mockingbird from frustration, feelings of hatred and revenge,
35Lisa Atun Nafsiah, (2013), The Racial Discrimination as seen on Novel To Kill Mockingbird by Nelle Harper Lee, English Department-Faculty of Adab and Humanities, Institute For Islamic studies. P.25
The second research was writtem by Ika Diansari in 2014 entitle
“Analyzing of Racial Discrimination as seen on Freedom writers film by Richard Lagravenese”.36 In Ika Diansari’s research, she used theories discrimination and sociological approach. Ika Diansari’s research focused on racial discrimination happening on Freedom Writers film, the cause of racial discrimination and the negatively impacts that happened from racial discrimination on Freedom Writers film.
The third researcher is from Institute For Islamic Studies Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi. She is Heriyani with the title “Social Conflict as seen in The Help film by Tate Taylor”37. The purpose of this research is to find the conflict social. She was using Marxist theory and the sociological approach for analyzing the material. In her thesis she just focuses on forms of social conflict and causes of social conflict society happened in The Help film. And the result for the analysis are form of social conflict that’s racial conflict, personal conflict, and conflict among social classes and she also found causes of the conflict.
So from the explanation above this research is different from the reseach that the writer has mentioned above. In this research the writer analyzed social background of Aibileen’s life as seen on The Help film. the writer also used kind of racial discrimination theory by Fred L Pincus that’s included personal discrimination and institutional discrimination. The writer also analyzed about the cause and impact of racial discrimination as seen in The Help film by Tate Taylor.
36 Ika Diansari, (2014), Analyzing of Racial Discrimination as seen on Freedom writers film by Richard Lagravenese, English Department-Faculty of Adab and Humanities, Institute For Islamic studies. P.1
37 Heriyani (2016), Social conflict as seen in The Help film by tate taylor, english department – faculty of adab and humanities,Institute For Islamic studies. P.1
21
In writing this thesis, the writer used descriptive qualitative method that is suitable with the aim of this research. The data were collected in the form of words as a descriptive method explanation than a number. The result of the research contained quotation from the data to illustrate and substantive the presentation. According to John W (1997:15) Descriptive is research which aims to describe a phenomenon accurately based on the characteristic of research38 In this research, the writer used qualitative research, where the data are analyzed through interpreting, not statistic analysis. Nyoman Kutha Ratna (2011:470 stated that :
“Metode kualitatif memberikan perhatian terhadap data ilmiah, data dalam hubungannya dengan konteks keberadaanya. Cara-cara inilah yang mendorong metode kualitatif dianggap sebagai multi metode sebab penelitian pada gilirannya melibatkan sejumlah besar gejala sosial yang relevan. Dalam penelitian karya sastra, misalnya, akan dilibatkan pengarang, lingkungan sosial dimana pengarang berada, termasuk unsur-unsur kebudayan”39
Based on the quotation above that the qualitative method can be used in this research due to the qualitative method not only involves the intrinsic aspect in literary work. But, it also can be related with the extrinsic aspect in the literary itself. So, that is why, the qualitative method also could he said as multi method.
Because, the relating of the intrinsic aspect and extrinsic aspect in the literary itself.
38 John W, Creswel (1997), Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design, (United States of America: California) P.15
39 Nyoman Kutha Ratna (2011), Teori, Metode dan teknik Penelitian sastra. Cet. Ke-III edisi revisi, yogyakarta: Pustaka pelajar,, p. 47
According to Bogdan and Biglen (1982) as quoted in Sugiyono’s book (2011:P.13) qualitative research is descriptive. The data collected is in the form of words of pictures rather than number are concerned with process rather than simply with outcomes or products.40
Based on the explanation above about qualitative research is the data collected in the form of words, pictures and no pictures. Thus, in this research will contain quote data to give a presentation of data. In addition according to John Creswell Qualitative Research is a means for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. The process of research involves emerging questions and procedures. Data typically collected in the participant’s setting. Data analysis inductively building from particulars to general themes and the researcher making interpretations of the meaning of the data.
It means that qualitative research is analyzing about descriptive data who are used documentation in this research, by using this qualitative research, the writer felt easy to analyze the film. Based on statement above by doing this methode, the writer wants to know the kinds of racial discrimination and also the impact of racial discrimination in the film.
3.2 Source of the Data
In this research the writer take the source of data from The Help Film by Tate Taylor. The writer uses script and scene in The Help film as the data to easier in doing the research. The writer takes the film from a collection of movies that writer have. The Help is an American film that was released in 2011, this film genre drama directed by Tate Taylor. This film was adapted from a novel written by Kathryn stockett with the same title in 2009. The Help is fictional film that raised based on the facts of social life that have occurred in the early 1960’s, before the rights of black people was inaugurated. This film lasts two hours and twenty five minutes. Another data which support this research are taken from
40 Sugiyono (2011), Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitative dan R&D, Bandung:Alfabeta, P.13
books, E-books, dictionary, articles, journals, internet and the other source that related to the research.
3.3 Technique of Data Collection According to Mahi M Hikmat:
“Teknik pengumpulan data merupakan langkah yang sangat penting dalam melakukan penelitian, tetapi pengambilan data penelitian tidak di jamin akan menghasilkan kesimpulan yang memuaskan karena kualitas penelitian tidak hanya ditentukan oleh keberadaan data tetapi juga cara pengambilan data”41
It means that technique of data collection is important to the research because without this step it will be impossible to conduct a research and retrieval of data determines the quality of the data and quality of the data will determine the quality of the results. In the technique of data collection there is kinds of technique, such as interviews, observations and documents.
In this research, the writer use technique of documents for analyzes this research. According to Sugiyono stated that “Dokumen merupakan catatan peristiwa yang sudah berlaku dan dokumen ialah setiap bahan tertulis, film atau pun dari record yang dipersiapkan karena adanya permintaan seorang penyidik”42 it means that in qualitative research, the writer uses some documents that have correlation or support the problem of the research, because this research is descriptive that is why the writer described and analyzed the data that has been found in The Help Film to answare the problems that has been formulated in the formulation of problem.
41 Mahi M Hikmat, Metode Penelitian Dalam PerspektifI lmu Komunikasi Dan Sastra,(Bandung GarahaIlmu : 2011) P.52
42Sugiyono (2009), Metode Penelitian Kualitatif dan R & D, Bandung: Alfabeta, P.240
Therefore, before doing collection of data, a researcher first need to determine how the data collected will be used to collect the data. The technique data collections of this study were collected by using the following steps:
1. The writer watched the original film as the source data, and then collects the dialogues that correlated with racial discrimination
2. The writer read the original script, and makes a note for those utterances that correlated with racial discrimination.
3. The writer collected the primary data by selecting the dialogue and scene in film that shown of racial discrimination and then put on some paper to make easy understanding and analyze.
4. The writer identifying and classifying the data that have found, then analyzed the data based on the formulation of the problem.
3.4 Technique of Data Analysis
The purpose of analysis data is to understand data and answer the formulation of the problem. According to Patton in Muhammad book Metode penelitian bahasa “analisis data merupakan suatu proses mengatur urutan data, mengorganisaikanya dalam suatu pola kategori dan satuan urutan dasar”.43 It means data analysis is process of arrange of the data, organize data in a pattern category, and description of the basic unit, so we can find the theme and can be formulated as working hypotheses suggested by the data and find out the important data to learn and making conclusion to understand for the writer and the reader.
43 Muhammad, Metode Penelitian Bahasa, Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media, 2011 p. 221
In this research the writer used content analysis as the tehcnique of data analysis. According to Suwardi Endraswara stated that; “Analisis konten adalah strategi untuk menangkap pesan karya sastra.”44 Content analysis review forms of human communication including books, newspaper and film as well as other forms in order to identify patterns,themes,or biases.45 The writer has several techniques from the data analysis, in order to make this research more specific.
According to Susan Stainback there are no guidelines in qualitative research for determining how much data and data analysis are necessary to support and bd assertion, conclusion or theory. It means, that content analysis was away to make conclusion that can identify what message that want to convey in the object that want to analyze.
1. Identification
The writer identifies the data and made assumptions which correlate with social life, racial discrimination, and effect of race discrimination in The Help Film..
2. Classification
The writer classified the data which has correlated with the topic of the research, the source are taken from The Help Film and also the writer combined the data from any sources.
3. Analysis, describing and explaining
The writer analysis, describing and give the explanation base on the question used racial discrimination theory, sociological approach that supports to complete the answers.
44Suwardi Endraswara (2013), Metodologi Penelitian Sastra, First Edition, Yogyakarta:
Center of Academic Publishing Service, p. 161
45 Carrie Williams (2007), Journal of Business and Economic Research, Grand
University, p. 69
4. Conclusion
After all the data has been analyzing, describing and explaining in the research, the writer makes the conclusion of the research base on the theory.
27
Through this chapter, the writer would like to analyze the racial discrimination as seen in The Help Film by Tate Taylor, which is containing about social case. This film is adaptation from bestselling novel by Kathryn Stockett.
The writer supposes that Tate Taylor interesting to adapt from The Help novel to be a film because the story was influenced from black people’s life in America until he represented the social event like racial case. These analysis are divided into three parts. First the writer founds of Aibileen’s life in The Help film by Tate Taylor, there are two type of social background of Aibileen’s life which is consist of Aibileen’s Parentd and Aibileen’s self. Second the writer founds two kinds of racial discrimination in The Help film there are personal discrimination and institutional discrimination. The writer also founds wo type level of racial discrimination there are verbal antagonism and segregation. Thrid the writer found there is two factor that racial discrimination against black maids there are racial factor and ecomic factor. The impact of racial discrimination the writer divided in two type that are the impact to personal life and the impact to social life. The writer uses theory of racial discrimination by Fred L Pincus and Gordon Allport, and sociological approach by Suwardi Endaswara to explain further about the racial discrimination and other supporting theories in this study.
4.2 Analysis
4.2.1 Social background of Aibileen’s life on The Help film
In this research the writer analyzed the Aibileen’s life in The Help film.
The writer would tell all about Aibileen’s life, starting from the background of her parents, which includes the job of her parents, the race of her parents, the skin of both parents, the education of her parents and also about herself which is about where she was born, her educational background, the work she did, and Aibileen’s dream as well as her family and children. The help film is told about some races in
