Method on Conversion of Gasoline to Biogas Fueled Single Cylinder of Four Stroke Engine of Electric Generator.

International

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Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2013

ISSN:2010-0264

Chief Editoe Mr. Saji Baby

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Prof. Chlhhao Fan, Ming Cltl Unlverslty

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Dr. Yunardi, Chemial Engineering

Department, Syiah Kuala UnivercitY,

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ISSN:2010-0264

Sublect Category: Environmental Science and Development

Published by: International Association of Computer Sclence and

Information Technology Press (IACSIT Press)

rternational

Journal

of

Environmental

Science

and Development

CONTENTS

lume

4,

Number

3,

June

2013

:cts of the Composition and the Preparation Methods on Oil Sorption Capacity of Recycled Rayon

*e-KapokMixtures (RRWK)

Sorbent..

...,...-.246

Chaowalit Senanuralatarhtl, Panaddn Khongsrichatoen, Darathip Pejprom, SupawaruTantayanon, and

ha Khaodhiar

Environmental Norms and Climate Change Perceptions Influence Mitigation Behaviour?: Thailand as a

re

Study...

..-...251

Suthirat Kittipongvises and Takashi Mino

ponse of Different Strains of Enterococcus _faccalis to UV Inactivation after Freezing. . -

.

. - . .255

W Gao andA.

Wiams

dy on Characteristics of LeakageAccident of Hazardous Chemicals and Their

Rescue.

...258

Quanmin Bu, Weining Cai and Xing Tong

nulation of sfream Flow for Upper Lam Takongsub-Watershed Using swAT

Model.

...,...261

Netnapa Pongpetch and Pongthep Suwanwaree

icontinuous Galerkin Method for ffreAir Pollution

Model.

..-...264

XijianVang and Lite Zhao

alysis ofAccess to Clean Development Mechanism Landfill Projects through a Multi-Agent Model... 268 Silvia Cruz and Sbnia Paulino

lmate Change and Grormdwater: Vulnerability, Adaptation and Mitigation Opportunities in [ndia...272 KhajwiaAnupam and Kanae Shinjirc

Eporse of Scutellarin Content to Heavy Metals tn Ertgerun

Breviscapus

.. . .. . , ....277

Huabin Xiong, Changqm Duan, Xnriang A, and Minghong Chen

ansport, _{Energy Conservation} and Energy Efficiency in Buildings Explored as Situations of Opportunity for

ty

Transformation...-...

_...282

Aleh Kliatslco and PerLwtdqvist

sessment of Groundwater Potential Risk byAgricultural Activities, in North

Italy...

...286

Ye Zhao, Marina De Maio, and Enrico Suozzi

n a Field Investigation and Open Data Analysis to Identifr Diff.rsion Sources of Radioactive Substance...29l

t

Kaaunari Ishida

lrantification

on...,..

Method on Conversion of Gasoline to Biogas Fueled Sin Generator..

Tjolarda Gde Tirta Nindhia,

I

Wayan Surata, I- Ket

Ari

Wardana

Compaction Characteristics of Lateritic Soil-Stabilized Municipat Solid Waste Bottom

Sediment.

...304

' A. Y Abdulfutah, ,S. G Kiru, and:T A. Adedokun

Fictitious spokesperson to Enhance corporate Environmental

Image

_...307

Xiuqiang Pan and Yu-Ming Fei

Automatic Multi-Objective _{Calibration of} a Rainfall RunoffModel _{for the Fitzroy Basin, eueensland,}

Australia...

_...311

Md. ShariJ'Imam lbneAmhi _{Mohammad Masud Kamal Khan,Ivlohammad Golam Rasut, Raj H.Sharma,}

and FatemaAlqam

Influence ofNozzle Pressure on Perforrnance and _{Emission in Compression Ignition Engine Rrmning on}

DistilledWastePlasticOil(DwPO)...

_...316

Chumsunti Santaweesuk and Adun Janyalertadun

PolicyDesigEandknplementationlssuesofRegulatingGteenhouseGasEmissionsinChina..,...--....321

Xiangsheng Dou, Jingjing Xie, and Zenglongye

Alterations ofAcetylcholinesteraseActivity _{andAntioxidant Capacity of Zebrafish Brain andMuscle Exposed}

to Sublethal Level of

Cadmium

...327

Abeer Ghazie A. Al-Smtafi and Yunjun yan

Cu and Cd induced C5rtotoxicity Involving Lipid Peroxidation and Sulfhydryl Com*ounds in the Hyperaocumulator and _{Nonaccumulator varieties of coumelina}

communis

. . . . .. , . . . ..33 I

HaiouWang

Synthesis and _{Properties of FegO+Nanoparticles by Co-precipitation Method to Removal procion Dye.,...336}

Poedji Loekiawati Hariani, _{Muhammad Faizal, Ridwan, Morsi, and Dedi Setiahdidaya}

Identification of Contamination Sources and TDS Coucentration in Groundwatet of Second Biggest Crty

of

pakistan.

...-...141

M. M- Akhtar and Zhongfun Thng

Numerical Modelling for

tre

Extnerne Flood Event in the Fitzroy _{Basrn, euee,nsland,} Australia. , . . , . . ., . . . . , .,.346

Md' Sharif Imam lbne

Amfi

Mohanmad Masud Kqrnal Khan Mohanmad

Golan

Rasul, Raj H- Sharma,

International Journal ofEnvironmentar science and Development, I/ol- 4, No. 3, June 20rS

Method on conversion of

Gasoline to

Biogas

Fueled.

Single Cylinder of Four stroke

Engine

of

Electric

Generator

Tiokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia, I Wayan Surata, I Ketut Adi Atrnika, Dewa Ngakan Ketut putra Negara,

and

Ari

Wardana

bsaact---The Gasoline fueled single cylinder generator ne are well established and available in the _{market with}

onable pricg in the other hand the biogas fueled engine for Fic gener&tor is not well established yet in the markel The ias energ:f is e""y to produce thercfore the price for the ;as is very much cheaper than the gasoline. The purpose of research _{is to lind conversion method from gasoline to}

gas ftrelled of

tte

siugle cylinder four stroke engtne of

tric

generator. _{For this} purpose the biogas should be

paded to the level of zero lmpurities of hydrogen sulfide E2S,

ier @2O) and reducing up to zero level of CO2 impurities. ! carburetor of the gasoline engine was replaced

ud

olly

rponent of

lte

mixer of the fuel ard air were used. The rke of the biogas fueled should be completed with valve that

r bc opened automatically by vacuum of tte _{suction stuoke of} engine and compression rafion of the engine should be

reased undl reach 9:1

of

compression ratio. With this rversion method the englne ofthe electric getrerator used for s research

is

run well and possible to reach maximum paclty that can be achieved by using gasoline previously.

Inda Terms-lonversion, gasoling biogas, slngle cylinder,

r stroke engine, elecfic generator.

I.

INrnonucrroN

The progress of utilization biogas as a fuel for elecbic

is found not as good

Ity in manufucturing

I become a problem nt yield in high price ofthe engine. Other problem is caused y the biogas qualities that vary among the region that make

I dilEcult _{to upgrade in to the standard state for fueled}

the

Among all impurities in the biogas, the CO2, tI2S and

rater should be eliminated _in order possible to be used as

irel of the engine. Some of the methods can be summarized u written bellow as a reference to be decided uthich method

rill

be adopted and developed.

Dot:

ro.zzogDrsD.2ol3.v4.358

_3oo

H2S is removed in the first stage of biogas purification.

Two techniques are applied that are _{removal of} I{zS during

digestion and removal of H2S after _{digestion [2].}

For the method ofremoval H2S during digestion, there are two types that are widely practiced narrrely by air-oxygen dosing to the biogas and addition of iron chloride into the

digester. Air-orygen dosing to the biogas system is based on the biological aerobic oxidation of IIzS to elemental sulfir by microorganisms _{[2]. Sulfide oxidizing microorganisms are}

autotrophic and use COz from the biogas to cover their

carbon need. For the method of addition of iron chloride into

the digester, the iron cbloride can be penetrated directly into

the digester or tfuough the influentmixing tank. tt reacts u,ith

the H2S thatpresent in the biogas to fomr particles of FeS _[2]. There are many methods of removal oftl2S after digestion,

adsorption using iron oxide

or

hydroxide

for

example. Hydrogen sulfide reacts easily with iron oxide

or

iron hydroxide and forms iron sulfide. The other technique is

absorption

with

liquids that can be either physical or

chemical. Chemical absorption involves dissolving the

component followed by a chernical reaction

of

the trace

comlronent and the solvent whereas physical absorption

involves dissolving the

face

component

in

the solven!

Physical absorption removes I{zS by absorption in water or

an organic solvent. The most corrtmon solvent

is

water scnrbbing, although the growths of microorganisms in the packing occur. Single pass absorption and regenerative

absorption are two t5pes of water absorption processes that cornmonly used

for

the

upgrading

of

biogas_ The disadvantage is a high coosurnption ofwater is needed, there

for regeneration process should be promoted _[2].

H2S can be separated from the gas by leading

fte

gas

through a semi penneable _{meryrbrane (membrane se.paration}

technique). H2S able pass tlrough the membrane but not ClIe.

The important compon€nt is a micro porous hydrophobic

membrane that able to separating fte gas from liquid phase. The molecules from the gas stueam, flowing in one direction,

difffuse tbrough the membrane and will be absorbed on the other side by the liquid, flowing in counter current. For this purpose NaOH can be used as the absorbent Hquid _t2l.

The method that is similar to the technique where air-O2

was added to the digestion is biological filter.

It

is use specific bacteria that are able to oxidize HzS. Before entering the filter

bd air

is added to the biogas. The H2S is absorbed

in the liquid phase, made up from gas oondensate and liquid

from effluent slurry separation. _{After absorption, I{2S} is

oxidized by the bacteria, growing on the filterbed_ The IIzS

lnlernational Jourildl of Enirounental Scietlce and Developmenl, fol. 4, .No. i, June 201i

l

l

liquid of tlre filter. Other benefit of Biological filtration is

applied

in

several installations

fbr

rernoving odors

it

is

cheaper than chemical clcarriug and possible

to

refilove

ammonia from the biogas. It is reporled also FI2S can also be removed by using activated carbon _[2].

As mentioned previously beside II3S, the CO2 gas should also eliminate for the purpose of upgrading biogas tbr fueled

Lhe spark ignition engine. Sevcral teclniques are introduced here that was obtained from literature sfudy iu order proper

decision could be obtaincd.

Physical and chentical CO2absorplion. The CO2 and CHa

are separated by using absorbent. Water can be used as

physical absorbent. CO2 is separated from the biogas by

reacting u,ith water at high pressure. Biogas is entered fi'om

the bottorn of vertical column. Water is fed at the top of the

column to achieve a gas-liquid counter flow [2],

Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)

or

vacuum swing

adsorption (VS"{). PSA and VSA use a coluuul filled with a

molecular sieve (silica gel, alumina- activated carbon or

zeolile), for adsorption of the gases CO2 and letting ClIa pass

through. The molecules are adsorbed loosely in tlre cavities

of the molecular sieve [2]

Membrane separation

is

based

on the

selectivc

permeability prcperty of membranes. Two basic systems

exisf gas-gas separationrtth a gas phase at both sides ofthe

membrane and gasJiquid absorption separation with a liquid

absorbing the diffused molecules. Multiple stages may be

required due to irnperfect separation that would increase the methane loss. This problem can be overcome by recirculation

Q).

Cryogenic sepa.ration. Since CI{4, COz

and

other

impurities

liquef

in different temperahrre or pressure, it is

possible to obtain methane by cooling and compressing the

biogas. The liquidCOa is also a solvent separating remaining

impurities from the _{Cas l2l.}

Biological methane erurichment- Specific methanogens using only CO2 ati a carbon source andH2 as an energy source.

The

selection between mesophilic

ard

thermophilic

operation temperatures is typically based on whether the

completion of reaction or the rale of reaotion is of primary

concern. Thermophilic methanogens

exhibit

rapid

methanogenesis,

while

mesophilic bacteria

give

more

complete conversion of the available CO2lzl.

Removal

of

C02 and HzS

tom

biogas

by

aqueous

solutions in a packed column can be done by using sodium

hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and

mono+thsnolamiae

(MEA)

as liquid

solvent. Liquid

solvents were circulated tbrough the column, coatacting the biogas in couutercument flow. Test results indicated similar

absorption patterns between the cheurical solvents used.

Chemical absorption by solvents in apacked column was an

effective tecbnique for removing CO2 over a short operation

time, but their absorptioa capability declined rapidly with time. Ca(OH)z aDpared. to become satuated more rapidly

than the other solvents[3].

Untreated or raw bioga.s is usually saturated with water and the absolute wat€r quantity depends on the temperature. The

lower the temperature, the lower the water content in the raw

biogas. The removal methods for water are genorally based

on physical scparation

of

condensed water

or

chemical

dryiltg _[2].

Physic,al drying metltod.s. The simplest way of removino

excess water vapor is through rcfiigeration.

to

achiev" towei dew points flre gas has to be compressed before cooling _and

then later expanded to the desired pressur-e. The lower t1..

deu,point, the higher presslue is needcd to be _{applied. T1.} condensed water droplets are entrapped and removed. |1a

physical drying methods prcvent wator contact tvitfi dor,r'nstreanr equiprnent like compressors, pipes, activated

carbon beds and other parts of thc process. In this u,ay,

corrosion is prevented _[2].

Chemical &ying metltods. Thesc techniques ale usrrally

applied at elevated pressures. At atmospheric pressure only a small amount of water is removed by the absorption aq{ adsorption tcchniques. Adsorption using alumina or zeolites

molecular sieves is the most corrlmon technique [2].

Beside ius difticulty for fueled the engine. biogas has

advantages as alternative energy since easy to produce er.en

from municipal waste _[a]. This make that the effort to use

biogas

to

fueled

the

engine should be promoted and

supported as what happened

in

thc developed counu-y.

Recendy the biogas

is

possible

to

use

for

driven air

conditioaing system _[5], and more even at the sub toopical

r€gion, the used ofbiogas was provotr well for combined heat

and powered (C[IP) for establishing electricity and heating

during winter

[6].

Further more The results show that

implementation of a biogas-based CHP plant result in an

electricity powerproduction, Reduced system costs provide a

profltability, CO2 emission reductions _[7].

The

benefrt of

biogas instead

for

providing eleckicity demand

is

also

possible for heat production reducing the odor, reducing

greenhouse efTect and more erren can producing fertilizer tbr

agriculture.

lt

was calculatcd that from about 7595

d/day

methane ga-s could be obtained about 77.4 MWh of electicity [8]. This conclusion can be use to ensure the effort of providirg electricity from biogas should be continued and encouraged

[8]-There is an improvement in trermal efEciency and power

ouQut of a biogas fuetled spark ignition engine with very

lean mixtures and a hydrogen concsrtration of 15% [9]. But

utilization and aprplication and implementation

offtis

idea is

far &om easy especially in the developing word particularly

in providing hydrogen for this

purpose-The engine fueled with mixture of biogas and city gas rr'as

"Leady developed [10] and reported runwell, brr the argine

perforrnance during using singte fueled biogas was not

reported yet in this reporl The used of city gas should be

questioned because will need more cost to providc csperially

forthe farm in rural area.

The purpose of this research is to develop method for

conversion fiom gasoline to biogas fueled small engine to run

the elechic generator to reach the performance of gasoline

fireled engine to gen€rate electricity u,hich is reliably to be

ir4plemented

in

the developing wodd-. The small fueled

gasoline engine was from the specification that easily to be

found and widely available in the market

of

developin$ country,

International Journal of Envirorunenlal Science and Detelopmenl, Yrtl. 4, No. 3, June 2013

[I.

EXPTXTUENTAL

'l'he selected engine for this pulpose was 4-stroke gasoline engine, air-cooled, and inclined single cylinder. The displacement is l96cc, the compression ration of the engine was increased from 8.5:1 to reach around 9:1. The ignition system was non contact transistor ignition (TCI).

The biogas obtained from digester was desulfurized by

using annealed and compacted steel waste chips from the

waste of turning process in. The detail of processing can be

access

in our

previous report [11]. The annealed and

compacted billet used for this research is presented in Fig. I, and detail schematic of conversion method from gasoline to biogas fueled electric generator engine can be seen in the Fig.

7

Fig. l. Anneafed and compacted billct ofsteel waste chips as desulfurizer

?6

Fig. 2. Schematic of conversion method ftom gasoline to biogas fueled

clecdric generator eugine. l. Digester, 2. Desulfurizer, 3. First bag ofgas holder, 4. l,ow pressure compressor, 5. CO: elimioation" 6. Second bag of

gas holder,7. Dehumidifrer, E- High pressure ofcompressor, 9. Biogas container, 10. vacuumpowered val;:,#,"JJ _-*", 12. Biogas and Air

To ensure that the biogas is free from H2S impurities, the

II2S contents

in

the biogas was checked before and after

passing the desulfurizer. [f the HzS still found in the biogas the addition ofbillet of annealed and compacted desulfurizer

should be done. The biogas with free impurities of IIzS was flowed to entering the first bag

of

gas holder. The low

pressure of compressor was used to pump the biogas from

the first bag of gas holder to entering the component of COz

removal which was contain with solution of lo%o NaOH in

water (H2O). The biogas was collected afterward

in

the second bag

of

gas holder and after that

it

was ready to entering the process of dehumidification to ensure that the

biooas free from water content. From this point the biogas was ready to be compressed in to the biogas container until

reach about

4

MPaxl0-t. The valve which

will

open by

vacuum mechanism of the intake manifold was installed to

arrange the flow of the biogas. With this valve the gas will

flow in to the intake of the manifold and

will

stop

if

the engine not running. The biogas then was continued to flow in

to the mixer part.

This mixer component is part

of

the carburetor in the

gasoline fueled engine but the carburetion cup was replaced and only mixer part was remain. Together with biogas, the air

was flowed in to the mixer, and directed in to the intake valve

of the combustion chambcr.

It

should be noted here that during starting the engine, the flow rate of the biogas was let

maximum and reduce the rate gradually until the engine start rururing, and the rate of air flow in to the mixer was adjusted

until the engine run stable.

III.

R-ESULTANDDISCUSSION

By using desulfurizer the biogas can be upgraded to zero content of H2S impurities that lead to avoid increasing acidity

tl

1l of

the

lubricant therefore

the

corrosion

in

the combustion chamber can

be

avoided. Previously the existence of HzS in the biogas was overcome by increasing frequency of engine oil change which is

will

increase the

operating cost [12]. Other urgent thing that makc H2S should

be eliminated due to H2S is a toxic gas _[2]. [n this report the used of annealed and compacted billet of steel waste chips

was found successful in elimination of HzS impurity. The

steel which is main content is iron (Fe) transformed to both

iron oxide (FezOr) and iron hydroxide (Fe2(OH)3) during

annealing process.

Iron

oxide and iron hydroxide was

recognized easy to react with H2S and form iron sulfide as

reaction in Equation 1 atd2 bellow [2]:

Fe2O3+3H2S-+Fe2S3+3H2O

(l)

2Fe(OH)3+3HzS+FezSr+6HzO

(2)

It

is should be noted that the reaction in Eq. 1 and 2 are

very sensitive to water _[2] therefore dryit g process of this

type of desulfirizer during maintenance is obligatory. The p(rcess of desulfurization in this research was conducted at early prbcess that is after the biogas come out from the digester The main reason

is to

protect the gas pumP, compressor and storage tank from corrosion since it is known

H2S is very corrosive to metal _[2] especially steel.

The elimination

of

the COz impurities by flowing the biogas in to the solution of l0o/o NaOH in water (tIzO) was

found easier that the method proposed by by Chien et al- [13]

and also Tippayawong and Thanompongchart,

[3].

By

reducing the water content in the biogas up to zero level

affect in easy starting of the

engine-The use of the bag gas holder of the biogas was useful

during compressing of the biogas in to the gas container

because this is make easy to be observed whether biogas

available or not during compression. The bag gas holder can be made from plastic bag and this is actually from the balloon

of tube tlpe of digester _[14]. Other t1rye of digester such as

fixed dome digester

[4]

was formd not suitable during

compression gas because we can not observe the availability

of the biogas. Mean while floating cover digester _[14] was

found increasing water content in the biogas during suction for the prupose of compressiou in to ttre biogas container.

The silica that was used for dehumidifrer in ttris research

International Journal ofEtnironmental Science and Developnlent, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2013

was found working well to eliminate the water content in the

biogas. This process was known as drying process by adsorption dryer

[2].

The silica grain provided

in

this

research was adsorbing the water and the grain joint together in the form ofsolid tubular. The solid silica can be crashed to become grain and heating for regeneration.

The compression ration in this research was increased step

by step from 8.5:l until yield condition in which the engine

was easy

to

start running and

run

stable. The final compression ration was

9:l

which reached minimum

compression ratio for the biogas fueled spark ignition engine

tlsl.

The conversion methods that is developed in this research

was successful to run the electric generator engine that previously fueled by gasoline to be converted by using biogas.

The engine run stable and can produce electricity. The maximum RPM (revolution per minutes) that can be obtained

by using biogas was found can reach the maximum RPM

obtained by using gasoline fuel which is around 3600 RPM.

IV.

Cottct usroN

The conversion from gasoline to biogas fueled engine can

be achieved by desulfurizing of the biogas at the firs step

continued

with

elimination

of

CO, inpurity and then

dehumidification and put the gas in to the bag of gas holder.

The biogas afterward should be compressed in to the gas container for easy mixing process with orygen from the air. The carburetion componentwas replaced and only mixerpart of the fuel is used and before entering the mixer, the valve controlled by vacuum

of

suction stroke

of

the piston is

installed to control the flow

of

the biogas during on-of

process ofthe engine. During starting process, the biogas is

let to flow in maximum flow rate and reduce the rate until

engine startrunning. The process is folloured by adjusting the air flow in to the mixer until the engine nrn stable.

AcKNowLEDGEIvtENT

The authors wish

to

thank the Minisry

of

National Education and Culture

of

The republic

of

Indonesia for

financial support under scheme of competitive research grant (skim penelitian hibah bersaing) for the year of2013 granted through Udayana University, Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia

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Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhla Was bom in Denpasar,

Bali, Indonesia ou Jaruary l6'n, 1972. Received

Doctor Degree in Mechanical Engioeering from Gadjah Mada University (UGM) YogyakartE, Indooesia on August 2003, with major field ofstudy

was Material Engineering.

He participated in various interuational research

collaboration such as with Muroran Institute of

Technolory Japan (20M), Toyohashi University of Technolory Japan

(2006), Leoben Mining University Austria (2008-2009), Technical University of Vienna Austria (2010) aod Recently with Institute Chemical

techrolory ofPrague Czech Republic (2012-now). His cunentjob is as Full gineering at Departueot of Mechanical

Udayana University, Jimbaran, Bali,

Indonesia IIis research interst covering subjects such as, biomaterial, waste

recyclq failure analyses, ceramic, metallutgy, compositg renewable eoergy, and environmcntal friendly runufactrring.

Prof Nindhia is a member of JICA Alumi, ASEA-LTNINET alumni, and

<[so member of association of Indonesian Nanotechnolory. Prof Nindhia

receivedbest rcsearcher award in 1997 from Udayua University the place

where he is wo*ing aod again in 2012 received both 3o1tssearch6 as.ard

from Engineering Faculty of Udayana University and fiom Udayana

Uliversity.

I Weyan Surrt! was bom in Nusa fenida, Bali Indonesia on July 5, 1958. Received Doctor Degree in tte field of Ergonomic from Udayana Univesity itr 20 I I . His research inrerest very nuch rclatcd in process of rnaoufacure. His Currqt job is researcher and lectucr at Departuent of Mcchaoical Eagineering; Engineering Facult5r, Udayana University, Jimbaran, Bali,

Indonesia

I Ketut Adi Atnlka was bom in Negara" Bali, Indonesia on May t8, I 969.

Received Master degree in mechanical engineering From Iostiote

Technotory ofSepuluh November. Surabay4 Indonesia- His Currentjob is

researcher and lectrer at Departmeot of Mechznical Engineering,

Engineering Faoulty, Udayana Univetsity, Jimbaran, Bali Indonesia

Dena Ngakan Ketut Putrr Ncgara was bom in Payanga4 Bali. Indooesia onJune 13, 19?1. Received M.Sc fromUniversity of Bradfon( uK in 2001

in Manufacnriog Systems Engineering and Managerrent. His Curreot job

is resealcher and lcctrrer at Department of Mechaaical rngineerin&

Engineering Faculty, Udayana Univesity, Jimbamo, Bali,

Indonesia-AdWerdana was born in Kupang,Indonesia onNovember I, 1985. Heis in the final stage io finishing his undergraduarc course at Departnent of

Mechaoical Engh€ering, Engineering Fsculty, Udayana University,

Jimbaran" Bali, Indonesia