SEJARAH FILSAFAT
Trias Mahmudiono, S.KM, MPH
Departemen Gizi Kesehatan
Sejarah Ilmu Pengetahuan
Sejarah Ilmu Pengetahuan
• Pemikiran filsafat banyak dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan
• Pd dasarnya filsafat (Barat, India, Cina) muncul → sifat yg religius • Di Yunani (mitos), India (Weda,
Hindu), Cina (confusius) • Barat: mitos → diganti rasio • India: tidak pernah lepas
induknya → Agama Hindu
• Pembagian periodisasi filsafat Barat → zaman (Kuno, Abad Pertengahan, Modern, Kini) • Pembagian periodisasi filsafat
Cina → zaman (Kuno,
Pembaruan, Neo-Konfusionisme, Modern)
• Pembagian periodisasi filsafat India → periode (Weda,
Wiracarita, Sutra-Sutra, Skolastik)
Historisitas
• Sejarah filsafat barat dibagi menjadi tiga,
yaitu zaman Yunani Kuno dengan ciri
pemikirannya bersifat kosmosentris
• Zaman Pertengahan dengan ciri
pemikirannya yang bercorak teosentris
• Zaman Modern dengan ciri pemikirannya
yang bercorak antroposentris
YUNANI
KUNO
MITOS ... - 6SM
FILSAFAT
FILSAFAT
Phylo = menyenangi
Sophia = bijaksana
Apakah ARCHE dari segala sesuatu yang ada ?
Thales (624 - 548 SM)
Anaximander (610 - 518 SM)
Anaximanes (590 - 518 SM)
Phytagoras (580 - 500 SM)
Demokritos (460 - 370 SM) AIR
APEIRON
UDARA
BILANGAN
SOCRATES (469 - 399SM)
PLATO (427 - 347 SM)
ARISTOTELES (384 - 322 SM)
Dialektika Rasionalisme
Metafisika Logika Biologi
• Abad 6 SM – 0 M
– Periode Filsafat Yunani – Ahli filsafatnya Thales – Menggunakan pola
deduktif
– Kemunculan ilmu sangat berkembang
• Abad 0 – 6 M
– Periode Kelahiran Nabi Isa
– Pertentangan Gereja – Filsafat mengalami
kemunduran
ABAD PERTENGAHAN
ANCILLA THEOLOGIAE
ABAD KEGELAPAN
RENAISSANCE
AUFKLARUNG
(PENCERAHAN)
14 - 15 MASEHI
18 MASEHI PERMULAAN ABAD MODERN
AGAMA DAN FILSAFAT MULAI DI PISAHKAN
AGAMA DI DASARI KEYAKINAN (KEIMANAN)
FILSAFAT DI DASARI OLEH OLAH PIKIR (SEKULARISASI) RASIONALISME
EMPIRISME KRITISISME IDEALISME POSITIVISME
perkembangan
• Abad 6 M ditandai dengan runtuhnya mitologi dan dongeng-dongeng.
• Abad 6-16 M ditandai dengan kuatnya doktrin teologis atau anciella theologia. Filsafat
digunakan untuk memperkuat keyakinan agama. • Abad 16 zaman modern yang ditandai dengan
renaissans merebaknya ilmu pengetahuan.
Mythology
Aim of early Greek philosophers is to find
Natural Philosophers
Nature of the physical world
Science
Thales – 625BC – 545BC – Greek colony in Asia Minor – first know philosopher – everything from water – single basic substance
Anaximander – 610-546 BC – all created things are limited – that which comes before and after must be “boundless” - basic stuff could not be as ordinary as water
Democritus
460-370 BC
“everything was built up of tiny invisible blocks” (p. 43)
Each block was eternal and immutable
firm and solid
not all the same – different shapes and sizes
unlimited number
How accurate is Democritus
theory to what we know today?
Atoms theory still exists
Athens – circa 450 BC
“Cultural center of the Greek world.” (p. 61)
Focus changed from natural philosophy to “the individual and the individual’s place in society.” (p. 62)
Democracy evolved
Art of rhetoric – “saying things in a
Prominent Philosophers
• Sophist – “a wise and informed person” (p. 62) – “ man and his place in society” (p. 62)”
• “No absolute norms for what was right or wrong.” (p. 63)
Socrates
470-399 BC
there are norms
wrote nothing down
greatest influence on western thinking
taught in the city squares
known to us through Plato’s writings
we must use our reason to grasp
“philosophical truths” p. 65
Socrates
Plato
428-347 BC
Pupil of Socrates
theory of ideas
Myth of the cave – denies the reality of the natural world
We must become
Myth of the Cave
From The Republic
What we take in with our senses is not real, but rather a poor copy of it – we see only shadows – imprisoned by our senses – the shadows are less real than the actual
Should take in the world intellectually
Aristotle
384-322 BC
student of Plato
Elemental theory – fire, water, wind, earth Rejected Plato's “world of ideas”
Senses are important
Medieval/Baroque
Machiavelli – 1469-1527 – control populace –
politics, government - two books, The Prince is still used today in politics (Stalin really liked The Prince)
Spinoza – 1632-1677 - in God (one
substance) tolerance and free thought – “Rationalist Mystic”
Hobbes – 1588-1679 – materialist – natural
world – political thinking - The Leviathan – “The value or worth of a man is, as of all things, his price.”
THOMAS HOBBES
1588-1679
• “Alam semesta, segala yang ada, bersifat
korporeal, atau badani, yang memiliki dimensi besaran panjang, lebar, dan kedalaman”
• Yang ada hanyalah materi,
• Setiap benda bergerak, termasuk manusia, adalah mesin
• Proses mental merupakan gerakan materi yang ada dalam kepala manusia.
Locke – 1632-1704 – father of empiricism
and liberalism, education. “All mankind is good and ought not to harm one another.” “No man’s knowledge here can go beyond his experiences.”
Hume – 1711-1776 – nothing is certain
(complexity), empiricist, take actions because of morals
Leibniz – 1646 – 1716 – rationalist –
Existentialism/Modernism
Kierkegaard – 1813-1855 – father of existentialism -
individual finds own identity a problem – mystery of own existence
deBeauvoir - 1908-1986 – French existentialist –
Sartre - feminism
Sartre – 1905-1980 – fate doesn't exist – man is
what he conceives himself to be “Hell is other people.”
Descartes – 1596-1650 – father of modern
philosophy – method of doubt - “Cogito ergo sum - I
think therefore I am.”
Camus– 1913-1960 – French writer – absurd that
humans demand significance in an indifferent
Senses or Reason
Empiricists – believe that we learn through
our senses; we learn based on observation, experience ; we are born with a clean slate (tabula rasa)
Rationalists – believe one has to have an
understanding of one’s self to learn “Know thyself”; senses offer a limited world; rely on “truths,” logic and intuition
Kant synthesized the two – need reason and