CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL REVIEW
This chapter presents the theoretical review. Theoretical review presents some theories that become the foundation of the study. Relevant studies presents some relevant research which is also related to the study. Conceptual framework presents the relation of the theories and the study.
A. Writing
1. Definition of Writing
Writing as a process of expressing ideas or thoughts in words should be done at our leisure. Writing can be very enjoyable as long as we have the ideas and the means to achieve it. Writing is obviously complex process that allows writers to explore thought, ideas, and make them visible and concrete.
physical act because writing is an act of committing ideas into somemedium. On the other hand, as mental act writing is a mental act of inventing.
2. Types of writing
Writing processes always related with texts as the products. Feez, (2002: 4) states that creating texts requires making choices about the words that are used and how it can be put together. She also stated that there are various kinds of texts called text type. According to Feez (2002: 85-86), the families of text types are:
1) Information Texts
a) Descriptive A type of expository writing that uses the five senses to paint a picture for the reader. This writing incorporates imagery and specific details.
b) Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis.
2) Story Texts
c) Narrative is which the author tells a story. The story could be fact or fiction.
d) Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past.
3) Persuasive Texts
b) Exposition is a piece of text that presents one side of an issue But in writing there are spesific divided into 3 more, namely scientific papers, non-scientific papers, and popular papers.
1. Scientific papers
Scientific writing is an essay or writings obtained in accordance with the nature of science and is based on the results of observation, review, research in a particular field, arranged according to certain methods with the systematics of writing the language laid and its contents can be justified truth / scholarship. These are the exmple of scientific papers, including:
a) The research report is a report written based on research. For example, research reports funded by the Faculties and Universities, archaeological excavation reports financed by the Department of Culture, etc.
b) Thesis is a scientific paper to get an academic degree bachelor degree (S1/S2).
c) Paper, Papers are scientific works whose speakers are based on empirical-objective field data. They are usually structured to fulfill course assignments.
2. Non Scientific Writing
Non-scientific papers are essays that present personal facts about knowledge and experience in everyday life, are subjective, not supported by general facts, and usually use popular or commonly used (not too formal) style of language.
Here are all sorts of non-scientific papers:
a) Tales is a story that is lifted from fictitious thinking and true story, into a life journey with a moral message that contains the meaning of life and how to interact with other creatures.
b) Short Story is a form of fictitious narrative prose. Short stories tend to be solid and direct to the goal compared to longer works of fiction, such as novella (in the modern sense) and novel.
c) Novel is a work of prose fiction written narratively; Usually in story form.
d) Drama is a form of literary work that has a part to be played by an actor.
e) Roman is a kind of literary work in the form of prose or gharan whose contents describe the actions of the perpetrators according to the nature and content of each soul.
3. Popular Scientific Writing
a) Articles are complete factual articles of a certain length made for publication (through newspapers, magazines, newsletters, etc.) and aim to convey ideas and facts that can be convincing, educational, and entertaining.
b) Review
The reviewer is an article or review of the value of a work, be it books, novels, magazines, comics, movies, tapes, CDs, VCDs, and DVDs.
c) Synopsisis an overview of essays usually published together with the original essay on which the synopsis is based; summary; abstraction.
In this thesis the writer will use artices in test, because articel is usually use in university actually in subject writing and reading, in other reasons are articel is very popular, with it we can get new informations.
B. The Nature of the Summary
1. Definition of Summary
Corbeil (2000) cited as Phanlapa Khathayut, Premin Karavi pointed out that the summarization process in second language becomes a valuable assessment tool to conduct students‟ progress towards the
acquisition of second language reading comprehension skills. Also, cultivating students‟ writing skill through reading is important (LIU,
Brown, Day and Jones cited in Moghaddam, 2007 declared that summarization involves additional and deliberate processing strategies than what are required in comprehension. Palmer (2003) stated that summarizing is based on a learning process, and the perfect comprehension of a text will be a necessary step in order to teach students to condense information in a new piece of discourse.
2. Aspects in Writing Summary
There are five aspects in scoring writing summary, those are: a. Content
When we write a text we must think about its content. Content of text must be appropiate with the purpose of the text and it must be relevant with the problem.
b. Grammar
Grammar has important rule when we create a text. A test will be easy to understand if it is good grammar. Good grammar means the constraction of sentence must be effective.
c. Form/ Content Organization
Every text has different organization. We can write composition of the text well, if our writing covers the organization of idea.
d. Style
e. Mechanic
When we create a text, we must be aware about spelling and punctuation because if we write a word with wrong spelling, it can make mistake to the person who read our writing.
3. The Evaluation of Summary Test
Evaluate a writing test is not easy. It is very subjective to give mark of writing result. To evaluator this case the writer should choose a good model of evaluation technique to minimize the subjectively. Nurgiyantoro (2002:310) adduces this model, and those are:
Table 2.1
No Evaluation Criteria Score
1 Content 30
2 Grammar 25
3 Form/ content organization 20
4 Style 20
5 Mechanics 5
