Dewan Redaksi. Pelindung: Rektor Universitas Syiah Kuala. Pengarah: Ketua Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC) - Unsyiah

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I

Dewan Redaksi

Pelindung:

Rektor Universitas Syiah Kuala Pengarah:

Ketua Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC) - Unsyiah Wakil Pengarah:

Wakil Ketua Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC) – Unsyiah Ketua Pelaksana:

Intan Dewi Kumala

Penyunting Ahli (Penelaah Mitra Bestari): Khairul Munadi Ella Meilianda Sekretariat: Ikramullah Zein Razali Amna Desain Cover: Mahruza Fachrurrazy

Alamat Redaksi dan Tata Usaha:

Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC) – Unsyiah Jl. Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Hasan, Gampong Pie, Kec. Meuraxa, Banda Aceh, 23233

Telp: 0651 – 8052009 Email: office@tdmrc.org

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II

Kata Pengantar

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim

Puji syukur kita sampaikan ke hadirat Allah Swt, dengan berharap berkah dan rahmat-Nya Prosiding Simposium Nasional Mitigasi Bencana Tsunami Tahun 2015 dapat diterbitkan. Prosiding ini merupakan dokumentasi karya ilmiah para Peneliti Nasional dari berbagai disiplin ilmu yang berkaitan dengan mitigasi bencana tsunami.

Simposium Nasional Mitigasi Bencana Tsunami 2015 diselenggarakan dalam rangka memperingati 11 tahun peristiwa Tsunami Aceh, dan merupakan simposium yang pertama kali dilakukan untuk mitigasi bencana tsunami yang bertujuan untuk meneruskan dan melestarikan ilmu pengetahuan yang berkaitan dengan mitigasi bencana tsunami sehingga dapat menjadi sumber pengetahuan maupun pembelajaran bagi masyarakat secara luas serta bagi para pemangku kepentingan terkait dengan mitigasi bencana, khususnya mitigasi bencana Tsunami.

Simposium Nasional Mitigasi Bencana Tsunami 2015 melalui tema Mitigasi Bencana Tsunami melalui Penataan Ruang dan Morfologi Kawasan Pantai dilaksanakan di Banda Aceh pada tanggal 21 – 22 Desember 2015, dengan dukungan TDMRC- Unsyiah dan USAID PEER Cycle-3.

Prosiding ini memuat karya ilmiah yang telah dipresentasikan oleh para peneliti nasional dengan tema terkait mitigasi bencana tsunami berjumlah 30 karya ilmiah.

Semoga penerbitan Prosiding ini dapat bermanfaat sebagai bahan acuan maupun sebagai sumber data sekunder bagi pengembangan penelitian di masa yang akan datang. Akhir kata kepada semua pihak yang terlibat dan telah membantu dalam penyelenggaraan simposium serta penerbitan prosiding ini, kami ucapkan terima kasih.

Banda Aceh, 22 Desember 2015

Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center- Univeritas Syiah Kuala,

Intan Dewi Kumala Ketua

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III

Daftar Isi

Dewan Redaksi ……….

_I

Kata Pengantar ………..

_II

Daftar isi ……….

_III

Susunan Acara ………

_V

TS. 1 Kesiapsiagaan Tsunami

TS. 1-1 Analisis Rute Evakuasi Tsunami di Pelabuhan Perikanan Teluk

Bungus ……… 1

TS. 1-2 Rencana Aksi Mitigasi Bencana Tsunami melalui Pendekatan

Tipologi Pesisir dan Pemukiman, Kasus: Pesisir Jayapura ……. 14 TS. 1.3 Kajian Peningkatan Risiko Bencana Tsunami dan Banjir Pantai

Selatan Kulon Progo. Studi Kasus pada Rencana Tapak

Pembangunan Bandara Kulon Progo ……….. 24

PS. 1 Kajian Penataan Ruang Kawasan Pesisir dan Permodelan

Tsunami

PS. 1-1 Interaksi Hukum Negara dan Hukum Adat dalam Penglolaan Wilayah Pesisir Terkait Mitigasi Bencana di Kabupaten Aceh Besar ………... 30 PS. 1-2 Penentuan Tempat Evakuasi Sementara (TES), Berdasarkan

Kapasitasnya di Kota Pariaman dengan Analisis Sistem Informasi

Geografis (SIG) ……… 40

PS. 1-3 Simulasi Numerik Dampak Tsunami 2004 Terhadap Morfologi

Pantai di Kawasan Peukan Bada, Aceh Besar ………. 54 PS. 1-4 Studi Ketahanan Sektor Sarana, Prasarana dan Utilitas Kota Banda

Aceh dalam Rencana Tata Ruang Guna Menghadapi Bencana

Tsunami ………... 66

TS. 2 Kajian Permodelan Tsunami

TS. 2-1 Simulation of an Evacuation into an Escape Building During a

Tsunami Event ……… ₇₈

TS. 2-2 Jejak Rekam Spasial Proses Pemulihan Kawasan Pantai Setelah

Tsunami 2004 di Kawasan Lhoong, Aceh Besar ………... 86 TS. 2-3 Tsunami Simulation at Seismic Gap Region along Aceh Faults (Great

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IV

PS.2 Kajian Kesiapsiagaan Tsunami

PS. 2-1 Perencanaan Jalur Evakuasi Tsunami pada Kecamatan Kuta Raja

Kota Banda Aceh ………. 104

PS. 2-2 Kajian Pemetaan Risiko dan Evakuasi Tsunami di Desa Hutumuri

Kecamatan Leitimur Selatan, Kota Ambon ……… 114 PS. 2-3 Upaya Pencegahan Penyakit Menular pada Bencana Tsunami ……. 126 PS. 2-4 Persepsi Masyarakat terhadap Pemberdayaan dan Kepercayaan pada

Kredibilitas Lembaga dalam Rangka Kesiapsiagaan Tsunami ……. 134 PS. 2-5 The 11 Years Assessment on School Safety and Disaster Education at

the Public Elementary Schools in Banda Aceh after the 2004 Aceh

Tsunami: reliminary Findings ………. 146 PS. 2-6 Penguatan Kapasitas Kelembagaan ekolah dalam Upaya

Meningkatkan Ketahanan Masyarakat terhadap Bencana …………. 155

SP. 1

SP. 1-1 Holistic Evacuation Planning for the Improvement of Spatial Plan –

A Case Study of Meuraksa Sub-District ……….. 165

TS. 3 Kajian Dampak dan Kesiapsiagaan Tsunami

TS. 3-1 A Comparative Study of Tsunami Catalog from NGDC NOAA and Novosibirsk Tsunami Laboratory (NTL) and Its Implication for

Tsunami Research and Information in Indonesia Region ………….. 179 TS. 3-2 Kajian Dampak Tsunami terhadap Perkembangan Tataruang di Aceh

sebelum dan sesudah Tsunami tahun 2004 ………. 192

SP. 2

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V

Susunan Acara

Senin, 21 Desember 2015

Waktu Jadwal

07:30 - 08:30 Pendaftaran Peserta

ACARA PEMBUKAAN SEMINAR NASIONAL

08:30 - 08:35 Pembukaan Acara

08:35 - 08:40 Pembacaan Ayat Suci Al-Qur'an

08:40 - 08:48 Laporan Ketua TDMRC Universitas Syiah Kuala - Dr. Khairul Munadi 08:48 - 08:56 Sambutan Perwakilan USAID - Dr. Clara Davis

08:56 - 09:04 Pembukaan oleh Rektor Universitas Syiah Kuala - Prof. Dr. Ir. Samsul Rizal _M.Eng

09:04 - 09:09 Pembacaan Do'a

09:09-09:13 Penutup

KEYNOTE SPEECH

Moderator: Dr. Syamsidik

09:40 - 10:10 Keynote Speaker 1: Prof. Philip F. Liu 10:10 - 10:40 Keynote Speaker 2: Dr. Hamzah Latief

10:40 - 10:45 Penyerahan Plakat

10:45 - 11:00 Rehat

Technical Session I "Kesiapsiagaan Tsunami"

Moderator: Dr. Ella Meilianda

11:00 - 11:15 Analisis Rute Evakuasi Tsunami Di Pelabuhan Perikanan Teluk Bungus - _{Semeidi Husrin} 11:15 - 11:30 Rencana Aksi Mitigasi Bencana Tsunami Melalui Pendekatan Tipologi Pesisir _{dan Pemukiman, Kasus: Pesisir Jayapura - M.N. Malawani} 11:30 - 11:45 Kajian Peningkatan Risiko Bencana Tsunami dan Banjir Pantai Selatan Kulon

Progo - Eko Teguh Paripurno

11:45 - 12:00 Studi Parameter Mekanisme Gempa Bumi & Tsunami - Widjo Kongko Sesi Penyampaian Resume Poster "Kajian Penataan Ruang Kawasan Pesisir

dan Permodelan Tsunami"

12:00 - 12:03

Penataan Ruang Pesisir Berbasis Kearifan Lokal (Studi Interaksi Hukum Negara dan Hukum Adat dalam Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir terkait Mitigasi Bencana di

Kabupaten Aceh Besar) - Sulaiman 12:03 - 12:06

Penentuan Tempat Evakuasi Sementara (TES), Berdasarkan Kapasitasnya Di Kota Pariaman Dengan Analisis Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) - Dini

Purbani 12:06 - 12:09

Tsunami Modelling of The Halmahera November 15, 2014 Tsunami Using WinITDB and Modified Earthquake Source Parameter - Dimas Salomo J.

Sianipar

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VI 12:12 - 12:15 Studi Ketahanan Sektor Sarana, Prasarana dan Utilitas Kota Banda Aceh Dalam _{Rencana Tata Ruang Guna menghadapi Bencana Tsunami – Dr. Ir. Isya, MT} 12:15 - 14:00 Rehat, Shalat dan Makan Siang

Technical Session II "Kajian Permodelan Tsunami"

14:00 - 14:15 Simulation of an Evacuation into an Escape Buildings during a Tsunami Event -

Radianta Triatmadja

14:15 - 14:30 Jejak Rekam Spasial Proses Pemulihan Kawasan Pantai setelah Tsunami 2004 di _{Kawasan Lhoong, Aceh Besar - Musa Al'ala} 14:30 - 14:45 Tsunami Simulation at Seismic Gap Region along Aceh Faults (Great Sumatra _{Fault) by Using COMCOT Model - Ilham Fajri}

Sesi Penyampaian Resume Poster "Kajian Kesiapsiagaan Tsunami"

14:45 - 14:48 Perencanaan Jalur Evakuasi Tsunami Pada Kecamatan Kuta Raja Kota Banda _{Aceh - Cut Mutiawati} 14:48- 14:51 Kajian Pemetaan Risiko Dan Evakuasi Tsunami Di Desa Hutumuri Kecamatan _{Leitimur Selatan, Kota Ambon - Ferad Putuhuru} 14:51 - 14:54 Upaya Pencegahan Penyakit Menular pada Bencana Tsunami - Mudatsir 14:54 - 14:57 _{Kredibilitas Lembada Dalam Rangka Kesiapsiagaan Tsunami - Any Nurhayati}Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Pemberdayaan Dan Kepercayaan Pada 14:57 - 15:00 Assessing Sustainable School Preparedness in Banda Aceh City - Aiko Sakurai

15:00 - 15:03 Duka Cita Pasca 10 Tahun Bencana Tsunami; Sebuah Studi Deskriptif Pada _{Penziarah Kuburan Massal - Arum Sulistyani} 15:03 - 15:06 Penguatan Kapasitas Kelembagaan Sekolah dalam Upaya Meningkatkan _{Ketahanan Masyarakat Terhadap Bencana - Rina Suryani Oktari}

15:06 - 15:46

Sesi Panel I

Moderator: Dr. Ella Meilianda

Pengetahuan yang Menyelamatkan - Dr. Khairul Munadi

Holistic Evacuation Planning for The Improvement of Spatial Plan; A Case Study of Meuraxa Sub-distric - Dr. Ir. Harkunti P. Rahayu

15:46 - 16:15 Sesi Poster

16:15 - 16:30 Rehat dan Shalat

16:30 - 17:00 Sosialisasi Hibah Penelitian Dari USAID - Dr. Clara Davis dan Jalu Cahyanto

Selasa, 22 Desember 2015

Waktu Jadwal

Technical Session III "Kajian Dampak dan Kesiapsiagaan Tsunami" Moderator: Dr. Nazli Ismail

09:00 - 09:15 A Comparative Study of Tsunami Catalog from NGDC NOAA and Novosibirsk Tsunami Laboratory (NTL) and Its Implication for Tsunami Research and Information in Indonesian Region - Dimas Salomo J. Sianipar

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VII 09:30 - 09:45 Kajian Dampak Tsunami terhadap Perkembangan Tataruang di Aceh sebelum _{dan sesudah Tsunami tahun 2004 – Syamsidik} 09:45 - 10:00 Penguatan Kapasitas Pemerintah Daerah dalam Mata Rantai Peringatan Dini _{Tsunami di Indonesia – Bustamam}

10:00 - 10:30 Rehat

10:00 - 12:00

Sesi Panel II

Pengelolaan Khazanah Tsunami Aceh Untuk Pengembangan Pengetahuan Kebencanaan dan Pariwisata - Dinas Pariwisata Aceh: Rahmadhani, M.Bus Pelestarian Tsunami Heritage Aceh Untuk Pengembangan Laboratorium Alam

dan Pariwisata – Dr. Nazli Ismail

Mitigasi Bencana Tsunami dalam Perspektif Islam - Ustadz. Mizaj Iskandar. Lc 12:00 - 14:00 Rehat, Shalat dan Makan Siang

14:00 - 15:00 Pembahasan Draft Policy Brief

15:00 - 16:00 Penutupan

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Prosiding SIMPOSIUM NASIONAL MITIGASI BENCANA TSUNAMI 2015

TDMRC Universitas Syiah Kuala didukung oleh USAID (PEER Cycle 3) No.ISSN: 2477-6440 Banda Aceh, 21 – 22 Desember 2015

146 Tema: Mitigasi Bencana Tsunami melalui Penataan Ruang dan Morfologi Kawasan Pantai

The 11

th

Years Assessment on School Safety and Disaster

Education at the Public Elementary Schools in Banda Aceh

after the 2004 Aceh Tsunami: Preliminary Findings

Aiko Sakurai1, Mizan Bustanul Fuady Bisri2, Rina Suryani Oktari3,

Takashi Oda4

1 _{Associate Professor, International Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University} 468-1-S304 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845 Japan/ aikosak@gmail.com 2_{Ph.D. candidate, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University,}

2-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan / mizanbfbisri@stu.kobe-u.ac.jp 3_{Lecturer and researcher, Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC) and}

Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, 4_{Assistant Professor, Miyagi University of Education}

149 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845 Japan/ oda.tak@staff.miyakyo-u.ac.jp

Abstrak

Studi ini bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi pendidikan bencana dan sekolah aman bencana di Sekolah Dasar (SD) negeri yang ada di Banda Aceh, serta mengidentifikasi strategi keberlanjutan yang dapat dilakukan sekolah. Studi ini dilakukan dalam rangka menelusuri sejauh mana pengalaman Tsunami Aceh 2004 diintegrasikan ke dalam implementasi sekolah aman bencana. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam studi ini diantaranya 1) pemetaan SD negeri yang ada di Kota Banda Aceh, 2) survey kepada siswa (kelas 4, 5, dan 6), 3) wawancara mendalam dengan kepala sekolah, guru dan dinas pendidikan, dan 4) observasi sekolah. Berdasarkan hasil studi terlihat perbedaan yang jelas antara Sekolah Siaga Bencana (SSB) dan yang bukan SSB dalam hal fasilitas keselamatan bencana (misalnya peta dan rute evakuasi) dan juga pengalaman memperoleh pendidikan kebencanaan. Namun, banyak dari sekolah SSB tersebut tidak melanjutkan kegiatan pengurangan risiko bencana (PRB), meskipun beberapa gurunya telah memahami bagaimana harus melakukannya (know how) . Hal ini dikarenakan anggapan butuh dana yang besar (costly) serta rasa ketergantungan kepada bantuan pihak lain (sense of dependency). Secara umum, sekolah dan kepala sekolah tidak menyadari bahwa menjamin keberlangsungan pendidikan kebencanaan merupakan tanggung jawab mereka. Namun, terdapat peluang untuk memastikan pelaksanaannya setiap tahun dengan memasukkannya ke dalam Rencana Kerja Sekolah (RKS) yang bersifat tahunan, bekerjasama dengan Komite Sekolah, dan dorongan/ instruksi secara legal dari dinas pendidikan. Siswa-siswa SD merupakan generasi pasca bencana. Mereka tidak mengalami tsunami, untuk itu pendidikan bencana maupun kegiatan memperingati tsunami merupakan hal yang sangat penting.

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Abstract

The purpose of the study is to assess the depth of disaster education and school safety at public elementary schools in Banda Aceh City, and to examine ways for a sustainable approach for the schools to continue by themselves. The study aims at finding out the situation as to what extent the experience of the 2004 Tsunami is being integrated into school safety against tsunami disaster at all public schools. Methodologies taken for the study are 1) city-wide public elementary school mapping, 2) student survey (Grade 4, 5, and 6), 3) in-depth interviews with headmasters, teachers, and education agencies, and 4) school observation. A major finding from the study is the clear differences between SSB (Sekolah Siaga Bencana) and Non-SSB schools in terms of availability of disaster safety facilities (e.g. existence of evacuation map and route) and experience of receiving disaster education activities. However, many SSB schools did not continue the DRR activities by themselves although some of the teachers have the “know-how,” due to the image of “costly” activities and “sense of dependency” on external actors. In general, schools and headmasters were not aware that ensuring the continuation of disaster education is their responsibility; but perceive an opportunity to ensure its implementation on an annual basis through inclusion in the School Annual Plan, communication with School Committee, and legal endorsement/instruction from educational authority. Children at elementary schools are the post-disaster generation. They do not have disaster experience, thus both disaster education and local disaster memorialization are important.

Keywords: school safety, sustainability, the 2004 Aceh Tsunami, and primary

schools

1. Introduction

The education sector in Aceh has heavily damaged by the 2004 Aceh Tsunami. 45,000 students and 1,870 teachers were lost, 100,000 children were in need of temporary schooling, 4,800 teachers were among the IDPs (internally displaced persons), and 2,065 education facilities were damaged including preschools, primary and secondary schools and higher education in Aceh (BAPPENAS 2006). During the post-tsunami disaster recovery, massive assistance has been poured into enhancing disaster risk reduction capacity in Aceh. Over 30 organizations supported enhancing capacity on disaster risk reduction, including institutional strengthening of disaster management agencies, community-based DRR activities, infrastructure and structural mitigation, research and education, and DRR integration in other programs, which led Aceh to become a pioneer in Indonesia on school disaster preparedness.

In 2009, a pilot project of the integration of disaster education into school’s curricula called School-based Disaster Preparedness (SDP) was introduced to five schools located in the tsunami-prone areas. The SDP focused on developing the structure, infrastructure and school systems for dealing with disaster preparation. Since 2011, the Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC) of Syiah Kuala University started to replicate the SDP model in Aceh. Instead of applying

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curriculum-Prosiding SIMPOSIUM NASIONAL MITIGASI BENCANA TSUNAMI 2015

based disaster education, disaster knowledge was directly introduced to the school community through extracurricular activities. The provincial educational agency then started to introduce the SDP program to schools outside Banda Aceh in 2013. Although still limited, there are currently more than 88 schools in disaster-prone areas that have been exposed to the SDP program (Figure 1). In addition to a formal school-based approach, there were also attempts to educate society through religious and cultural approaches by introducing DRR perspectives to their religious/community leaders (Rizal, et al 2015).

Having received such intensive external support, school disaster preparedness has been mainstreamed in the education sector of Aceh. In 2012, Governor Order No.2/INSTR/2012 established a legal framework on mainstreaming disaster risk reduction activities in the education sector of Aceh, which made school disaster preparedness institutionalized into the education sector.

The 10th Year Recovery Assessment conducted by TDMRC in 2014 evaluated that the current school-aged population in Aceh has better access to quality education services than in the pre-tsunami period. The overall educational facilities in disaster-prone area have been improved. The educational curriculum relevant to the local needs became available. Human resource capacities were raised through scholarship programs at home and abroad. Disaster risk reduction contents have been integrated into school curriculum, and school-based disaster preparedness programs have been implemented (TDMRC, 2014).

On the other hand, an evaluation report of the Disaster Risk Reduction Project for Aceh (DRR-A) pointed out that firstly, development and dissemination of disaster education curriculum should not be driven by external agencies, but be led by the government. Secondly, disaster education should be taught not only by textbooks but also through practical and experiential learning activities, and knowledge acquired should be applied to the actual environment of daily life. Lastly, in Aceh, scientific information should be carefully designed to be delivered in the religious Islam of the Aceheneese based on the value of Islam (UNDP, 2011). Sakurai also pointed out that disaster risk reduction efforts at the schools in Aceh had not yet reached a the sustainable level in which they are led by the Aceh people and for the Aceh people (Sakurai, 2015). 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 PilotProject: 5Schools TDMRCUnsyiah, LIPI,Unesco 7Schools TDMRC,LIPI TDMRC,UNDP TDMRC,ACT, PMI TDMRC,Bank Indonesia

DinasPendidikanAceh

TDMRC,ACT

TDMRC,ACT 21Schools

15Schools

20Schools 20Schools

Figure 1: Expansion of School Disaster Preparedness Program in Aceh (Source: TDMRC Unsyiah., 2014a)

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The purpose of the study is to do an in-depth assessment of school disaster preparedness at public elementary schools in Banda Aceh City, and examine ways for a sustainable approach for the schools to continue by themselves. The study also aims to finding out the situation as to what extent experience of the 2004 Tsunami is being integrated into school safety against tsunami disaster at all public schools.

2. Method

The study was conducted over two years from 2014 to 2015 while the first and second authors visited Aceh in October 2014 and September 2015. It took three steps to assess the depth of school disaster preparedness. The first step was to conduct a city-wide public elementary school mapping with the 2004 tsunami inundation data in order to grasp the whole picture of school location and to identify which schools are still located at tsunami risk area using the 2004 tsunami inundation data. This process was supported by Dr. Muzaillin Affan, GIS-Laboratory of Syiah Kuala University, and Dr. Yoshiyuki Murayama, Geographer and Professor of Yamagata University.

The second step was to conduct interviews with school headmasters and teachers. Structured interviews were arranged with headmasters of the selected schools. The selection was among the schools located in the 2004 tsunami inundation areas and based on a matrix of: a) whether the school is Disaster-Prepared School (SSB – Sekolah Siaga

Bencana) or not, and b) whether the school is a core or peripheral school, in addition to

having geographical distribution from all the four districts of Jaya Baru, Kuta Alam, Kuta Raja, Meuraxa, and Syiah Kuala in Banda Aceh City. Those four districts are located inside the 2004 Aceh Tsunami inundation area, in particular inside the first 2 km from the shoreline. In addition, a focused group interview with elementary school teachers was conducted. During the school survey, school observations were conducted by the researchers, who took photos of school buildings, drew the layout of schools, and actually walked to the schools’ designated evacuation places to examine the safety of school buildings and the location of schools including the school’s neighboring environment. The third step was to conduct students’ surveys with a questionnaire sheet at four schools (SDN 7, SDN 15, SDN 21, and SDN 48) with students from the fourth to sixth grades.

3. Results

Preliminary survey results are shown in this paper according to each step shown in the method section.

1) School Mapping

Prior to the tsunami in 2004, there were 119 Elementary School (ES) in Banda Aceh City. The statistical bureau noted in 2007 that the number decreased to 99 in 2007 and later only 27 schools in 2008; i.e. due to the regrouping of the schools in the city to ensure the balance between number of schools, students, and teachers. For the study, a list of all the elementary schools was obtained from the City Education Boards and thus updated by the first-hand recorded GPS data location of 98 elementary schools; i.e.

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including 70 general public schools, 12 public religious schools, and 16 private and other schools in Banda Aceh City. By combining the school location data with the 2004 tsunami inundation data from the Asian Development Bank, 36 schools were found to be located in the tsunami inundation areas of the city. Based on JICA’s inundation data, 55 schools were located in the inundation area. More than one-third of elementary schools were located in the 2004 tsunami inundation areas in Banda Aceh City.

2) School Survey

The school survey was conducted in September and October 2015 by the authors and research assistants from Syiah Kuala University through interviewing mainly school headmasters or vice-masters at each school. The questions were about the headmasters’ backgrounds and tsunami experiences, and about the school’s tsunami damages and disaster preparedness including disaster education and disaster management. Table 1 shows the summary of schools.

From the school survey, it was found that all of the studied schools had been destroyed by the 2004 Aceh Tsunami and reconstructed by external organizations including foreign governments, international organizations, international NGOs and domestic and foreign private companies between 2005 and 2008. School records including student records and school photos have all been lost and records of school describing damage of the tsunami and recovery process were kept only at two schools. However, they were not kept as school records, but by the personal records of teachers who taught at the schools before and after the 2004 tsunami.

Table 1. List of Targeted Schools

No School Name Located

District Periphery Core/ SSB Islamic Public/ School reconstructed by Built in

1 SDN2 Meuraxa Core Yes Public Suara Merdeka (Media) 2005 2 SDN6 Kuta Raja Core Yes Public TPI / Televisi Pendidikan

Indonesia (Media) 2006

3 SDN7 Meuraxa Periphery Yes Public Education International and Oxfam

2008 4 SDN8 Kuta Raja Periphery Yes Public Education International 2005 5 SDN15 Syiah Kuala Periphery Yes Public Allianz (Insurance

Company)

2007

6 SDN17 Kuta Raja Core Yes Public UNICEF 2005

7 SDN20 Kuta Alam Core Yes Public World Vision 2005

8 SDN21 Meuraxa Periphery Yes Public RCTI (Media) 2008

9 SDN37 Jaya Baru Periphery Yes Public German Government 2007

10 SDN39 Jaya Baru Core Yes Public FBA 2007

11 SDN48 Meuraxa Periphery Yes Public Education International 2006 12 SDN54 Syiah Kuala Core Yes Public Tahija and JAPFA 2005

13 SDN65 Kuta Alam Periphery Yes Public Coca-Cola 2008

14 Min Ule Lheue Meuraxa Periphery Yes Islamic AusAid 2006 15 Min Merduati Kuta Alam Periphery Yes Islamic Education International

and AusAid 2005

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Table 2. Situation of School Disaster Preparedness Activities at the Schools

# School Name SSB Evacuation

Map

Drill Last year the drill conducted/ supported by

1 SDN2 Yes Yes Yes 2014/ Unsyiah, Red Cross, NGO, parents, health center, BPBD, education agency

2 SDN6 Yes Yes Yes 2013/ Red Cross

3 SDN7 Yes Yes Yes 2012/ Red Cross, World Vision, RAPI, and Indonesian military

4 SDN8 No No Yes 2012

5 SDN15 No Yes Yes N.A./ Red Cross

6 SDN17 Yes Yes Yes 2013/ TDMRC

7 SDN20 No No Yes 2008/ Red Cross, World Vision, education agency, parents and community

8 SDN21 Yes No No --

9 SDN37 No No No --

10 SDN39 No No No --

11 SDN48 Yes No Yes 2011/ Unsyiah, PMI (Indonesian Red Cross), NGO

12 SDN54 No No No --

13 SDN65 No Yes Yes 2012/ PMI (Indonesian Red Cross)

14 Min Ule Lheue Yes Yes Yes 2013/ Unsyiah and PMI (Indonesian Red Cross) 15 Min Merduati No No Yes 2009/ N.A.

(Source: Created by Sakurai)

Regarding school disaster preparedness, the SSB program helped schools in preparing tsunami evacuation maps to show a route to their designated evacuation place. Five SBB schools displayed the evacuation map at the school, however, the other two SBB schools did not have or display it anymore. Two non-SSB schools had the route and map with support of Indonesian Red Cross, while six non-SSB schools did not display the map. Out of the seven schools that have the evacuation map, four schools answered that they utilize the evacuation map for planning evacuation drill. One out of seven responded that the school updates the evacuation map information.

Evacuation drills have been conducted at 11 of the 15 surveyed schools according to the interviews. Seven schools answered that they plan to conduct the drill once a year. However, only four schools conducted an evacuation drill after 2013. Even though seven schools responded that the school planned to conduct the drill once or more in a one year of school calendar, few schools are actually doing this.

3) Student Survey

Student questionnaire surveys were conducted at four of the fifteen schools; i.e. SDN 7, 15, 48, and 65. These also include both SSB schools and non-SSB schools in the 2004 Aceh Tsunami inundated areas. Respondents are from the fourth, fifth and sixth grades. The total number of respondents is 114, including 65 male and 49 female students. Out of all the respondents, 44 respondents (38.5 percent) have lived in the current place since they were born. The questionnaire was composed of 19 questions including their backgrounds, perception toward natural disasters, the 2004 Aceh Tsunami, knowledge about disaster and preparedness.

Figure 2 shows the pupils’ perception and knowledge about disaster and preparedness. More than 80 per cent of pupils answered that they learned about the 2004 tsunami. But when they were asked “what do you know about the impact of the 2004 tsunami in their community and nearby the school,” beyond answering yes or no,

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Figure 2. Students’ Responses on Disaster and Preparanders (Created by Sakurai) less than 40 percent of pupils (n=44) could describe what actually occurred. Figure 2 also indicates that almost three fourths of pupils (n=68, 73%) believe that a tsunami as large as in 2004 will not occur again in their lifetime, and almost half of pupils (n=54, 48%) do not know what to do to be prepared against earthquake and tsunami.

4. Discussion

School disaster preparedness in Aceh has been promoted based on the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA), which was adopted in January 2005, just after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. In the HFA, the third priority was set to “use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels.” Under Priority 3, promoting the inclusion of disaster risk reduction knowledge in relevant sections of school curricula at all levels and promoting the implementation of local risk assessment and disaster preparedness programmes in schools were emphasized (UNISDR, 2005).

Indeed it can be said that in Aceh, the curriculum on DRR has been developed and school disaster preparedness has been promoted by different external organizations as the whole education sector. However, the results of the study indicated that at the level of each school and individual pupil that further efforts are clearly required for creating a self-sustainable school disaster preparedness approach for building a culture of safety. From the Japanese experience of enhancing school safety against disaster, disaster preparedness should be a part of daily life. The goal of disaster education should be defined as capacity building of each individual (Sakurai, 2016).

This because more than half of the public elementary schools are located at the 2004 Tsunami inundation areas and there are continuous risks of another earthquake and tsunami. From the interviews, it was found that the schools and headmasters were not aware that ensuring the continuation of disaster education was their responsibility. Rather they perceived that tsunami evacuation drills were ‘costly’. A “sense of dependency” on external actors to conduct evacuation drills and any disaster risk reduction activities were found among the schools. Some teachers felt scared to teach at the school since they knew about or directly experienced the 2004 Aceh Tsunami and could not felt secure and safe at the school. Due to personnel management, most of the time school headmasters and teachers who have been previously trained by the SSB program and have the “know-how” on school disaster preparedness have been

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reassigned to other schools. Current institutional mechanism has no power to ensure trained teachers or headmasters to instantaneously disseminate the knowledge and skills they received from the training, at their own school. In some of the interviews where teachers or headmasters disseminate as such and bring their DRR knowledge to the subsequent school, mostly due to their own initiative. At the same time, the headmasters perceived the opportunity to ensure evacuation drill implementation on an annual basis through inclusion in the School Annual Plan, communication with School Committee, and endorsement and/or instruction from educational authority.

Current students at elementary schools are the post-disaster generation. They do not have the experiences of the actual 2004 Aceh Tsunami and cannot remember what happened in their community where they currently live, though many of them have heard about it from their families if they have been living there long. The results of the student survey indicate almost one-third of pupils could not take the possibility of the next tsunami as their own responsibility. Although 80 percent of pupils answered that they learned about the 2004 tsunami at school, half of them do not know what to be prepared for against earthquake and tsunami. It revealed that children’s learning about the 2004 Tsunami should be more linked to preparedness for the next disaster. School and community collaboration should be promoted toward localizing the community’s experiences and knowledge of the 2004 tsunami, as a previous study also emphasized (Oktari, et.al., 2015).

5. Conclusion

As further detailed analyses required, it is too early to make any conclusion in this paper. However, the preliminary analysis implies that school disaster preparedness among public elementary schools located in the 2004 Aceh Tsunami inundated areas in Banda Aceh City should be revitalized by internalizing preparedness activities in the School Annual Plan and to train headmasters and teachers to conduct preparedness efforts by themselves. It is crucial to identify minimum essentials of school preparedness for the school to continue by their own staff and budget. It is also important to get institutional support from Banda Aceh City Board of Education to put school headmasters in a position of primal responsible for school disaster preparedness. The study also found that pupils should be more motivated to prepare for the next disaster when they learn about the 2004 Aceh Tsunami. Although the records of the 2004 Tsunami were not kept at the schools, there are the Aceh Tsunami Museum and many other tsunami remains existing in Banda Aceh City. It is important to utilize these potential learning facilities for the children’s education in their local context.

In the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (UNISDR, 2015), “increasing public education and awareness of disaster risk” in the post-disaster recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction phase is newly emphasized. Since school disaster preparedness in Aceh has been a precedent case in a post-disaster recovery process, continuous follow-up efforts should be made to make schools a center for creating a culture of safety against the next potential disaster. It is also recommended to promote collaboration with other tsunami affected areas, such as the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami to exchange experience, which could help avoiding the erosion of memories and experiences of the tsunami disaster.

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Acknowledgement

The authors would like to extend our appreciation to Dr. Khairul Munadi, Dr. Syamsidik, Dr. Muzaillin Affan, Dr. Nizamuddin, M. Dr. Yoshiyuki Murayama, and Dr. Takeshi Sato to provide advises and support for the study. This study is funded by Grant from International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University and MEXT KAKENHI Grant (No. 26510008, Aiko Sakurai).

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